International journal of scientific and technical research in engineering (IJSTRE)

www.ijstre.com Volume 1 Issue 1 April 2016.

Evaluation and Stability Analysis of Different Load Frequency

Control Systems with Constant Communication Delays
A.SivaPreethi1, V.GnanaThejaRakesh2
1

(EEE Department, SV Engineering College for Women, India)

(EEE Department, SV Engineering College for Women, India)
sivapreethi.asp@gmail.com
rakeshtheja@gmail.com

ABSTRACT : The extensive usage of open communication networks in power system control analysis causes
inevitable time delays. This paper studies impacts of such delays on the steadiness of multi area load frequency
control (LFC) systems and proposes an analytical methodology to investigate delay margins. The proposed
methodology rst eliminate the transcendental terms in characteristic equation of LFC systems without
generating any proximate esteem and transforms the transcendental characteristic equation into a general
polynomial. The key consequences of this elimination procedure makes real roots of the new polynomial
compared to imaginary roots of the transcendental characteristic equation. With the help of latest polynomial, it
is additionally possible to determine the delay-dependency of system stability and root tendency with respect to
the time delay. An analytical formula is then developed by using Fuzzy logic controller implementation to figure
delay margins in terms of system parameters. For a large number of controller gains, delay margins of LFC
systems are calculated, for further investigation process the qualitative impact of controller gains on the delay
margin. Finally, simulations studies are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology by
comparing traditional PI controller with Fuzzy logic implementation.

KEYWORDS - Communication time delays, controller, delay margin, delay dependent stability,load frequency
control system.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Phasor Measurement units (PMU) and open correspondence networks have been broadly utilized as a
part of the wide Area Measuring systems (WAMS). This causes inescapable time delays which incorporate
estimation and correspondence delays [1], [2]. It is understood that such time delays might diminish the control
systems damping execution and even could bring about unsteadiness on the upper bound limit or delay margin
for dependability [3][6]. This paper primarily researches the effect of time postponements on the steadiness
execution of LFC areas.
The primary objectives of LFC areas are to control the frequency and to keep up scheduled power
exchange in an interconnected area with one or all the more autonomously controlled regions [7]. Time delays
because of communication connections were mostly disregarded in steady examine of LFC systems since
devoted systems with littler postponements were regularly utilized for exchanging information and control
signals. Be that as it may, bigger measure of time postponements in the scope of 515s in LFC frameworks are
seen with the use of open and distributed communication links. There are a few variables that influence size of
delays. These incorporates communication means, for example, ber-optic-links, power line transporters, phone
line carriers and so forth., phasor bundle size, transmission convention utilized and systems load. Thus,
communication delays might varies randomly in a specific extent. Henceforth, the estimation of the delayed
margin is the prominent issue in strength investigation of time-postponed LFC systems. The knowledge of delay
margins empowers us to design for proper controller guaranteeing steadiness of the system for unreliable delays.
There exist a few techniques for processing delay margins for steadiness of time-deferred dynamical
networks. These techniques could be gathered into two fundamental types, in particular frequency domain direct
and time-domain indirect strategies. The fundamental objective of frequency domain methodologies is to
analyse all critical imaginary roots of eigen equation for which the system will be hardly steady. The
accompanying three strategies are the ones usually utilized as a part of delay margin implementation of power
systems:
1) Schur-Cohn technique [8], [9]; 2) Elimination of exponential terms in the characteristic equation [10];
3) Rekasius substitution [11][13]. The Schur-Chon approach introduced in [9] has been effectively executed to
measure the delay margin for Automatic generation control (AGC) systems [6]. The Rekasius substitution has
been effectively used to decide delay margins for a basic electrical system [14] and one-region LFC systems. At
last, the disposal technique reported in [10] has been viably utilized to determine delay margin calculation of
generator excitation control systems [16], [17].However, it must be specified here that frequency domain direct

