1.

SHAPE

1.Plane, or two-dimensional shapes.

a
Fig. 1(a)

A circle is a plane shape. A square is also a plane shape. Rectangles, triangles and ellipses are also
plane shapes. A line is not a plane shape. Points are not plane shapes. A plane shape has two dimensions.
It has a height and a length. There are some one-dimensional shapes and some plane shapes in figure 1
(a). Find the point. Find the diagonal line. Find the rectangle. Label the shapes.

Nouns
Shape-ekil
Line-izgi
Dimension-boyut
drtgen
Point-nokta

Adjectives

Shapes

plane-dzlem
square-kare
dimensional-boyutlu circle-daire
vertical-dikey
rectangle-dik
horizontal-yatay
diogonal-apraz

~1~

triangle-gen
ellipse-elips

2.
Fig.1(b)
Rectilinear shapes

Curvilinear shapes

There are two kinds of plane shapes: rectilinear and curvilinear. Rectilinear shapes have straight sides.
Curvilinear shapes do not have straight sides. They have curved sides. A A square has a rectilinear shape.
It has four straight sides. Triangels and rectangles also have rectilinear shape. They do not have curved
sides. A circle has a curvilinear shape. It does not have straight sides.
Squares and rectangles have four sides but triangles have only three sides. Squares and rectangles have
parellel sides but triangles do not have parellel sides. Squares and rectangles have only right angles but
triangles have three kinds of angles. An acute is less than 90. An obtuse angle is more than 90 but it is less
than 180.

Nouns :
Kind-eit
ekle
Side-Kenar
ekle
Right angle Dik a
Acute angle- Dar a
Optuse angle-Geni a
More than-dan fazla
Less than-dan az

Adjectives:
Rectilinear-Dz bir
Curvilinear-Eri bir
Straight-Dz
Curved-Eri
Equal-Eit

~2~

3There are some shapes on the box. There is a circle in the middle of the box. There are some paralel lines
on the top of the box. There is a triangle on the bottom of the box. There is an angle on the left of the box
and a point on the right of the box.
The paralel lines are straight. The elipse is small. The triangle is inverted and the angle is an acute
angle.
The elipse is in the bottom right-hand corner. The curved line is in the top left-hand corner. The point
is in the middle of the right-hand side of the box.

nouns
box-kutu,
kare
corner- ke

adjectives

prepositions

smallkk
inverted-ters

~3~

in- iinde
in the middle of
ortasnda
on the top-stnde
on the bottom-altnda
on the right- sanda

4. fig.1(e)

There are some solid shapes in figure 1(e). Solid shapes have there dimensions. They have a length,
a height and a width. Solid shapes have flat or curved faces. A prism and cube have flat faces but a
sphere, cone and a cylinder have curved faces. In figure the cylinder is in the middle. It is between the
cube and the rectengular prism. There is a cone above the cylinder. The sphere is also above the cylinder
but it is over the cone. The cylinder is under the cone. The rectangular prism is behind the cylinder and
the cube is in front of the cylinder. There is a hemispare next to the cube. Label the shape.

Nouns
Width:
Face:

Shapes:
genilik
yz

Adjectives:

Sphere:
Cone:
Cylinder:

kre
koni
silindir

Cube:
Prism:
Hemisphare:

kp
prizma
Yarmkre

Prepositios
Between: arasnda
Above: stnde
Over: zerinde
Under: altnda
Behind: arkasnda
n front of: nnde
Next to: yannda

~4~

Solid:
Flat:
Rectengular

boyutlu
dz
Dikdrtgen
eklinde

II. PHYSICAL DESCRPTONS

FG. 2(a)

In figure 2(a) we have a solid rectengular block, or prism, The block is 5 cm high, 10 cm long and
4 cm wide. The block wood. Itis a light object. The weight of the block is only 50 grams. The block is
white but there are some black symbols on it. There are start the top, four latters on the side and some
mathematical signs on the front.

Nouns:
Describtion:
Block:
Object:
Weight:
Symbol:
Star:
Letter:
Side:
Sign:

Adjectives:
Tanm
blok
Cisim
arlk
sembol
yld
harf
yan
iaret

Physical:
Solid:
High:
Long:
Wide:
Light:
Heavy:

Metarials:
fiziki
kat
yksek
uzun
geni
hafif
ar

W
d:
Steel:
Glass:
Concrete:
Paper:

~5~

Colors:
odun
elik
cam
beton
kat

Blue:
Green:
White:
Brown:
Red:
Yellow:
Black:

Mavi
yeil
beyaz
Kahverengi
krmz
sar
siyah

FG. 2(b)
In figure 2(b) the object have a circular shape. These object are coins. The first coin is a 10 lira coin
and the other object is a 5 lira coin. The coins are made of a light alloy. they are not heavy. The firsth coin
has a dimeter of 26 mm. The second coin has a dimeter of only 22 mm. Both coins have the same
thickness - 2 mm. Only the diameters are different. A coin has two faces. there is a picture of Atatrk on
the face of both coins.

