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Mechanical properties of woven jute-glass

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Mechanical properties of woven juteglass hybrid-reinforced epoxy composite

Raghavendra Gujjala, Shakuntala Ojha, SK Acharya and SK Pal
Journal of Composite Materials published online 11 September 2013
DOI: 10.1177/0021998313501924

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Mechanical properties of woven juteglass

hybrid-reinforced epoxy composite

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DOI: 10.1177/0021998313501924
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Raghavendra Gujjala1, Shakuntala Ojha1, SK Acharya1 and

SK Pal2

Abstract
As major historical periods such as Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age, the development of new materials was the
fundamental to all the periods. In the present investigation, a new hybrid composite with epoxy as a resin and reinforcing
both biowaste (jute) and traditional fiber (glass) as continues layered mat composites and also study experimentally the
effect of the stacking sequence on tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear properties. Composites were prepared by
using hand lay-up technique. All the laminates were prepared with a total of four piles, by varying the position of glass and
jute. One group of all jute and glass laminate was also fabricated for comparison purpose. Specimen preparation and
testing were carried out as per ASTM standards. Tests were conducted on INSTRON H10KS Material Test System
at room temperature using automatic data acquisition software. The results indicated that the jute fiber and hybrid
composite give encouraging results when compared with the neat epoxy. The morphologies of the composites are also
studied by scanning electron microscope.

Keywords
Glass, jute, hybrid composites, tensile, ILSS

Introduction
The present generation researchers are showing their
interest in using the biowaste as a reinforcing material
in the eld of material sciences. Nowadays, people
develop the new natural ber instead of traditional
bers because of their low cost, combustibility, lightweight, low density, high-specic strength, renewability, nonabrasivity, nontoxicity, and biodegradability.
Still, there are many challenges to overcome in order
to use reliable engineering materials for structural elements. However, their use is steadily increasing in many
industrial corporations and also planning to use these
materials in their products.1 Natural bers are renewable and biodegradable material and are largely available in the nature worldwide.2 Pineapple leaf,3 oil palm
ber,4 hemp, sisal, jute, kapok,5 jute,6 rice husk,7
bamboo,8 and wood9 are some natural bers most
commonly used as reinforcing materials in polymer
composite industry.
In the conception of composite materials, the rst
and primary aim is to tailor the materials properties
through the control of bermatrix combinations and

the selection of processing techniques. An appropriate

selection of matrix and the reinforcing phase can lead
to give the better strength and modulus to a composite
comparable to conventional metallic material.1012
Natural ber-reinforced polymer composites are used
mostly in the eld of automotive, aircraft industries, the
manufacturing of space ships, and sea vehicles1014 due
to their outstanding properties.
The properties such as relatively low density and
ability to be tailored to have stacking sequences provide
high strength and stiness in the direction of high loading, which makes these materials attractive compared
with conventional metallic systems.15 Polymer composites consist of resin and a reinforcement chosen according to the desired mechanical properties and
1
2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India

Department of Ceramic Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India

Corresponding author:
Raghavendra Gujjala, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT
Rourkela, Odisha, India.
Email: raghavendra.gujjala@gmail.com

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the application. The thermoset resin polyester, epoxy,

phenolic, silicone, and polyamide resins are widely
employed in many structural and engineering
applications.10,14,1618
Natural bers also oer noteworthy cost advantages
and benets associated with processing, as compared to
synthetic bers such as glass, nylon, and carbon. One of
the drawbacks of natural bers is that the mechanical
properties such as tensile and exural are much lower
as compared to traditional bers and have poor resistance to moisture absorption.19 Hence use of natural
ber alone in polymer matrix is inadequate in satisfactorily tackling all the technical needs of a berreinforced composite. The chemical composition of
dierent bers is shown in Table 1. In an eort to
reduce the traditional ller and to increase the utilization of natural biowaste in the eld of materials, a natural ber can be combined with a synthetic ber in the
same matrix material so as to take the best advantage
of the properties of both the bers. This results in a
hybrid composite.
Jute is a natural and recyclable vegetable bast ber
extracted from plants. Jute appears to be a promising

