Program - 1

Question
Simulate a three nodes point to point network with duplex links between them.
Set the queue size and vary the bandwidth and find the number of packets dropped.

To execute:
To run the simulation:
$ns 1.tcl

To plot the graph:

$xgraph [-fg <color>][-bg <color>][-lw <int value>] <name>.xg

File: 1.tcl
#Create a new Simulation Instance
set ns [new Simulator]
#Turn on the Trace and the animation files
set f [open out.tr w]
set nf [open out.nam w]
$ns trace-all $f
$ns namtrace-all $nf
#Define the finish procedure to perform at the end of the simulation
proc finish {} {
global f nf ns
$ns flush-trace
close $f
close $nf
exec nam out.nam &
exec awk -f 1.awk out.tr &
exit 0
}
#Create the nodes

set n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]

#Label the nodes

$n0 label "TCP Source"
$n1 label "UDP Source"
$n2 label "Sink"
#Set the color
$ns color 1 red
$ns color 2 yellow
#Create the Topology
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1.75Mb 20ms DropTail
#Attach a Queue of size N Packets between the nodes n1 n2
$ns queue-limit $n1 $n2 10
#Make the Link Orientation
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right
#Create a UDP Agent and attach to the node n1
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0
#Create a CBR Traffic source and attach to the UDP Agent
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
#Specify the Packet Size and interval
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.005
#Create a Null Agent and attach to the node n2
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n2 $null0
#Connect the CBR Traffic source to the Null agent
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
#Create a TCP agent and attach to the node n0
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp0

#Create a FTP source and attach to the TCP agent

set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
#Attach the FTP source to the TCP Agent
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
#Create a TCPSink agent and attach to the node n2
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n2 $sink
#Specify the Max file Size in Bytes
$ftp0 set maxPkts_ 1000
#Connect the TCP Agent with the TCPSink
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink
$udp0 set class_ 1
$tcp0 set class_ 2
#Schedule the Events
$ns at 0.1 "$cbr0 start"
$ns at 1.0 "$ftp0 start"
$ns at 4.0 "$ftp0 stop"
$ns at 4.5 "$cbr0 stop"
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
$ns run

File: 1.awk
#!/usr/bin/awk -f
BEGIN{
cbrPkt=0;
tcpPkt=0;
}
{
if(($1 == "d")&&($5 == "cbr")) {
cbrPkt = cbrPkt + 1;
}
if(($1 == "d")&&($5 == "tcp")) {
tcpPkt = tcpPkt + 1;
}
}

END {
printf "\nNo. of CBR Packets Dropped %d", cbrPkt;
printf "\nNo. of TCP Packets Dropped %d", tcpPkt;
}

File: 1.xg
TitleText: Performance Analysis (Bandwidth vs Packet Dropped)
XUnitText: Bandwidth(in Mbps)
YUnitText: No.of Packet Dropped
"CBR"
0.25 617
0.50 369
0.75 138
1.0 80
1.25 62
1.5 32
1.75 38
2.0 0
"TCP"
0.25 6
0.50 8
0.75 6
1.0 9
1.25 15
1.5 10
1.75 8
2.0 0

OUTPUT:

Program - 2
Question
Simulate a four node point-to-point network with the links connected as follows:
n0 n2, n1 n2 and n2 n3. Apply TCP agent between n0-n3 and UDP between

n1-n3. Apply relevant applications over TCP and UDP agents changing the
parameter and determine the number of packets sent by TCP / UDP.

File: 2.tcl
set ns [new Simulator]
set f [open out.tr w]
set nf [open out.nam w]
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns

trace-all $f
namtrace-all $nf
color 1 "Blue"
color 2 "Red"

proc finish {} {
global ns f nf
$ns flush-trace
close $f
close $nf
exec nam out.nam &
exec awk -f 2.awk out.tr &
exit 0
}
set
set
set
set

n0
n1
n2
n3

[$ns
[$ns
[$ns
[$ns

node]
node]
node]
node]

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 2.75Mb 20ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right
$ns queue-limit $n2 $n3 50
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp0
$udp0 set class_ 2
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0

$cbr0 set packetSize_ 1000

$cbr0 set interval_ 0.005

set null0 [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $n3 $null0
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp0
$tcp0 set class_ 1
set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns

at
at
at
at

0.1
1.0
4.0
4.5

"$cbr0 start"
"$ftp0 start"
"$ftp0 stop"
"$cbr0 stop"

$ns at 5.0 "finish"