Nouns
Coin-madeni para
Alloy-alam
Diameter-ap
Thickness-kalnlk
Picture-resim

Adjectives
other-dier
both-her iki
the same-ayn
different-farkl

Shapes
square-kare
circular-dairesel
triangular-gen eklinde
rectangular-dikdrtgen
spherical-kresel
Cylindrical-silindirik
Conical-koni
Cubic-kp

~6~

FG.2(c)
In figure 2(c) the long, cylindrical object is a thermometer. The length of the termometer is 15 cm and
its diameter is 4 mm. One end of the thermometer is spherrical in shape. The thermometer is made of
glass. It is not solid. It is a hollow gas tube. Both ends are closed the termometer contains mercury. The
mercury is inside the tube. There are numbers on the outside of the tube. A thermometer is used for
measuring temperature.

Nouns

Adjectives

Prepositions

End-u
Part-ksm
Mercury-civa
Number-rakm
Temperature-scaklk

hollow-bo
closed-kapal

~7~

inside-iinde
outside-dnda

III. MATTER
Matter is every where. It is in all things. It has a volume and a weight. There are three states of matter:
solid, liquid and gas. Matter changes from one state to another state. For example water is liquid at normal
temperatures. When we cool water below 0c, it freezes and becoms ice. Ice is the solid state of water.
When we heat water above 100c. It changes into a gas. In other words the boiling point of water is 100c.
At this temperature water boils and becomes steam. The state of matter depends on its temperature. Some
substances do not have a liquid state. For example wood doesn't have a liquid.

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

matter-madde
thing-ey
volume-hacim
state-hal
liquid-sv

to change-deimek
to-cool-soutmak
to freze-donmak
to become-olmak
to heat-stmak
to melt-eritmek

every where-her
yerde
all-her
another-baka
again-tekrar

to boil-kaynamak
Adverb
ice-buz
to depend on-bal olmak
steam-buhar
boiling point-kaynama noktas

Prepositions
From to-den ye
nto-ye

Linking Words
for example-rnein
in other words-dier bir deyile
When-..olduu zaman

~8~

2.
We divide matter into three clases: elements, compounds and a mixtures. An element is a simple
substance. In an element the the atoms are all the same. For example, gold, mercury and oxygen are
elements. They have only one type of atom in them.
A compound is a combination of two or more elements. In other words, compounds have different
atoms in them. For example, when we combine oxygen and hydrogen chemically, they from the
compound water.
Both elements and compounds are chemical substances, they have a chemical formula. their
composition does not change rom place to place. In other words, their composition is always the same.
When we mix together two or more substances, they from a mixture. Mixtures are not always the
same and they do not hav a chemical formula. Air and soil do not have chemical formulas. In other words,
they are mixtures and their compositions are different from place to place.

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

Class-snf
Compound-kimyasal
bileim
Mixture-karm
Substance-madde
Combination-birleme
Composition-bileim
Place-yer
Air-hava
Soil-toprak

to divide-blmek
to
combinebirlemek
to form-olumak
to mix-karmak

simple-basit
chemicalkimyasal
more-daha fazla

together-beraber

~9~

3.
The smallest piece of matter is an atom. The structure of an atom is very simple. It consists of two basit
parts: the nucleus and the electrons trons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Protons and
neotrons have the same mass but a positive charge. neutrons have no charge. The protons and the neutrons
are very close to each to each other. The nucleus is in the middle of the atom.
The electrons turn around the nucleus very fast. They are very far from the nucleus. Their mass is very
different from a protons. Their mass is less than a protons. Electrons have a negative charge.
Atom always contain the same number of protons and electrons, n other words, they are neutral.
Atoms combine with each other and from molecules. All substances have molecules. There are very
small molecules and very large molecules. For example, a molecule of gold has only one atom in it but
some organic molecules have hundreds of atoms in them.

Nouns
Plece-para
Structure-yap
Mass-ktle
Charge-yk
Number-say

Verbs
to trun-dnmek
very-ok
fast-hzl

Adjectives
smallest-en kk
basic-temel
large-byk
far from-uzak

~ 10 ~

Prepositions
with-ile
around-etrafnda
close to-yakn

4.
Substances usually consist of molecules. These molecules are always in motion. However,
molecules in solids, liquids and gases move at different speeds.
Molecules in a solid vibrate rapidly between their neighbors. However, they seldom move away
from their neighbors. They usually stay on the same place. Therefore, a solid has a definite shape and
volume. It also has a definite surface.
Sometimes solids change their shape. But they only change very slowly. For example, wood
decomposes slowly in water. Iron rusts in air when it is not painted.