material because it is relatively inexpensive. The material produced by the jute ber is reusable, sustainable,
eco-friendly, and be worthy oer to industrial applications. The jute plant and ber are shown in Figure 1(a)
and (b). It has intrinsic advantages like higher strength,
higher modulus silky luster, low extensibility, signicant heat, and re resistance. Its only application in
packaging is constantly threatened by synthetics, and
an additional area of application would be highly
desirable.24
Rana and Jayachandran25 compared jute ber composites with glass ber composite. The experimental
result showed that the natural ber possesses some
drawback, and it needs some modications to enhance
their properties.
Rahman et al.26 evaluated that with increasing the
ber loading, there is a gradual increase in the strength,
Youngs modulus, exural modulus, and hardness of
jute ber composite, and 30% jute ber-loading composite gave the optimum value for mechanical
properties.
Ahmed et al.27 carried out systematic studies on the
mechanical behavior like tensile, exural, interlaminar

Table 1. Chemical composition of different fibers.

Species

a-Cellulose (wt%)

Hemicellulose (wt%)

Lignin (wt%)

Ash (wt%)

Jute
Coconut coir
Sisal
Rice husk
Bagasse
Kenaf

62.6
47.7
6364
31.3
4046
3139

23.2
25.9
12.0
24.3
24.529
21.5

15.86
17.8
1024
14.3
12.520
1519

1.29
0.8

23.5
1.52.4

Figure 1. (a) Jute plant; (b) jute fiber.

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Reference

20
20
21
22
23

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shear strength (ILSS), and water absorption of woven

juteglass ber hybrid-polyester composites. John and
Naidu28 studied the tensile strength of unsaturated
polyester-based sisalglass hybrid composites with
ber loading and found out a signicant improvement
in tensile strength due to NaOH and trimethoxysilane
treatment. Mishra et al.29 developed and compared two
dierent types of composites: glasssisal and glass
pineapple with polyester as resins and also studied
their mechanical properties such as tensile and exural
strength and impact strength.
Pavithran et al.30 prepared the coirglass hybridpolyester composites using hydroforming method and
also did a comparison between the moisture-absorption
behavior of coirpolyster composites and hybrid composites. The result revealed that the properties of coir
ber composite enhanced due to the addition of glass
ber. Mohan and Kishore31 have studied the exural
and moisture absorption behavior unidirectional jute
glass sandwich composites. The results indicated that
the moisture absorption of the jute ber is signicantly
reduced due to hybridization.
Kalaprasad et al.32 have studied the mechanical
properties of sisalglass ber-reinforced low-density
polyethylene matrix composites by taking into account
the eects of ber orientation. The result showed that
longitudinally oriented bers exhibit better mechanical
properties than the randomly oriented bers. Mishra
et al.33 have determined the mechanical and impact
behavior of agrowaste pineapple leaf ber, which is
rich in cellulose and potential for polymer reinforcement and also examined their bermatrix adhesion
by using scanning electron microscope.
In this paper, eect of hybridization of glass and
layering sequence eect on density, tensile, exural,
and interlaminar shear properties of woven juteglass
ber hybrid composites is studied.

Materials and methods

of the mold wall after it was set on the glass plate. Five
groups of laminate composite samples with total four
plies were manufactured by varying stacking sequence
of jute and glass fabrics as presented in Table 2. Jute
and glass fabrics were preimpregnated with the matrix
material consisting of epoxy resin and hardener in the
ratio of 10:1. Care was taken to avoid the formation of
air bubbles during pouring. Pressure was then applied
from the top, and the mold was allowed to cure at room
temperature for 72 h. Pressure was then applied from
the top, and the mold was allowed to cure at room
temperature for 72 h. During the process of pressure,
some polymer squeezes out of the mold. For this, care
has already been taken during pouring. After 72 h, the
samples were taken out of the mold, and after curing,
the laminate was cut into required size of mechanical
tests by diamond cutter.
The densities of epoxy resin, jute, and glass ber,
which are taken from the suppliers data sheet, are
1.2, 1.22, and 2.25 g/cm3, respectively.