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Evaluation and stability analysis of different load frequency control systems with constant
communication delays
strategies can't be connected to the time delay systems. This is a disadvantage of such strategies despite the fact
that they can acquire exact delay margins for constant delays. The indirect time-space strategy uses Lyapunov
dependability hypothesis and linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) procedures [18][20]. Such techniques have been
utilized to estimate delay margins of the wide-range damping controller [21], [22] and LFC networks[23].
Our previous researches concentrates mainly shows the proposed strategy effectively estimate the delay
margins deferral of generator excitation control system with a steady single delay margin and delay margins of
time-delayed DC motor speed control system [16],[17], [25]. With addition to these applications, this frequency
domain direct strategy was effectively applied to research the stability of other time-delayed systems, for
example, mechanical systems [26][28], predator-prey systems [29], [30] and a logistic model [31]. Such
fruitful applications together with right estimation of delay margins have spurred us to apply this strategy into
postponement edge calculation of load frequency control system with steady communication delay.
The proposed technique rst wipes out transcendental terms in characteristic mathematical statement of
LFC systems without making any estimation, and transforms the transcendental characteristic mathematical
statement into a general polynomial. The key effect after the elimination procedure is that, real roots of the
transcendental new polynomial compare to the critical imaginary roots of transcendental characteristic equation
precisely. With the assistance of new polynomial, it is additionally conceivable to determine the delay
dependency of system stability and root tendency concerning the time delay. A logical formula is then created to
figure delay margins regarding to system parameters, which is the principle commitment of this paper. For a
vast arrangement of controller gains, delay margins of LFC systems are processed to examine the qualitative
effect of controller gain on the delay margin. simulation studies using Matlab/Simulink [32] are done to verify
the theoretical delay margin results. Finally, the comparison delay margin results with ones obtained by the
indirect method [23] obviously demonstrate that the proposed technique gives more exact delay margin results.
II.
TIME DELAYED LFC SYSTEM
The dynamics of power systems including LFC systems with or without time delay are generally
described by a set of non-linear differential and/or differential-algebraic equations [16],[33]. When the LFC
system is subjected to a small disturbance, nonlinear equations are linearized around an equilibrium point to
obtain a linear state-space equation model. The linear models suffice to assess the steady-state or small-signal
stability of the system around an equilibrium point [4], [7], [23]. If there exists a time delay, the conventional
LFC model needs to be modied to include delay in LFC system model. Multiple constant or time-varying
delays are generally observed in multi-area LFC systems. As explained in [4] and [5], in an open
communication network, delay can arise during: 1) transmission of area control error (ACE) signals from the
control center to the individual generation units and 2) from a telemetry delay when remote terminal units
(RTUs) send the telemetry signals to the control center. Assuming that the control center waits to receive the
telemetered values, the analysis for each delay case is identical. Therefore, all delays are generally aggregated
into a single constant or time-varying delay from the control center. The model of the ith control area of the
multi-area LFC system is illustrated in Fig. 1. Note that all time delays are lumped into a single constant delay
and included into the control loop.

Fig. 1: Block diagram for LFC system (one-Area)

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Evaluation and stability analysis of different load frequency control systems with constant
communication delays
A proportional-integral (PI) controller is used as the load frequency controller in the model. Moreover,
generation units in each area are assumed to be all equivalent. The dynamics of multi-area (N control areas)
LFC system are described by the following state-space equation model:

= + +
=C

(1)
]

= [

Where

() = [

= [ ()]

= [ ()]

= [ ()]

= [

A=

B=diag [ . . .

. . .

F=diag [

. . .

, =

C=diag [

, =

=,

-2
=
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Evaluation and stability analysis of different load frequency control systems with constant
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Moreover,fi , Pmi , Pvi , Pdi are the deviation in the frequency, the generator mechanical output, the
valve position, and the load of the ith control area, respectively Mi, Di, Tgi , Tchi and R i denote the generator inertia
constant, damping coefficient, time constant of the governor and turbine, and speed drop of the control area,
respectively.ACEi and ACEi represent the area control error and ith integral.i is the frequency bias factor.
Finally,Tij denotes the tie-line synchronizing coefficient between the ith and jth control areas. It must be noted
that the linear state-space equation model of (1) is commonly used in various types of analysis in power
systems. These analysis include power system stabilizer design in the presence of time delays [3], the stability
analysis of automatic generation control (AGC) with commensurate delays [6],wide-area damping controller
design for time-delayed power systems [21], [22], stability and delay margin computation of LFC systems [4],
[23], and the region-wise small-signal stability analysis of power systems with time delay [33].The ACE signal
for each control area is the sum of the tie-line power exchange and the frequency deviation weighted by a bias
Factor.
= +
(2)

Fig.2.Dynamic Model of the control area in a multi-area LFC system

As shown in Fig. 2, the delayed ACE signal is the input of the PI controller. For each control area, a PI

controller is chosen as

= = ( )

(3)

and the closed-loop system dynamic model is obtained as

= +

= (

) + ()

(4)

= . . .

Where

= [ ]
= [ ]
Obviously, the multi-area LFC system will have multiple time delays. i, i = 1, . , n. In order to
simplify the delay margin computation, it is assumed that multiple delays are all equal and represented as
constant single delay. With this simplification, it is possible to build a simple model as shown in (5) which
provides an appropriate depiction of a single time delay included in state variable:

= + +
Where =

(5)

The characteristic equation of multi-area LFC system will have multiple exponential terms with commensurate
delays as follows:

, =
[ ]=

(6)

Where a k(s) is a polynomial in s with real coefficients For the one-area LFC system, the characteristic equation
is given as follows:

, =
[ ]= + =

(7)

Where a 0 s and a1 s are polynomials in with following real coefficients

= + + +
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Evaluation and stability analysis of different load frequency control systems with constant
communication delays
= +
= ,
= + + ,
= + + , = + ,
= , =

(9)

From (6), the characteristic polynomial of a two-area LFC system will be

, = + () + =0

(10)

The degree of polynomials a 0 s , a1 s and a 2 s 9, 6, and 3, respectively. Similar to the one-area

LFC system case, the coefficient of these polynomials clearly depend on system parameters. Those coefficients
are not presented due to insufficient space.