nouns

verbs

adjectives

motion = hareket

to move = hareket et

definite = belli

speed = hz

to vibrate = titremek

painted = boyal

neighbor = komu

to stay = kalmak

motionless = hareketsiz

place = yer

to decompose = rtmek

volume = hacim

to rust = paslanmak

surface = yzey
characteristic = zellik

adverbs of frequency adverbs

linking words

always = daima

rapidly = hzla

however = ancak

usually = ounlukla

slowly = yavaca

therefore = bu yzden

often = sk sk
sometimes = bazen

prepositions

seldom = nadiren

between = arasnda

never = asla

away from = dan uza

~ 11 ~

5.
Molecules in a liquid also move. They move slowly among their neigbors. In other words, they do
not stay in the same place. Howewer, they stay close to their neighbors. Therefore liquids have a definite
volume. Molecules in a liquid are not fixed in one place. Therefore, liquids have no definite shape. They
have the shape of their container. For example, a liquid in a round container has a round shape. But when
we put it into a spuare container, it takes that shape.
Molecules in a gas move away from each other very quickly. They do not stay among their
neighbors. When a gas is in an open container, it quickly leaves the container and goes into the air. In
other words, it diffuses into the air.
A gas in a closed container has no definite surface. It expands and fills the whole container.
Therefore, a gas has no definite shape or volume.

nouns

vebs

adjectives

container = kap

to make = almak

fixed = sabit

to put = koymak

round = yuvarlak

prepositions

to leave = terketmek

whole = tm

among = arasnda

to go = gitmek

close to = yakn

to diffuse = yaylmak
to expand = genlemek

adverbs

to fill to expand = dolmak

quickly = hzl bir ekilde

~ 12 ~

6.
Some important classes of compounds are acid, bases and salts. These compounds are diferen
from each other in several ways.
All substances with a sour taste contains an acid compound. All acids have similar properties.
They have a sour taste and turn blue limit us paper red. When they react with metals, they produce metal
slats. When acids are n water, they form hydrogen ions. An ion is a molecule with a charge. The hydrogen
ions in the acid solution have a positive charge.
There are two groups of acids: organic and inorganic. Acids with carbon in them are organic acids.
Citric and acetic acids both have carbon in them. Therefore, they are organic acids. Acids without carbon
in them are inorganic. Some common inorganic acids are hydrochloric, sulphuric and nitric acids. Many
acids are used in industry for cleaning metals.

nouns

verbs

adjectives

salt = tuz

to turn ( red ) = evirmek

important = nemli

taste = tat

to react = reaksiyona girmek

several = birka

solution = zelti

to produce = meydana getirmek

sour = eki

group = grup

to clean = temizlemek

common = ok bilinen

industry = sanayi
way = yn , bakm

prepositions

quantity words

with = ile, l, olan all = btn

without = . Sz

most = ou
many = bir ok
some = baz
no = hi

~ 13 ~

2.
Sound waves are usually produced by vibrations. The speed of sound depends on the medium. It
differs in solids and gases. Sound is not transmitted without a medium. The speed of sound is much less
than the speed of light. A sound wave travels through hair at about 330 meters per second. Light,
however, travels at about 300,000 kilometers per second.
The speed, or velocity, of any wave is calculated by this basic equation.
Eq.(6)
v=f
In this equation, velocity (speed)is represented by v.Frequency is represented by f and wave lenght
is represented by the symbol.
Radio waves are similar to light and heat waves. The velocity of radio waves is the same as the
velocity of light. These waves are called electromagnetic waves, they are different from eachother only in
frequency, when we know the frequency, the wave lenght is easily calculated because all electromagnetic
waves have the same velocity. These waves differ from sound waves because they do not need a medium.
In other words, they travel through space or through medium.

Nouns
Vibrations-titreim
Speed-hz
Medium-orta
Velocity-hz
Space-uzay

Verbs

Adjectives

to differ-farkl olmak
to travel-gitmek
to calculate
to call-demek
to know-bilmek

~ 14 ~

any-herhangi bir
important-nemli

Adverbs
much-olduka
about-yaklak olarak
Easily-kolayca

7.ENGINEERING MATERIALS
1.
Many Materials are used in engineering, These materials are called engineering materials, when an
engineer wants to make something, he wants the best material fort pense he job. Therefore he needs to
know the properties of materials. Many materials can conduct electricity but others cannot. Afew
materials can withstand are know, the bestone can be choosen for the job.
Engineering materials can be classified into two major groups: metals and non-metals. Metals can
also bedivided into two types: ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are metals with iron
in them. Most machine components are made from ferrous metals with such as steel or cast iron. Metals
without iron in them are known as non-ferrous metals, metals such as lead zinc and tin are only afew of
the many non-ferrous metals. Many non-metalic materials are also used in engineering. Glass, concrete
and wood are commonly used in civil engineering. Silicon and plastics how much use in the electronics
industry. A little plastic is also needed in mecanical engineering. These materials are choosen because
they have certain properties. In other words the properties of materials determine its use.