Density
The density of composite materials in terms of volume
fraction is found out from the following equation (1).
sct

w0
wo wa  wb

where Sct represents specic gravity of the composite,

W0 represents the weight of the sample, Wa represents
the weight of the bottle kerosene, and Wb represents
the weight of the bottle kerosene sample,
ca Sct  k

where ca represents actual density of composite and k

represents density of kerosene.
The theoretical density of composite materials in
terms of weight fraction can easily be obtained from

Raw materials
The following materials are used for laminate preparation, testing, and to investigate the tribological and
mechanical characteristics: jute ber (woven), E-glass
ber, epoxy resin, and hardener HY-951.

Laminate composite fabrication

Hybrid laminates of woven jute and glass mat were
prepared by hand lay-up technique. A wooden mold
of 150  60  5 mm was used for manufacturing the
composite. For quick and easy removal of the composite, a mold release sheet was put over the glass plate.
Mold release spray was also applied at the inner surface

Table 2. Laminates stacking sequence.

Wt% of fibers
Symbol

Stacking
sequence

Jute

Glass

Volume
fraction (%)

L1
L2
L3
L4
L5

GGGG
JJJJ
GJGJ
JGGJ
GJJG

0
100
50
50
50

100
0
50
50
50

16.6
18.5
17.5
17.5
17.5

J: jute; G: glass.

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the following equation (3) given by Agarwal and

Broutman.34
 c wf
f

1
wmm

where w and  represent weight fraction and density.

The suxes f, m, and c stand for the ber, matrix, and
the composite materials, respectively.
The void content of composite sample has been
determined as per ASTM D-2734-70 standard procedure. The volume fraction of voids (Vv) in the composites was calculated by using equation (4).
v

t  a
t

Tensile test
The tension test is generally performed on at specimens. The most commonly used specimen geometries
are the dog-bone specimen (Figure 2) and straight-sided
specimen with end tabs. The standard test method
as per ASTM D 3039-76 has been used; length of the
test specimen is 125 mm. The tensile test is performed
in universal testing machine INSTRON H10KS. At the
rate of loading, 10 mm/min was used for testing.
Tests were conducted on samples with jute fabric
warp yarns oriented in the loading direction. For each
stacking sequence, ve identical specimens were tested,
and average result is obtained.

Flexural test

where t and a are the theoretical and actual density

of composite, respectively. The void fractions of the
composite are given in Table 3.

Table 3. Density and void content of different composites.

Stacking
sequence

Measured
density
(gm/cm3)

Theoretical
density
(gm/cm3)

Volume
fraction of
voids (%)

Epoxy
GGGG (L1)
JJJJ (L2)
GJGJ (L3)
JGGJ (L4)
GJJG (L5)

1.186
1.435
1.183
1.269
1.2276
1.221

1.2
1.445
1.196
1.281
1.241
1.232

1.16
0.69
1.08
0.94
1.09
0.90

Flexural tests were also conducted on same machine for

tensile testing in accordance with ASTM D2344-84.
Specimens of 150 mm length and 20 mm wide were
cut and loaded on three points bending with a recommended span to depth ratio of 16:1 as shown in
Figure 3. The test was conducted using the load cell
of 10 kN at 2 mm/min rate of loading. The exural
stress in a three-point bending test is found out by
using equation (5).

max

3Pmax L
bh2

where Pmax is the maximum load at failure (N), L is the

span (mm), and b and h are the width and thickness of
the specimen (mm), respectively. The exural modulus
is calculated from the slope of the initial portion of the

Figure 2. Tensile specimen.

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loaddeection curve, which is found out by using the

below equation (6).
E

mL3
4bh3

where m is the initial slope of the load deection curve

for each stacking sequence, ve specimens are tested,
and average result is obtained.