$ns run

File: 2.awk
#!/usr/bin/awk -f
BEGIN {
TCPSend=0;
CBRSend=0;
TCPDrop=0;
CBRDrop=0;
TCPDropRatio=0.0;
UDPDropRatio=0.0;
TCPArrivalRatio=0.0;
CBRArrivalRatio=0.0;
}
{

src=$3;
des=$4;
type=$5;
event=$1;
if((src=="0")&&(des=="2")&&(event=="+")) {
TCPSend++;
}
if((src=="1")&&(des=="2")&&(event=="+")) {
CBRSend++;
}

if((event=="d")&&(type=="tcp")) {
TCPDrop++;
}
if((event=="d")&&(type=="cbr")) {
CBRDrop++;
}
}
END {

printf
printf
printf
printf

"\nTCPSend
"\nCBRSend
"\nTCPDrop
"\nCBRDrop

%d",
%d",
%d",
%d",

TCPSend;
CBRSend;
TCPDrop;
CBRDrop;

TCPArrivalRatio=((TCPSend-TCPDrop)/TCPSend);
TCPDropRatio=(TCPDrop/TCPSend);
UDPArrivalRatio=((CBRSend-CBRDrop)/CBRSend);
UDPDropRatio=(CBRDrop/CBRSend);
printf
printf
printf
printf

"\nTCPArrivalRatio %f", TCPArrivalRatio;

"\nTCPDropRatio %f", TCPDropRatio;
"\nUDPArrivalRatio %f", UDPArrivalRatio;
"\nUDPDropRatio %f", UDPDropRatio;

File: 2AR.xg
TitleText: Performance Analysis (Bandwidth vs Packet Arrival Ratio)
XUnitText: Bandwidth(in Mbps)
YUnitText: Packet arrival ratio
"TCP"
0.25 0.21
0.50 0.37
0.75 0.52
1.0 0.68
1.25 0.83
1.5 0.94
1.75 0.99
2.0 0.998
2.25 0.998
2.5 1
2.75 1
"CBR"
0.25 0.33
0.50 0.25
0.75 0.63
1.0 0.63
1.25 0.37
1.5 0.70
1.75 0.88
2.0 0.96
2.25 0.995
2.5 1
2.75 1

File: 2DR.xg
TitleText: Performance Analysis (Bandwidth vs Packet Arrival Ratio)
XUnitText: Bandwidth(in Mbps)
YUnitText: Packet arrival ratio
"TCP"
0.25 0.67
0.50 0.75
0.75 0.38
1.0 0.38
1.25 0.63
1.5 0.29
1.75 0.12
2.0 0.04
2.25 0.004
2.5 0
2.75 0
"CBR"
0.25 0.79
0.50 0.63
0.75 0.48
1.0 0.32
1.25 0.16
1.5 0.05
1.75 0.01
2.0 0.001
2.25 0.001
2.5 0
2.75 0

Program - 3
Question
Simulate the transmission of ping messages over a network topology consisting of 6
nodes and find the number of packets dropped due to congestion.

File : 3.tcl
set ns [new Simulator]
set f [open out.tr w]
set nf [open out.nam w]
$ns trace-all $f
$ns namtrace-all $nf
proc finish {} {
global ns f nf
$ns flush-trace
close $f
close $nf
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
set
set
set
set
set
set

n0
n1
n2
n3
n4
n5

[$ns
[$ns
[$ns
[$ns
[$ns
[$ns

node]
node]
node]
node]
node]
node]

$n0
$n1
$n2
$n3
$n4
$n5

label
label
label
label
label
label

"ping0"
"ping1"
"R1"
"R2"
"ping4"
"ping5"

$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns

color
color
color
color

1
2
3
4

$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns

duplex-link
duplex-link
duplex-link
duplex-link
duplex-link

red
blue
green
orange
$n0
$n1
$n2
$n3
$n3

$n2
$n2
$n3
$n4
$n5

1Mb 10ms DropTail

1Mb 10ms DropTail
0.4Mb 30ms DropTail
1Mb 10ms DropTail
1Mb 10ms DropTail

set ping0 [new Agent/Ping]

$ns attach-agent $n0 $ping0
set ping1 [new Agent/Ping]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $ping1
set ping4 [new Agent/Ping]
$ns attach-agent $n4 $ping4
set ping5 [new Agent/Ping]
$ns attach-agent $n5 $ping5
$ns connect $ping0 $ping4
$ns connect $ping1 $ping5
proc sendPingPacket {} {
global ns ping0 ping1

set
set
$ns
$ns
$ns

intervalTime 0.001
now [$ns now]
at [expr $now + $intervalTime] "$ping0 send"
at [expr $now + $intervalTime] "$ping1 send"
at [expr $now + $intervalTime] "sendPingPacket"

Agent/Ping instproc recv {from rtt} {

global seq
$self instvar node_
puts "The node [$node_ id] received an ACK from the node $from
with RTT $rtt ms"
}
$ping0
$ping1
$ping4
$ping5

set
set
set
set

class_
class_
class_
class_

1
2
4
5

$ns at 0.01 "sendPingPacket"

$ns at 10.0 "finish"
$ns run

File 3.xg
TitleText: Performance Analysis of Bandwidth v/s Packet Dropped
xUnitText: Bandwidth in Mbps
yUnitText: Packet Dropped
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

17960
16011
14062
12113
10164
8216
6267
4318
2369
420

Program - 4
Question

Simulate an Ethernet LAN using n nodes (6-10), change error rate and
data rate and compare throughput.