Nouns
Engineeringmhendislik
Material-malzeme
Job-i
Pressure-bas
Type-tip
Machine-makine
Component-bileen

Verbs

Adjectives

to call-demek

best-en iyi

to want-istemek
to need-gerekmek
to know-bilmek
to conduct-iletmek
to
withsdayanmak
to choose-semek

great-byk
major-ana
certain-belirli
civil-inaat
mechanical-makine

Adverb
Frequently-ekseriyetle
Used-kullanm
to clasify-snflandrmak
to determine-saptamak

Linking words
f-eer
Such as-gibi

2.

~ 15 ~

There are many different properties of materials. Here are only a few of them elasticity-when
materials are under stress, most of them change their shape, in other words, its easy to stretch most
materials. When the stress is removed, many of these materials return to their original shape. Materials
with this property are called elastic materials in other words an elastic material stretches easily under
stress but it does not keep its new shape it returns to its original shape when the stress is removed. Steel is
material with great elasticity so its a very useful material for component such as springs and beams
malleability some materials do not return to their original shape when the stress is removed. These
materials are easily given a new shape a hammer. In other words, its easy to shape these materials. These
materials are known as malleable materials. They can withstand great pressures without fracturing. Unlike
gold and copper, cast iron has little malleability so it cannot be shaped with a hammer.
Ductility if some materials are heated and pulled, they can be stretched in to wires. Materials with
this property are called ductile materials. Its possible to pull these materials into been wires without
breaking them. Unlike aluminum, lead has little ductility so it cannot be used for making wires.

Nouns
Elasticity-esneklik
Stress-gerilme
Spring-yay
Beam-kiri
Malleability-dvlebilirlik
Hammer-eki
Wire-tel
Ductility-ekilebilirlik,
snklk

Verbs
to stretch-uzamak
to remove-kaldrmak
to return-dnmek
to keep-korumak
to give vermek
to shape-ekil vermek
to fracture-atlamak
to pull-ekmek
to break-krlmak

Linking Word-balama, bala

Unlikeden farkl olarak

~ 16 ~

Adjectives
original-zgn
elastic-esnek
malleable-dvlebilir
ductile-snk
possible-mmkn
thin-ince
difficult-zor
necessary- gerekli

8 METALS
1.Copper
Copper is one of the most useful of the non-ferrous metals, its probebly the first metal to be used
by man because its found in the pure in Chile, South America. Cupper has a reddish color but its usually
coveret with a brownish coat of tarnish. Its softer and denser than iron and ts a lower melting point. Its
easy to shape cupper because ts extremely malleable. Its also one of the most ductile of the metals. Next
to silver, its the best conductor of electricity soit is usually used for making electrical wires. Another us
efor copper is in the manufacture of alloys. In fact, copper is faund in more alloys then any other metal.
Copper can be added to tin to make the alloy bronze and it can also be combined with zinc to produce the
alloy brass.

Nouns
Man-insanlar
Word-dnya
Coat
of
ternis-kararma
tabakas
Conductor-iletken
Manufacture-yapm
Brass-pirin
Lower-daha alak

Verbs

Adjectives

to find-bulmak
to be located-bulunmak
to cover-kaplamak
to add-katmak,
etmek

Prepositions
all over-her yerde
next todan sonra
Fact-gerekten

~ 17 ~

ilave

pure-saf
dense-youn

Adverbs
probably-galiba
extremely-son derece
infact-gerekten

2.Tungsten
Tungsten is one of the newest metals to be used in industry. It is also called wolfram so it has the
chamical symbol N. Tungsten is a grayish metal and its almost as dense as gold tungsten is one of the
strongest and hardest of the metals so its used for making cutting tools and dies. Its also used for making
the flaments in light bulbs because its extremely ductile and has the highest melting point of ol the metals.
Another useful property of tungsten is its resistance to corrosion. Tungsten is not as rare as gold. Its
almost as common as tin. However, its much more expensive than tin.

Nouns

Adjectives

Cutting to- kesmek

rare-nadir

Die-kalp
Light bulb-ampul
Resistans-diren
Corrosion-corozyon
Newest-en yeni
Tungsten-Wolfram-kimya

expensive-pahal

,,

~ 18 ~

Adverbs
almost-hemen
hemen
much-ok

3.Metals
A metal is any substance with ametallic lustre, good conductivity to heat and electricity, and the
ability to form positive jons. All metals have a crystalline structure. They differ from each other in
hardness, density, ductility, malleability and melting points. The hardest metal is chromiun, the lightest
one is lithium and the most dense is osmium. Metals such as copper, gold and platinum have the greatest
ductility. The melting point of metals is extremely important for industrial purposes. For example,
tungsten melts at a much higher temperature than tin so it is more expensive to make. The metal with the
lowest melting point is mercury. It melts at -38.87oC so is normally a liquid at room temperature.
Metals are often mixed together to form alloys. Alloys usually have better properties than the pure
metals. Steel is the most common alloy in engineering. It has greater hardness and strength than pure iron.
There are metals on earth than non-metals. In fact, four fifths of the elements are metals. About one fourth
of the earths crust consists of eight metals: aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium potassium, magnesium,
titanium and manganese.
The price of a metal, however, doesnt always depend on its abundance. For example, there is not
as much iron as aluminum. In fact, aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earths crust. However, its
more difficult to produce aluminum so it is more expensive than iron.