III. DELAY-DEPENDENT STABILITY ANALYSIS

The stability studies of time-delayed systems aim to determine whether the system delay-independent
or delay-dependent stable. For the delay-independent stability, the system remains stable for all finite values of
time delays. In a delay-dependent stability case, the system remains stable for < where and represent
delay and delay margin, respectively. If the delay exceeds the margin > , the system becomes unstable.
The delay margin is the key factor for stability evaluation of LFC systems. The total time delays
observed in the system must be less than the delay margin. The knowledge of delay margins for a large set of
system parameters is essential to assess the stability of LFC systems. The following subsections present the
implementation of a frequency domain based direct method [10] to delay margin computation for both one-area
and two-area LFC systems.
3.1. Direct Method
From the general stability theory of dynamical systems, it is well known that all the roots of the
characteristic equation of (7) or (10) must lie in the left half of the complex plane for LFC systems to be
asymptotically stable. These characteristic equations may have infinitely many roots due to exponential type
transcendental terms. Consequently, the stability problem has become a complex task. However, for stability
assessment, the knowledge of all roots is not required. It is sufficient to find delay margin values at which the
characteristic polynomial of (7) or (10) has roots (if any) on the imaginary axis.
One-Area LFC System: The characteristic equation of one-area LFC system is given in (7). The characteristic
equation s, = 0 clearly shows that it is an implicit function of s and . For simplicity, it is assumed that the
delay free system is stable. In other words, all the roots of s, 0 = 0 are in the left half-plane. This is a
realistic assumption since a delay-free one-area LFC system is stable for practical values of parameters. Suppose
that the characteristic equation s, = 0 has a root on the imaginary axis at s = jc (where subscript c refers
to crossing the imaginary axis), for some finite value of the time delay . Because of the complex conjugate
symmetry of complex roots, the equation s, = 0 will also have the same root at for the same value of the
time delay. Consequently, the problem now reduces to finding values of time delay such that both s, = 0
and s, = 0 have a common root at s = jc .This result could be stated as follows:

( )+ () =0
( )+ ( ) =0
The following augmented characteristic equation in

2c

is obtained by eliminating exponential terms in (11):

= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )=0

= + + + + =
Where

(11)

(12)

= , = , = , = ( ) , = ( ).

It should be emphasized here that the characteristic equation with a transcendental term given in (7) is
now transformed into a regular polynomial without transcendentality presented in (12).The positive real roots of
(12) c correspond to the magnitude of purely imaginary roots of (7), s = jc exactly. The computation of

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Evaluation and stability analysis of different load frequency control systems with constant
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positive real roots of (12) is much easier than computation of purely imaginary roots of (7). Depending on the
nature of roots of (12), the following two different stability phenomena may be observed:
1) The one-area LFC system is delay-independent stable if the augmented characteristic equation of (12) does
not have any positive real roots for all finite delays 0.The non-existence of such roots implies that the roots
of (7) remain in the left-half stable plane for all finite delays 0.
2) The one-area LFC system is delay-dependent stable if the augmented characteristic equation of (12) has at
least one positive real root. The existence of such roots implies that the roots of (7) cross the imaginary axis
at s = jc for a finite delay .
The time delay value, delay margin, for which the roots of (7) cross the imaginary axis, is determined using (7)
as [10]

+ +
+

= , , , ,

(13)

where the corresponding coefficients are given as

= , = ,
= ( ), = ( )
=
For a positive root of (12), we should investigate if at s = jc, the root of (7) crosses the imaginary
axis with increasing . The necessary condition for the existence of roots crossing the imaginary axis is that
roots cross the imaginary axis with non-zero velocity as given in the following:

(14)

Where Re (.) represents the real part of a complex variable. The sign of root sensitivity is defined as root
tendency (RT) [10], [12]

= [ ]

(15)

Where the prime denotes the derivative of (12) with respect to 2c . The derivation of (15) could be
found in [16]. The RT expression given in (15) gives a practical tool to evaluate the direction of transition of the
roots at as increases from 1 = to 2 = + ,0< 1. The root crosses the imaginary axis
either to unstable right half plane when , or to stable left half plane when.
2) Two-Area LFC System: The characteristic equation is given by (10). If the characteristic equation of (10) has
a solution of s = jc then s, = 0

will have the same solution:

, = + + () =0

(16)