File : 4.awk
#!/usr/bin/awk -f
BEGIN {
cbrPktReceived=0;
totalPktReceived=0;
ftpPktReceived=0;
throughput=0.0;
}
{
src=$3;
des=$4;
type=$5;
event=$1;
if((event=="+") && (src=="2") && (des=="6") && (type=="cbr"))
cbrPktReceived++;
if(($1=="+") && ($3=="2") && ($4=="6") && (type=="tcp"))
ftpPktReceived++;
totalPktReceived=cbrPktReceived+ftpPktReceived;
}
END {
throughput=((totalPktReceived*500*8)/(8*1000000));
printf "the throughput is:%f\n",throughput;
printf "the throughput is:%d\n",cbrPktReceived;
printf "the throughput is:%d\n",ftpPktReceived;
}

File : 4.xg
TitleText: Program 4
XUnitText: Error Rate
YUnitText: Throughput
""
0.00 0.569

0.01 0.5425
0.02 0.539
0.03 0.5275
0.04 0.5295
0.05 0.507
0.06 0.5065
0.07 0.481
0.08 0.4755
0.09 0.464
0.1 0.4595

Program - 5
Question
Simulate an Ethernet LAN using n nodes and set multiple traffic nodes
and plot congestion window for different source / destination.

File : 5.tcl
#set up a new instance of Simulator
set ns [new Simulator]
#Open the trace file and animation file
set f [open 5.tr w]
set nf [open 5.nam w]
$ns trace-all $f
$ns namtrace-all $nf
#Define the finish Procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns f nf outFile1 outFile2
$ns flush-trace
close $f
close $nf
exec nam 5.nam &
exec xgraph Congestion1.xg -geometry 400x400 &
exec xgraph Congestion2.xg -geometry 400x400 &
exit 0
}
$ns color 1 red

$ns color 2 green

#set up the
set n0 [$ns
set n1 [$ns
set n2 [$ns
set n3 [$ns
set n4 [$ns
set n5 [$ns
set n6 [$ns
set n7 [$ns

nodes
node]
node]
node]
node]
node]
node]
node]
node]

#Label the nodes

$n0 label "TCP FTP Source"
$n3 label "Sink Destination"
$n5 label "TCP Telnet Source"
$n7 label "Sink Destination"
#Create the LAN topology
$ns make-lan "$n0 $n1 $n2 $n3 $n4 $n5 $n6 $n7" 10Mb 30ms LL
Queue/DropTail Mac/802_3
#Set up the TCP Agents
set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp1
set ftp1 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp1 attach-agent $tcp1
set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink1
$ns connect $tcp1 $sink1
$tcp1 set class_ 1
#Set up the telnet
set tcp2 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n5 $tcp2
set telnet1 [new Application/FTP]
$telnet1 attach-agent $tcp2
set sink2 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n7 $sink2
$ns connect $tcp2 $sink2
$telnet1 set type_ $sink2
$tcp2 set class_ 2
set outFile1 [open Congestion1.xg w]
set outFile2 [open Congestion2.xg w]
puts
puts
puts
puts
puts
puts

$outFile1
$outFile1
$outFile1
$outFile2
$outFile2
$outFile2

"TitleText:
"XUnitText:
"YUnitText:
"TitleText:
"XUnitText:
"YUnitText:

Congestion Window Plot for TCP1"

SimulationTime(Secs)"
CongestionWindowSize"
Congestion Window Plot for TCP2"
SimulationTime(Secs)"
CongestionWindowSize"

#define findWindowSize
proc findWindowSize {tcpSource outFile} {
global ns
set now [$ns now]
set cWindSize [$tcpSource set cwnd_]
puts $outFile "$now $cWindSize"

$ns at [expr $now + 0.1] "findWindowSize $tcpSource $outFile"

#schedule the events

$ns at 0.0 "findWindowSize $tcp1 $outFile1"
$ns at 0.1 "findWindowSize $tcp2 $outFile2"
$ns at 0.3 "$ftp1 start"
$ns at 0.5 "$telnet1 start"
$ns at 50.0 "$ftp1 stop"
$ns at 50.0 "$telnet1 stop"
$ns at 50.0 "finish"
$ns run