Nouns
Lustre-parlaklk
Conductivity-iletkenlik
ability-yetenek
Structure-yap
Crust-kabuk

Nouns
hardness-sertlik
density-younluk
purpose-ama
strenght-mukavemet
price-fiyat

~ 19 ~

Adjective
crystalline-kristalize

9.TORCELLS EXPERMENTS

1.Necessary equipment:
1.Meter long glass tube with a narrow diameter(one and should be closed.)
1. Stoper for tube mercury
1.large container half full of mercury.
Long measuring tape
Instructions for measuring atmospheric pressure:
1.Take the glass tube and fill it completely with mercury.
2.Close the tube with the inhibitor and invert it.
3.Hold the tube vertically and place it carefully into the container.
(the bottom of the tube should be held under the mercury level in the container.)
4.Open the stopper carefully. Do not let air into the tube.
5.Measure the height of the mercury in the tube.
6.Write down your results.
If you follow the instructions carefully, its possible to measure the pressure of the atmosphere.

Nouns
Experiment-deney
Equipment-malzeme
End-u
Stoper-tka
Measuring
tapemezura
nstructions-talimat
Pressure-basn
Level-seviye
Result-sonu

Verbs

Adjectives

to take-almak
to fill-doldurmak
to close-kapatmak
to invert-ters evirmek
to place-yerletirmek

closed-kapal
full-dolu
narrow-dar
Adverbs
completely-tamamen

to hold-tutmak
to let-brakmak
to write downkaydetmek
to follow-izlemek

carefully-dikkatlice
vertically-dik olrak

~ 20 ~

2.Description of the experimentsss

First, a thin glass tube with one closed end is filled with mercury. Then, the tube is closed at the
top. Next its inverted and then placed vertically into a container with mercuryin it. Finally, when the tube
is opened, the mercury level in the container. As a result, a vacuum is formed in conclusions.
The mercury in the tube is heavier than the weight of the atmosphere so, when the stopper is
remeved, the mercury level in the tube falls. However, it stops at about 76 cm above the mercury level in
the container because the weight of the mercury is now the same as the weight of the atmosphere. In other
words, the mercury in the tube is supported by the weight of the atmosphere, or atmospheric pressure,
therefore the height of the mercury in the tube can be used to measure atmospheric pressure.

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

Description-tanm

to fall-dmek

upper-st

About-aa
yukar

Vacuum-boluk
Part-ksm

to form-olumak
to remove-karmak
to stop-durmak
to
supportdesteklemek

heavy-ar
linking words
first-ilk olarak
then-daha sonra

Now-imdi

next-sonra
finally-sonunda
As
a
result-sonu
olarak

~ 21 ~

3.
Toricelli was the first scientist to measure the pressure, or weight, of the air. In 1643, he filled a
long, narrow tube with mercury and then closed it at the top. Next he inverted the tube and placed it into a
container half- full of mercury finally, he opened the bottom of the tube while it was in the container. He
noticed that the mercury column dropped and this formed a vacuum in the upper part of the tube. He
observed that the height of the mercury column was about 76 CM. He realized that the weight of the
atmosphere supported the weight of the mercury in the tube. From these observations, Toricelli realized
that he could use the height of the mercury column to measure atmospheric pressure. As a result, Toricelli
discovered the first barometer.

Nouns
Scientist-bilim adam
Observation-gzlem
Column-stun

Verbs

Linking Word

to notice-fark etmek
to drop-dmek
to observe gzlemek
to realize-anlamak
to discover-bulmak

~ 22 ~

while-iken

10. GENERATORS AND FARADAY

The electric current in our homes is produced in power plants by means of generators. A generator
consists of two basic parts: a fixed element the stator, and a rotating element the rotor. The stator can
eighter be u-shaped magnets or coils. The rotor is located between the North and South poles of the stator,
and is made of a coil of insulated wire. When the rotor, or armature, is turned, its wires cut the lines of
force (emf) in the circuit. If there is a closed circuit, the emf causes a flow of electricity in it. The
direction of the flow is reversed with each half-turn so the induced current is also reversed twice per
rotation. This is known as alternating current (AC9,collector rings connect the rotating coil with the
external circuit).
The rotor is turned by means of a turbine. The turbine can be moved either by falling water or by
steam.