Interlaminar shear strength

ILSS was found out in accordance with ASTM D234484. A small beam of 45 mm length and square
cross section (width is equal to thickness) is loaded
under three-point bending at the rate of 1.3 mm/min.
As the loading cylinder exerts a downward force, the
specimen is subjected to normal (bending) and transverse shear stresses. By using a short beam, it is
assumed that the beam is short enough to minimize
bending stresses resulting in interlaminar shear failure
by cracking along a horizontal plane between
the laminates. The force applied at the time of failure
was recorded, and the stresses were determined using
equation (7).
SH

0:75PB
bh

where SH is the interlaminar shear strength (N/mm2),

PB is the breaking load (N), and b and h are the width
and depth of the specimen (mm). Span to depth ratio of
5:1 was selected for the test. For each stacking
sequence, ve identical specimens were tested, and average result is obtained.

Scanning electron microscopy

The erodent surfaces of the composite specimens are
examined directly by scanning electron microscope
JEOL JSM-6480LV. The samples are stacked on
stubs with silver paste. A thin lm of platinum is

Figure 3. Flexural specimen.

vacuum-evaporated onto them to enhance the conductivity of the exural, tensile, and eroded samples before
taking the photomicrographs.

Results and discussion

Density of juteglass fiber epoxy composite
The density of the composite for dierent stacking
sequences is shown in Figure 4. It is clearly viewed
from the gure that the density of stacking sequences
L2 gives lowest value as compared to epoxy and other
sequences because it contains only the jute layers. The
density of the remaining sequences, i.e. L1, L3, L4,
and L5 composites, increases as compared to epoxy
composite. This increase in density is due to the incorporation of high-dense glass ber.

Tensile strength of juteglass fiber composite

The variation of tensile strength for various laminatestacking sequences of juteglass ber epoxy composites
is shown in Figure 5. It is observed that the tensile
strength of unreinforced epoxy resin is found to be
21.03 MPa. When only laminates of jute and glass
bers reinforced into epoxy, it is found to be 142 and
442% greater than the neat epoxy resin. An increase in
the tensile strength of 51, 41, and 66% is observed for
50:50 juteglass ber-reinforced hybrid laminate (L3,
L4, and L5) composites when compared to that of
only jute laminate (L2) composite. The jute ber
epoxy composites give about 55% strength of the
glass ber-reinforced epoxy composites. It is also
found that there is a sharp increase in the tensile
strength of the composites with the incorporation of
glass bers.

Tensile modulus of juteglass fiber composite

The variation of tensile modulus for various laminatestacking sequences is shown in Figure 6. It is observed
that the tensile modulus of unreinforced epoxy resin is
found to be 0.821 GPa. There is also a similar observation seen in case of tensile modulus of the laminated
composites as seen in the tensile strength of the laminated composites. The glass ber-epoxy composites
give higher tensile modulus than epoxy and jute ber
composites.
In both cases, the increase in the tensile strength and
modulus of epoxy and composites is attributed to the
fact that glass bers are stronger and stier than jute
bers. There is a similar observation found in Wambua
et al.35 that jute ber has 1.8% elongation of failure
whereas glass ber has 3%.

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Figure 4. Density of juteglass fiber epoxy composite.

Figure 5. Tensile strength of juteglass fiber epoxy composite.

Figure 6. Effect of stacking sequence on tensile modulus of juteglass fiber epoxy composite.

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Figure 7. Flexural strength of juteglass fiber epoxy composite.

Figure 8. Effect of stacking sequence on flexural modulus of juteglass fiber epoxy composite.