File : Congestion1.xg
TitleText: Congestion Window Plot for TCP1
XUnitText: SimulationTime(Secs)
YUnitText: CongestionWindowSize
0 1
0.10000000000000001 1
0.20000000000000001 1
0.30000000000000004 1
0.40000000000000002 1
0.5 2
0.59999999999999998 4
0.69999999999999996 8
0.79999999999999993 16
0.89999999999999991 16
0.99999999999999989 20.592
1.0999999999999999 21.5424
1.2 22.4525
1.3 23.3271
1.4000000000000001 23.9621
1.5000000000000002 24.17
1.6000000000000003 24.9845
1.7000000000000004 25.7731
1.8000000000000005 26.5383
1.9000000000000006 27.2821
2.0000000000000004 27.6464
2.1000000000000005 28.006
2.2000000000000006 28.7117
2.3000000000000007 29.4004
2.4000000000000008 30.0734
2.5000000000000009 30.7316
2.600000000000001 30.8939
2.7000000000000011 31.376
2.8000000000000012 32.0074
2.9000000000000012 32.6265
3.0000000000000013 33.2341
3.1000000000000014 33.8308
3.2000000000000015 33.8308
3.3000000000000016 34.4172
3.4000000000000017 34.9937
3.5000000000000018 35.5609
3.6000000000000019 36.1191
3.700000000000002 36.6416
3.800000000000002 36.6689
3.9000000000000021 37.2105
4.0000000000000018 37.7443
4.1000000000000014 38.2707

4.2000000000000011 38.79
4.3000000000000007 39.1238
4.4000000000000004 39.3024
4.5 39.8082
4.5999999999999996 40.3076
4.6999999999999993 40.8009
4.7999999999999989 41.2883
4.8999999999999986 41.4817
4.9999999999999982 41.77
5.0999999999999979 42.2463
5.1999999999999975 42.7172
5.2999999999999972 43.183
5.3999999999999968 43.6438
5.4999999999999964 43.7125
5.5999999999999961 44.0998
5.6999999999999957 44.5511
5.7999999999999954 44.9979
5.899999999999995 45.4403
5.9999999999999947 45.8784
6.0999999999999943 45.8784
6.199999999999994 46.3124
6.2999999999999936 46.7424
6.3999999999999932 47.1684
6.4999999999999929 47.5906
6.5999999999999925 47.9466
6.6999999999999922 48.0091
6.7999999999999918 48.424
6.8999999999999915 48.8354
6.9999999999999911 49.2433
7.0999999999999908 49.6479
7.1999999999999904 49.869
7.2999999999999901 50.0492
7.3999999999999897 50.4473
7.4999999999999893 50.8422
7.599999999999989 51.2342
7.6999999999999886 51.6231
7.7999999999999883 51.7393
7.8999999999999879 52.0092
7.9999999999999876 52.3924
8.0999999999999872 52.7728
8.1999999999999869 53.1505
8.2999999999999865 53.5256
8.3999999999999861 53.5442
8.4999999999999858 53.898
8.5999999999999854 54.2678
8.6999999999999851 54.6352
8.7999999999999847 55.0001
8.8999999999999844 55.3626
8.999999999999984 55.3626
9.0999999999999837 55.7228
9.1999999999999833 56.0806
9.2999999999999829 56.4361
9.3999999999999826 56.7895
9.4999999999999822 57.053
9.5999999999999819 57.1406
9.6999999999999815 57.4896
9.7999999999999812 57.8365
9.8999999999999808 58.1813
9.9999999999999805 58.5241
10.09999999999998 58.6948
10.19999999999998 58.8649

10.299999999999979 59.2038
10.399999999999979 59.5407
10.499999999999979 59.8757
10.599999999999978 60.2088
10.699999999999978 60.2752
10.799999999999978 60.5401
10.899999999999977 60.8696
10.999999999999977 61.1974
11.099999999999977 61.5234
11.199999999999976 61.8476
11.299999999999976 61.8476
11.399999999999975 62.1702
11.499999999999975 62.4911
11.599999999999975 62.8104
11.699999999999974 63.128
11.799999999999974 63.4126
11.899999999999974 63.4441
11.999999999999973 63.7586
12.099999999999973 64.0716
12.199999999999973 64.383
12.299999999999972 64.6929
12.399999999999972 64.8936
12.499999999999972 65.0014
12.599999999999971 65.3084
12.699999999999971 65.6139
12.799999999999971 65.9181
12.89999999999997 66.2208
12.99999999999997 66.3415
13.099999999999969 66.5222
13.199999999999969 66.8222
13.299999999999969 67.1209
13.399999999999968 67.4182
13.499999999999968 67.7143
13.599999999999968 67.7438
13.699999999999967 68.009
13.799999999999967 68.3025
13.899999999999967 68.5947
13.999999999999966 68.8857
14.099999999999966 69.1754
14.199999999999966 69.1754
14.299999999999965 69.464
14.399999999999965 69.7513
14.499999999999964 70.0375
14.599999999999964 70.3225
14.699999999999964 70.5497
14.799999999999963 70.6064
14.899999999999963 70.8891
14.999999999999963 71.1707
15.099999999999962 71.4512
15.199999999999962 71.7306
15.299999999999962 71.8838
15.399999999999961 72.0089
15.499999999999961 72.2861
15.599999999999961 72.5623
15.69999999999996 72.8374
15.79999999999996 73.1115
15.899999999999959 73.1936
15.999999999999959 73.3846
16.099999999999959 73.6567
16.19999999999996 73.9277
16.299999999999962 74.1978