Nouns
Current-akm
Powerplant-elektrik santrali
Magnet-mknats
Coil-bobin
Pole-kutup
Line hat
Force kuvvet
Field-alan
Circuit-devre
Flow-ak
Direction-yn
Alternating
current-deiken
akm
Collector ring-kontak bilezii

Verbs

Linking Words

to rotate-dnmek
by means of-ile
to insulate-yaltmak
either or
to cut-kesmek
yaya
to cause-sebeb olmak
to reverse-geri evirmek
to induce-endklemek
to connect-balamak

Adjectives
basic-temel
fixed-sabit
twice-iki kere
external-d
internal-i

~ 23 ~

2.
Early experiments in electricity were done drung 18th and 19th centuries. n 1800,Volta, Italian
physicist, manage to generate electricity in a battery, hid it this by placing two different metal electrodes
in a salt solution and then connecting them to a closed circuit this was the first battery. Batteries generate
electricity by converting the chemical energy of the solition into electrical energy.
In 1820, the Danish scientist a rested discovered that electricity and magnetism were related. He
observed that a compass needle moved when he send an electric current through a wire near the compass.
He found that the flow of electricity through a wire caused magnetism around the wire.
Faraday, an english scientist, wanted to produce electricity by means of a magnetic field. He found
that an electric current could be induced in a circuit when its magnetic field was changed. In 1831,he
managed to produce electricity mecanicalli by turning a coil between the pols of a magnet. As a result,
Faraday developed the first generator.

Nouns
Battery-pil
Compass-pusula
Needle-ibre

Verbs
to manage-becermek
to-generate-retmek
to-convert-dntrmek
to be related-ilikili olmak
to send-gndermek
to develop-gelitirmek

~ 24 ~

Adjectives
early-ilk

Preposition
during-esnasnda
before- dan nce

3.
Faraday discovered the phenomena of electromagnetic induction. According to this princible, a
current can be induced in a wire or other conductor by changing the magnetic field or by moving a
conductor between the pol is of a fixed magnet. This discovery was extremely important for the electrical
industry. It was now possible two use mechanical energy to produce electricity. In other words, the
mechanical energy of the turning coils could be converted into electrical energy. This discovery led to the
development of many electrical devices such as modern generators, transformers and electric motors.
Its easy to see the importance of this phenomena if we compare generators and batteries.
Generators produce much more electricity than batteries, and the generated electricity has much higher
voltages, generators also produce electricity much more economically. But most important, by using
generators, we can optain alternating current and only alternating current can be used in transmission
lines.

Nouns
Phenomena-olay
Princible-ilke
Discovery-bulu

Verbs
to lead to-yol amak
to-see-grmek
to optain-elde etmek

Development-geliim
Device-aygt
mportance-nem

~ 25 ~

Linking Word
according toa gre

11.FORCE
Force is one of the most commanly used terms in engineering. However, forces can not be seen or
measure it directly. We only now that a force axis its when we see its effects. A wahen an object moves,
we now that something makes it move sometimes the object which causes a force can be seen. For
example, when you close a door you now that your hand caused the force other forces, however, cannot
be observed. Forces such as magnetism effect bodies without touching them. One such force is
gravitation. This is the force which pulls objects together.
In thysics, a force is any effect which changes the motion of a body. For example, a force can make
and object start to move, stop, bend or even break. It can also make a body longer or heavier.
Two or more forces can effect a body without changing ts motion. If the forces balance each other, the
body eather remains stationary or its stays in unifor motion than, we say that the body is in equilibrium. If
the forces dont balance each other, the resultant force is fount by vector analisis. Vectors are straight
lines which show the direction and magnitude of forces.

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Force-kuvvet
to exist-var olmak
Term-terim
to effect-etkilemek
Gravitation-ekim kuvveti to pull ekmek

stationary-sabit
Adverb
directly-dorudan
doruya

Effect-etki
Resultant
fors-bileke
kuvvet
Magnitude-byklk
Equilibrium-denge
Body-cisim

Linking word

to touch-demek
to start-balamak
to bend-bkmek
to balance-dengelemek
to remain-kalmak
to say-sylemek
to show-gstermek

~ 26 ~

then- o zaman

2.
Newton was the first man to deal with the forces of motion. Newtons first law(the law of inertia )
states that, if no force acts on a body, the body either stays at rest or remains in constant velocity in a
straight line.
Newtons second law also deals with force. According to this law, the force which acts on a body
(F) is equal to the product of the mass of the body (m) and its acceleration (a). This can be shown in the
equation.
eq. 11. a

F=m.a

By rearranging this equation to

Eq. 11. b

a=F/m

We see that the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force, and acst in the same
direction, i. e. , the greater the force, the greater the acceleration. We also see that the accelleration is
inversely proportional to the mass of the body, i. e. , the greater the mass, the less the acceleration.
The unit of force is the Newton. A Newton is the force which makes a body accelerate at arate of
one meter per square second (1 m/s2).