Flexural strength of juteglass fiber composite

Flexural modulus of juteglass fiber composite

The variation of exural strength for various laminate-stacking sequences is shown in Figure 7. Due to
the incorporation of glass and jute bers into the
epoxy resin, the strength of the composites increases
to a great extent. The exural strength of the unreinforced epoxy resin is found to be 42.23 MPa whereas
the exural strength of laminate-only jute and glass
ber-reinforced composites is found to be 71 and
330%, which is greater than that of the neat epoxy
resin. The jute ber gives 61% strength of the glass
ber composites. Hybrid composite L3 gives 90%
strength of the glass berepoxy composites.
The same type of behavior is also observed by
Gowda et al.36

The variation of exural modulus for various laminate

stacking sequences is shown in Figure 8. The exural
modulus of the unreinforced epoxy resin is found to be
0.73 MPa. There is also a similar observation seen in
case of exural modulus of the laminated composites as
seen in exural strength of the laminated composites.

Interlaminar shear strength of juteglass fiber

composite
Interlaminar shear strength of the composites is presented in Figure 9 for dierent stacking sequences.
The plots show similar trend as for exural tests. The
jute laminates exhibit an average interlaminar shear

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Figure 9. Interlaminar shear strength of juteglass fiber epoxy composite.

Figure 10. Morphologies of tensile strength: (a) epoxy composite; (b) glass fiber composite; (c) jute fiber composite; (d) hybrid
epoxy composite.

stress value of 2.65 MPa. Addition of glass ber as

extreme plies increases the ILSS value of composite,
and the highest value is observed in the composite prepared with the stacking sequence L5.

Morphological structure of juteglass fiber composite

The morphological structure of the epoxy composite is
presented in Figure 10(a). From the gure of the epoxy
composite, no stretching and pulling of polymer on the
surface of epoxy composite was observed, but there is a

sharp cut surface due to brittle nature of epoxy composite. The brittle nature of the epoxy composite was
studied and conformed by many researchers.3739
The stretching and elongation of glass ber is presented in Figure 10(b) due to the applied tensile
strength. The stretching of ber indicates that the
strength of the polymer increased due to the incorporation of glass ber with epoxy composite, and this is
supported by the result obtained in Figure 5.
The morphology of the jute ber composites is
shown in Figure 10(c). A little ber stretching and

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Figure 11. Morphologies of flexural strength: (a) flexural glass fiber composites; (b) flexural jute fiber composites; (c) flexural
hybrid composites.

ber breakage is clearly viewed in more places from the

surface of the jute ber composite. This is due to brittle
nature of the composites.The same type of behavior is
also observed by Rashed et al.40
The morphology of the hybrid composite is presented in Figure 10(d). The two types of behavior are
observed on the surface of hybrid composite due to
tensile load. One is glass ber stretching and another
is jute ber breakage without any stretching. The jute
ber and matrix bonding are good, but due to brittle
nature of jute ber, the breakage is observed.
The exural load-applied morphology of the glass
ber is shown in Figure 11(a). It is observed from the
surface of glass ber composite that some ber bending is occurred due to exural load. The bending
implies that the material is semibrittle or semiductile
in nature. The semibrittle nature of the glass ber was
studied by Kaundal et al.41 The exural load-applied
morphology of the jute ber composite is shown in
Figure 11(b). It is observed from the surface of jute
ber composite that there are some ber breaking, and
a sharp cut also found at some places due to exural
load. This denes the brittle nature of the jute ber
composite. The exural load-applied morphology
of the hybrid composite is shown in Figure 11(c).
From the gure, two types of behavior are observed:
one is the bending of glass ber and another is the
brittleness of jute ber. Cracks are also formed due to
exural load.

Conclusion
Based on the study of the mechanical properties of different layered stacking sequences of jute and glass
hybrid epoxy composites, the following conclusions
can be drawn:
1. By incorporation of natural and traditional continues bers into the polymer, the mechanical properties almost enhanced to greater extent.
2. The maximum ILSS is observed for the composite
prepared with glass ber as extreme layers.
3. The maximum exural is observed in L3(JGJG) after
glass ber composites. The jute ber gives 61%
strength of the glass bers composites.
4. The maximum tensile strength is observed in L5
(GJJG) after glass ber composites. The L5 hybrid
composites give 75% strength of the glass bers
composites.
Funding
This research received no specic grant from any
funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-prot
sectors.

Conflict of interest
None declared.

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