16.399999999999963 74.4669
16.499999999999964 74.4669
16.599999999999966 74.735
16.699999999999967 75.0021
16.799999999999969 75.2684
16.89999999999997 75.5336
16.999999999999972 75.798
17.099999999999973 75.798
17.199999999999974 76.0614
17.299999999999976 76.3239
17.399999999999977 76.5855
17.499999999999979 76.8463
17.59999999999998 77.0282
17.699999999999982 77.1061
17.799999999999983 77.3651
17.899999999999984 77.6232
17.999999999999986 77.8804
18.099999999999987 78.1368
18.199999999999989 78.2519
18.29999999999999 78.3924
18.399999999999991 78.6471
18.499999999999993 78.901
18.599999999999994 79.1541
18.699999999999996 79.4064
18.799999999999997 79.4568
18.899999999999999 79.6579
19 79.9086
19.100000000000001 80.1585
19.200000000000003 80.4077
19.300000000000004 80.656
19.400000000000006 80.656
19.500000000000007 80.9036
19.600000000000009 81.1505
19.70000000000001 81.3966
19.800000000000011 81.6419
19.900000000000013 81.8621
20.000000000000014 81.8866
20.100000000000016 82.1305
20.200000000000017 82.3736
20.300000000000018 82.6161
20.40000000000002 82.8578
20.500000000000021 83.0026
20.600000000000023 83.0989
20.700000000000024 83.3392
20.800000000000026 83.5789
20.900000000000027 83.8179
21.000000000000028 84.0561
21.10000000000003 84.1394
21.200000000000031 84.2938
21.300000000000033 84.5307
21.400000000000034 84.767
21.500000000000036 85.0026
21.600000000000037 85.2376
21.700000000000038 85.2611
21.80000000000004 85.4719
21.900000000000041 85.7056
22.000000000000043 85.9387
22.100000000000044 86.1711
22.200000000000045 86.4029
22.300000000000047 86.4029
22.400000000000048 86.6341

22.50000000000005 86.8647
22.600000000000051 87.0946
22.700000000000053 87.324
22.800000000000054 87.507
22.900000000000055 87.5527
23.000000000000057 87.7809
23.100000000000058 88.0084
23.20000000000006 88.2354
23.300000000000061 88.4618
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File: Congestion2.xg
TitleText: Congestion Window Plot for TCP2
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44.100000000000357 120.937
44.200000000000358 121.102
44.30000000000036 121.267
44.400000000000361 121.399
44.500000000000362 121.432
44.600000000000364 121.597
44.700000000000365 121.761
44.800000000000367 121.925
44.900000000000368 122.089

45.000000000000369
45.100000000000371
45.200000000000372
45.300000000000374
45.400000000000375
45.500000000000377
45.600000000000378
45.700000000000379
45.800000000000381
45.900000000000382
46.000000000000384
46.100000000000385
46.200000000000387
46.300000000000388
46.400000000000389
46.500000000000391
46.600000000000392
46.700000000000394
46.800000000000395
46.900000000000396
47.000000000000398
47.100000000000399
47.200000000000401
47.300000000000402
47.400000000000404
47.500000000000405
47.600000000000406
47.700000000000408
47.800000000000409
47.900000000000411
48.000000000000412
48.100000000000414
48.200000000000415
48.300000000000416
48.400000000000418
48.500000000000419
48.600000000000421
48.700000000000422
48.800000000000423
48.900000000000425
49.000000000000426
49.100000000000428
49.200000000000429
49.300000000000431
49.400000000000432
49.500000000000433
49.600000000000435
49.700000000000436
49.800000000000438
49.900000000000439

122.179
122.253
122.417
122.58
122.743
122.906
122.946
123.068
123.231
123.393
123.555
123.717
123.717
123.878
124.04
124.201
124.362
124.514
124.522
124.683
124.843
125.003
125.163
125.275
125.323
125.482
125.642
125.801
125.96
126.031
126.118
126.277
126.435
126.593
126.751
126.775
126.909
127.066
127.224
127.381
127.538
127.538
127.694
127.851
128.007
128.163
128.296
128.319
128.475
128.631

Program - 6
Question
Simulate simple ESS and with transmitting nodes in wire-less LAN by simulation and
determine the performance with respect to transmission of packets.