Nouns
Law
nertia
Product
Mass
Acceleration
Unit
Rat

Verbs

Yasa
Eylemsizlik
arpm
Ktle
vme
Birim
Hz

To Deal With
To State
To Act on
To Rearrange
To Accelerate

lgilenmek
fade etmek
Etkilemek
dzenlemek
Hzlanmak

Adverb
inversely

Adjectives
At Rest
Hareketsiz
Constant
Sabit
Proportional Orantl

Linking Word
Ters

i.e.

~ 27 ~

Yani, yle ki

3.
Forces which act between two bodies are dealt with in Newtons third law. If body A acts on body
B with force x, body B reacts with an equal but opposite force on body A. In other words, for every
action, there is an equal but opposite reaction. From this, we see that forces never exist alone. They
always exist in pairs. These forces do not neutralize each other because they always act on different
bodies.
This law can be more easily understood if we observe two floating objects. If a man who is
standing in a boat pushes another floating object to ward the shore, the boat will be pushed away from the
shore with exactly the same force. The acceleration of these two objects will be inversely proportional to
their masses, i.e. , the larger the objects, the smaller the mation away from each other will be. Similary,
the body with the smaller mass will accelerate more quickly than the body with the greater mass.

Nouns
Action
Boat

Verbs
Etki
Sandal

Shore
Ky
Reaction Tepki

To Reatc
To
Understand
To Float
To Stand
To Push

Prepositions
Tepkimek To ward
Anlamak Away
From
Yzmek
Durmak
tmek

Adverbs
Alone
n pairs
Exactly
Similarly

Tek Bana
ift
Tam
Benzer
ekilde

~ 28 ~

-e Doru
-dan
Uzak

XII. FRICTION
Whenever the surface of one body moves over that of another body, a force which resists
movement is set up. Such a force is called friction. It acts in the opposite direction to that of the
movement and, unlike pressure it acts tangentially to the surface.
The two basic kinds of friction are static friction and kinetic friction. Static friction is the force
which is necessary to start movement. Friction is always slightly greater at the start of movement so this
friction is always greater than kinetic friction. Sliding friction is the force which occurs while one body is
sliding over another. and rolling friction occurs between bodies which are rolling over each other. It is
more difficult to move objects on sledges than it is to move them on whells. The value of sliding friction,
therefore, is considerably greater than that of rolling friction.

Nouns

Verbs

Friction
Movement

Srtnme
Hareket

To Resist
To Set up

Sliding
Friction
Rolling
Friction
Sledge
Wheel
Value

Kayma Srtnmesi

To Occur

Direnmek
Olumak,
Balamak
Meydana Gelmek

Yuvarlanma
Srtnmesi
Kzak
"Tekerlek
Deer

To Silde

Kaymak

To Roll

Yuvarlanmak

Adverbs
Tangentially
Slightly
Considerably

Teet Ynnde
Biraz Daha Az
ok Daha Fazla

~ 29 ~

2.
Many experiments show that when two solid bodies with smooth, dry surfaces are in contact, the
force of friction can be found by multiplying the normal force by the coefficient of friction. The normal
force is the force which acts perpendiculary to the surface, i.e. , the weight, or load. If the load is doubled,
the frictional force becomes twice as great. In other words, the greater the load, the greater the friction
will be. The proportion between friction and weight is known to be a constant for each material the
coefficent of friction. The coefficient of friction also depends on the smootthness of the surfaces in
contact, i.e. , the smoother the surfaces, the less the friction will be.
The value of friction can be shown to be indepedent of the contact area. In other words, if the
surface area is increased without increasing the weight, the frictional force will still be the same.
Therefore the force which is needed to pull a box is the same whether the box is laying on its end or
laying flat. This law is generally true except for very small surface areas. Small brakes, for example, do
not have the same effectiveness as large ones because they wear out much more quickly.

Nouns

Verbs

Contact
Load

Temas
Yk

To be in contact
To double

Proportion
Constant
Coefficient
Area

Oran
Sabit
Kat say
Alan

To increase
To lay
To wear

Adjectives

Temasta olmak
ki
katna
kmak
Artmak
Durmak
Anmak

Smooth
Dry

independent Bamsz
Effective
Etkin

Linking words
Whether
Except (for)

Przsz
Kuru

Adverb

ster
Hari

Still
Perpendicularly

~ 30 ~

Hl
Dik olarak

3.
Friction exists in all moving parts in machinery. It generally makes movement more difficult so
more energy is needed to move the parts. Friction also makes the parts head up and, as a result, they
sometimes melt. But worst, friction causes wear on the parts and this reduces the lifetime of the machine.
Therefore, it is necessary to reduce friction whenever possible.
There are several ways of reducing friction. First, the surfaces can be made smoother. This can be
done by using materials with a low coefficient of friction such as teflon. Another common method is to
lubricate the sliding surfaces. Finally, devices such as ball bearings are used whenever possible. Bearings
are devices which convert sliding friction into Rolling friction.
Friction is generally considered to be undesirable. However, whenever we walk, drive a car or
strike a match. We are using friction. The operation of machinery is made easier by using devices such as
brakes and driving belts. These devices use friction to transmit energy.