File : p6.tcl
if {$argc != 1} {
error "Command: ns <ScriptName.tcl> <Number_of_Nodes>"
exit 0
}
#Define the simulation options
set val(chan)
Channel/WirelessChannel
set val(prop)
Propagation/TwoRayGround
set val(ant)
Antenna/OmniAntenna
set val(ll)
LL
set val(ifq)
Queue/DropTail/PriQueue
set val(ifqlen)
50
set val(netif)
Phy/WirelessPhy
set val(mac)
Mac/802_11
set val(rp)
AODV
set val(nn)
[lindex $argv 0]
set opt(x)
750
set opt(y)
750
set val(stop)
100
set ns [new Simulator]
set trfd [open Wireless.tr w]
set namfd [open Wireless.nam w]
$ns trace-all $trfd
$ns namtrace-all-wireless $namfd $opt(x) $opt(y)
set topo [new Topography]
$topo load_flatgrid $opt(x) $opt(y)
set god_ [create-god $val(nn)]
#Configure the nodes
$ns node-config -adhocRouting $val(rp) \
-llType $val(ll) \
-macType $val(mac) \
-ifqType $val(ifq) \
-channelType $val(chan) \
-propType $val(prop) \
-antType $val(ant) \
-ifqLen $val(ifqlen) \
-phyType $val(netif) \
-topoInstance $topo \

-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace OFF \
-movementTrace OFF
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} {
set n($i) [$ns node]
}
#Randomly placing the nodes
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} {
set XX [expr rand()*750]
set YY [expr rand()*750]
$n($i) set X_ $XX
$n($i) set Y_ $YY
}
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} {
$ns initial_node_pos $n($i) 30
}
set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n(1) $tcp1
set ftp1 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp1 attach-agent $tcp1
set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n(3) $sink1
$ns connect $tcp1 $sink1
$ns at 0.0 "destination"
proc destination {} {
global ns val n
set now [$ns now]
set time 5.0
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} {
set XX [expr rand()*750]
set YY [expr rand()*750]
$ns at [expr $now + $time] "$n($i) setdest $XX $YY 20.0"
}
$ns at [expr $now + $time] "destination"
}
#tell nodes when the simulation ends
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} {
$ns at $val(stop) "$n($i) reset"
}
$ns at 5.0 "$ftp1 start"
$ns at $val(stop) "$ns nam-end-wireless $val(stop)"
$ns at $val(stop) "stop"
proc stop {} {
global ns trfd namfd
close $trfd
close $namfd
exec nam Wireless.nam &
exec awk -f 6.awk Wireless.tr &

exit 0

$ns run

File : 6.awk
BEGIN{
}
{

}
END {
}

PacketRcvd=0;
Throughput=0.0;
if(($1=="r")&&($3=="_3_")&&($4=="AGT")&&($7=="tcp")&&($8>1000))
{
PacketRcvd++;
}
Throughput=((PacketRcvd*1000*8)/(95.0*1000000));
printf "the throughput is:%f\n",Throughput;

PART-B
Implement the following in C/C++:

Program - 7
Question
Write a program for error detecting code using CRC-CCITT (16- bits).
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
// mode=1 is for calculating CRC of original message and create final
message to be transmitted at sender's end
// mode=0 is for calculating CRC of recieved message at reciever's end
int crc(char input[],char output[],const char gp[],int mode)
{
int j,k;
strcpy(output,input);

if(mode)
{
for(j=1; j<strlen(gp); j++)
//append as many zeroes as the width(position of
the highest 1 bit) of generator polynomial.
strcat(output,"0");
}
//calculate final message to be transmitted and store it in
output - loop simulates CRC division and finding of remainder
for(j=0; j<strlen(input); j++)
if(output[j] == '1')
for(k=0; k<strlen(gp); k++)
{
//perform xor operation
if ((output[j+k] =='0') && (gp[k] == '0')
|| (output[j+k] == '1') && (gp[k] == '1'))
output[j+k]='0';
else
output[j+k]='1';
}
cout<<"The checksum calculated is: "<<output+strlen(input);
for(j=0; j<strlen(output); j++)
if(output[j] == '1')
//return-error
return 1;
//error free
return 0;
}
int main()
{
char input[50],output[50],receive[50];
//16-bit CRC-CCITT specification G(x): x^16+x^12+x^5+1
const char gp[18]="10001000000100001";
cout<<"Enter the input message in binary\n";
cin>>input;
crc(input,output,gp,1);
cout<<"\nThe transmitted message is:
"<<input<<output+strlen(input);
cout<<"\n\nEnter the recevied message in binary: ";
cin>>receive;
if(!crc(receive,output,gp,0))
cout<<"\nNo error in data\n";
else
cout<<"\nError in data transmission has occurred\n";
return 0;
}

Program - 8
Question
Write a program for distance vector algorithm to find suitable path for
File : p8.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
using namespace std;
struct node
{
int dist[20];
int from[20];
}rt[10];
int main()
{
int distance_matrix[20][20];
int n,i,j,k,count=0,src,dest;
cout<<"\nEnter the number of nodes : ";
cin>>n;
cout<<"\nEnter the cost/distance matrix :\n";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
cin>>distance_matrix[i][j];
distance_matrix[i][i]=0;
rt[i].dist[j]=distance_matrix[i][j];
rt[i].from[j]=j;
}
do
{
count=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
if(rt[i].dist[j]>distance_matrix[i][k]+rt[k].dist[j])
{
rt[i].dist[j]=rt[i].dist[k]
+rt[k].dist[j];
rt[i].from[j]=k;
count++;
}
} while(count!=0);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<"\nRouting table for
router"<<i+1<<":\nDest\tNextHop\tDist\n";
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%d\t%d\t%d\n",j+1,rt[i].from[j]
+1,rt[i].dist[j]);
}

cout<<"\nEnter source and destination : ";

cin>>src>>dest;
src--; dest--;
printf("Shortest path : \n Via router : %d\n Shortest distance :
%d \n",rt[src].from[dest]+1,rt[src].dist[dest]);
return 0;
}

transmission.

Program - 9
Question
Using TCP/IP sockets, write a client server program to make the client
send the file name and to make the server send back the contents of the
requested file if present.
File: client.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
char fname[50], buffer[1025];
int sd;
struct sockaddr_in address;
address.sin_family = AF_INET;
address.sin_port = htons(5000);
address.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
sd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
connect(sd, (struct sockaddr*)&address, sizeof(address));
cout<<"Enter a filename: ";
cin>>fname;
cout<<"Sending request"<<endl;
send(sd, fname, sizeof(fname), 0);
cout<<"Recieved response:"<<endl;
int n=recv(sd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);
buffer[n]='\0';
cout<<buffer;
cout<<endl;
return 0;

File: server.cpp
#include
#include
#include
#include

<iostream>
<fstream>
<string.h>
<arpa/inet.h>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
char fname[50];
int sd, source, file;
struct sockaddr_in address;
address.sin_family = AF_INET;
address.sin_port = htons(5000);
address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
cout<<"Waiting for request."<<endl;
sd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
bind(sd, (struct sockaddr*)&address, sizeof(address));
listen(sd, 10);
while(1)
{
source = accept(sd, (struct sockaddr*)NULL, NULL);
recv(source, fname, sizeof(fname), 0);
cout<<"Received request for: "<<fname<<endl;
ifstream is (fname);
if (is)
{
is.seekg (0, is.end);
int length = is.tellg();
is.seekg (0, is.beg);
char * buffer = new char [length];
cout << "Sending " << length << " characters...

"<<endl;

is.read (buffer,length);
is.close();
send(source, buffer, length, 0);
}
else
{

delete[] buffer;

cout<<"Sending file not found"<<endl;

send(source, "File not found", sizeof("File not
found"), 0);
}

return 0;

File: test.txt
This
This
This
This
This
This

is
is
is
is
is
is

a
a
a
a
a
a

text
text
text
text
text
text

file
file
file
file
file
file

Program - 10
Question
Using TCP/IP sockets, write a client server program to make the client
send the file name and to make the server send back the contents of the
requested file if present.
File: 10-c.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int main() {
char fname[50], buffer[1025];
int request, response, n;
request = open("request.fifo", O_WRONLY);
response = open("response.fifo", O_RDONLY);
printf("Enter a filename to request: ");
scanf("%s", fname);
write(request, fname, sizeof(fname), 0);
printf("Received response: \n");
while((n = read(response, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0)) > 0) {
write(1, buffer, n);
}
close(request);
close(response);
return 0;
}

File: 10-s.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int main() {
char fname[50], buffer[1025];
int request, response, file, n;
mkfifo("request.fifo", 0777);
mkfifo("response.fifo", 0777);
printf("Waiting for request... \n");
request = open("request.fifo", O_RDONLY);
response = open("response.fifo", O_WRONLY);
read(request, fname, sizeof(fname), 0);
printf("Received request for %s \n", fname);
file = open(fname, O_RDONLY);
if(file < 0) {
write(response, "File not found. \n", 18, 0);
} else {
while((n = read(file, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0)) > 0) {
write(response, buffer, n, 0);
}
}
printf("Response sent. \n");
close(request);
close(response);
unlink("request.fifo");
unlink("response.fifo");
return 0;
}

File: test.txt
This
This
This
This
This
This

is
is
is
is
is
is

a
a
a
a
a
a

text
text
text
text
text
text

file
file
file
file
file
file

Program - 11
Question
Write a program for simple RSA algorithm to encrypt and decrypt the
data.