Nouns

Verbs

Part
Machinery
Wear
Lifetime
Way

Para
Makine
Anma
Hayat boyu
Yntem

To reduce
To lubricate
To consider
To walk
To drive

Method

Yntem

To
strike
match

Ball bearing
Operation
Brake
Driving belt

Rulman
alma
Fren
Tahrik kay

Adjectives
Worst
Undesirable

En kt
stenmeyen

~ 31 ~

Azaltmak
Yalamak
Dnmek
Yrmek
Srmek,
tahrik
etmek
a Kibrit akmak

13. CONCRETE

Concrete is a popular building material which is made from nonmetallic materials. It is made by
mixing cement with sand, aggregate (small stones) and water.It is used to build structures like dams
bridges and the skeletons of most modern buildings.

The cement which is used in making concrete was not invented until about 150 years ago. This
cement is called Portland cement. It is made from a mixture of crushed limestone and clay which is
gradually heated in a rotary kiln.When this mixture melts,it form-s small lups,which are called clinker.the
coled clinker must then be ground into a fine powder.The finer the powder, the harder the concrete will
be.Powdered gypsum can also be added to make the concrete set slower.
It is possible to make concrete of any required strength. The sterength of hardened concrete depends
on the proportions of the mix.The standard mix is one part cement to two parts sand and four parts
aggregate (1:2:4) Enough water must be added to make the concrete workable.
However, the strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the amount of water which is added so
care must be taken while conrete is being mixed.

Nouns
sand-kum
stone ta,akl
dam-baraj
bridge-kpr
skeleton-karkas
building-bina
limestone-kire
clay-kil
kiln-frn
lump-para
powder-toz
gypsum al ta
part-l
amount-miktar
care-dikkat

Verbs

Adjectives

to build-ina etmek
to crush-ezmek
to grind-tmek
to powder-toz haline gelmek
to set- donmak
to require-gerekmek
to harden-sertlemek

rotary-dner
fine-ince
enough-yeterli
workable-ilenebilir

Linking Words
like-gibi
until-..e dek

adverb
gradually-yavaa

Preposition
near-yakn

~ 32 ~

Because cement starts to set when water is added to it concrete must be mixed at or near the
construction site .Unlike wood or birck, concrete can be pcured, pumped or even sprayed in to the desired
shape. Unlike steel, the strength of concrete increases with age. For example, after three days, it is twice
as strong as it was when it was poured. However, its strength improves only while it is wet so the longer
it remains wet the stronger it will become.
Concrete is known to have great strength when it is being pressed on (compression stength) but it can
easily be pulled apart. In fact, the compression strength of concrete is over ten times as gread as its tensile
strength. Steel, however, can provide concrete with the strength to withstand tensile stresses. Therefore,
except for paving, concrete is usually strengthened by means of steel rods. Because the lower part of a
concrete beam is being pulled by tensile stresses, the steel rods must be placed near the bottom of the
beam.Because steel has the same expansion rate as concrete, these materials can be used together
without setting up tensile stresses. Because concrete forms astrong bond with the steel rods, they cannot
slip in concrete.
Furthermore, the steel does not rust while it is covered with concrete.

Nouns

Verbs

Construction-inaat
to pour-dkmek
Islak
Site-antiye
to pump-pompalamak
Brick-tula
to spray-pskrtmekya
Age-ya
to improve-artmak, dzeltmek
Comperession sterngthto press-skmak
Sktrma direnci
to pull apart-ekip ayrmak
Tensile strength-gerilme direnci to provide-salamak
Tensile stress-gerilme zoru
to slip-kaymak
Paving-yol deme
Rod-ubuk
Bond-ba

~ 33 ~

Adjective
wet-ya,

The two main types of conrete which are used in civil enginering, Projects are reinforced concrete
and pre-stressed concrete. In the former, the steel rods are placed in a mold of the desired shape and then
concrete is poured over them.In the latter, the steel rods are first stretced and then concrete is poured over
them.When the conrete hardens, the rods are cut.Because they cannot return to their original length, they
compress the conrete and, as a result, make the concrete stronger than before.
Beams of pre-stressed concrete are now being used in many places instead of reinforced conrete
ones. Less conrete and steel are required for a beam of the same strength. Futhermore, beams which are
made of prestressed concrete do not crack.

~ 34 ~