File: main.cpp
/*
RSA ALGORITHM
------------1.Generate two large random primes, p and q, of approximately equal size.
2.Compute n=p*q;
3.Calculate another number =(p-1)*(q-1)
4.Choose a random number e. Then calculate d so that d*e=1 mod phi
5.We can now announe e and n to public. and d is kept secret
Hence, the public key is (n, e) and the private key is (, d).
*/
#include
#include
#include
#include

<iostream>
<stdlib.h>
<string.h>
<math.h>

using namespace std;

long int i,e,d,n,p,q,phi,cipher[50];
int encrypt(char ch);
char decrypt(long int ch);
int gcd(long int a,long int b);
int prime(int a);
int main()
{
int i,len;
char text[50];
cout<<"Enter the text to be encrypted: ";
cin>>text;
len = strlen(text);
do
{

p = rand()%30;
}while(!prime(p));
do
{

q = rand()%30;
}while(!prime(q));
n=p*q;
phi=(p-1)*(q-1);

// generate prime p

// generate prime number q

//compute n and

do
{

e = rand()%phi; //compute E
}while(gcd(e,phi)!=1);
do
{
d = rand()%phi; //compute d

}while(((d*e)%phi)!=1);
cout<<"\n\nTwo prime numbers (p and q) are: "<<p<<" and
"<<q<<endl;
cout<<"n(p*q) = "<<p<<" * "<<q<<" = "<<p*q<<endl;
cout<<"(p-1)(q-1) = ("<<p<<"-1) * ("<<q<<"-1) = "<<(p-1)*(q1)<<endl;
cout<<"Public key (n, e): ("<<n<<", "<<e<<")\n";
cout<<"Private key (, d): ("<<phi<<", "<<d<<")\n";
//Encrypt the plain text
for(i=0; i<len; i++)
cipher[i]=encrypt(text[i]);
cout<<"\n\nEncrypted message: ";
for(i=0; i<len; i++)
cout<<cipher[i];
//Decrypt the cipher text
for(i=0; i<len; i++)
text[i]=decrypt(cipher[i]);
text[i]='\0';
cout<<"\nDecrypted message: "<<text<<endl;
return 0;
}
int gcd(long int a,long int b)
{
if(a==0) return b;
if(b==0) return a;
return gcd(b ,a%b);
}
int prime(int a)
{
for(i=2; i<a; i++)
if((a%i)==0)
return 0;
return 1;
}
int encrypt(char ch)
{
long int temp=ch;
for(i=1; i<e; i++)
temp=(temp*ch)%n;
return temp;
}
char decrypt(long int ch)
{
long int temp=ch;
for(i=1; i<d; i++)
ch=(temp*ch)%n;
return ch;
}

Program - 12
Question
Write a program for congestion control using leaky bucket algorithm.
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int min(int x, int y)
{
if(x<y)
return x;
else
return y;
}
int main()
{
int size,count=0,drop,time,in[30],sent,rate,i;
cout<<"Enter bucket size (no of packets): ";
cin>>size;
cout<<"Enter bandwidth (packets/second): ";
cin>>rate;
cout<<"Enter burst time (seconds): ";
cin>>time;
for(i=1;i<=time;i++)
{
cout<<"\tEnter number of packets at time "<<i<<": ";
cin>>in[i];
}
cout<<"----------------------------------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"Time |"<<" Incomming |"<<" Outgoing |"<<" InBucket |"<<"
Drop "<<endl;
cout<<"----------------------------------------------"<<endl;
for(i=1;i<=time;i++)
{
count+=in[i];
if(count>size)
{
drop=count-size;
count=size;
}
else
{
drop=0;
}
sent=min(count,rate);
count-=sent;
cout<<setw(3)<<i<<setw(9)<<in[i]<<setw(11)<<sent<<setw(11)<<count<<setw(9

)<<drop;

if(drop)
{

cout<<" <-- non conforming packets";

}
cout<<endl;
}
for(;count!=0;i++)
{
drop=0;
sent=min(count,rate);
count-=sent;
cout<<setw(3)<<i<<setw(9)<<"0"<<setw(11)<<sent<<setw(11)<<count<<setw(9)<
<drop<<endl;
}
cout<<"----------------------------------------------"<<endl;
return 0;
}