Similar to the one-area LFC system, the exponential terms should be eliminated to obtain a new
characteristic polynomial without transcendentality. This could be easily achieved using a recursive procedure
as described below. Let us define a new characteristic equation as [10]

, = , (, )
, = [ ] + [ ] (17)
Then, we have

, = , ,

, = [ + [ ]
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Evaluation and stability analysis of different load frequency control systems with constant
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It is clear from (17) and (18) that the root s = jc of (10) and (16) is also a root of the following new
characteristic equations:

, = + =
, = + =

(19)

Where

(20)

Note that the new characteristic equations in (19) contain only a single es or es , indicating that the
degree of commensuracy is reduced from 2 to 1. On the other hand, the degrees of polynomials a 01 (s) and
a11 (s) now become 18 and 15, respectively after eliminating the term e2s of in (10). This procedure could be
easily repeated to eliminate exponential terms, es and es in (19) and the following augmented characteristic
equation not containing any exponential terms could be obtained:

=
()

Where

()

()

=
()

(21)
()

(22)

It should be noted here that the root (10) for some is also a root (10) for some is also a root of (21)
since the elimination procedure preserves the imaginary roots of the original characteristic equation of (10). The
substitution of s = jc into (21) yields the following polynomial in 2c :

= =

(23)

Note that the new characteristic equation in (23) has the degree of 36. The time delay value, delay margin, for
which the roots of (10) cross the imaginary axis, is computed by [10]

( )

( )

( )

( )

= , , , . . , .

(24)

Finally, we should derive an expression similar to one given by (15) to find the RT s . In [10], it was shown that
if the following condition is satisfied at the crossing root s = jc :

= ( ) ( ) > 0

(25)

Then, the RT of a root of s, = 0 is the same as that for the corresponding root of
2 s, = 0.The RT is then determined by

Where

= [ ]

= ( )

(26)
(27)

Summary of Analysis Steps:

The delay margin computation process includes the following steps:
Step 1) Select LFC system parameters and obtain the time delayed state-space equation model of the one-area or
two-area LFC systems.
Step 2) Select a set of values for PI controller gains.

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Evaluation and stability analysis of different load frequency control systems with constant
communication delays
Step 3) For each PI controller gain, determine the characteristic equation using (10) for the multi-area LFC
system and.
Step 4) Obtain the augmented characteristic equations of the multi area LFC systems using (12) and (23),
respectively and compute their real positive roots, namely = 1 , 2 , . , .
Step 5) For all real positive roots, determine the corresponding root tendencies using (15) or (25).
Step 6) Compute the corresponding delay margins using (13) or (24) for those real positive roots found in Step
(4) that have positive root tendency only, = 1.
Step 7) Choose the minimum of delay margins computed in Step 6) as the system delay margin.
Step 8) Verify the accuracy of the theoretical delay margins using time-domain simulations based on the
dynamic models for the one-area and two-area LFC systems, respectively.
IV. FUZZY SYSTEM
The fuzzy interface system basically consists of a methodology of the mathematical mapping from a
given input set to an output set using Fuzzy logic. The mapping process provides the basis from which the
interference or conclusion can be made.
Fuzzy interface process consists of following steps
Step 1: Fuzzification of input variables.
Step 2: Application of Fuzzy operator.(AND, OR, NOT) In the IF (antecedent) part of the rule.
Step 3: Implication from the antecedent to the consequent (Then part of the rule).
Step 4: Aggregation of the consequents across the rules.
Step 5: Defuzzification.

Fig.3.Fuzzy logic implementation of stability analysis

IV. CASE STUDIES
Case studies are performed for both one-area, two-area LFC systems. Based on that we design a three
area LFC system parameters given in [23] are used for comparison purposes. The delay margins are compared
for both PI and Fuzzy logic controllers. Delay margins are obtained for various values of PI controller gains to
investigate the quantitative effect of the controller. Finally, the accuracy of delay margin results computed by
the proposed fuzzy mamdani method is verified utilizing simulation studies.
A. One-Area LFC System
1) Theoretical Delay Margin Results: Delay margin are computed using (13) for a large set of PI
controller gains and are presented in Table I. Results show that a fixed , decreases as increases. This
indicates that the increase of causes a less stable LFC system. The impact of on has two different
patterns when is fixed. For all values of , increases as increases when lies in an interval of
=0-0.4. However, decreases with the increase in for 0.6.Such an effect on has also been
noted in the time-delayed excitation control systems [17], in delay margin results of one-area LFC system
obtained by Rekasius substitution [15], and in delay margin results for LFC systems reported in [23]. Moreover,
delay margin results indicate that a small increase in for relatively larger values may cause a significant
decrease in delay margins when is fixed.
2) Computating Theoretical Delay Margins via Simulation:

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Evaluation and stability analysis of different load frequency control systems with constant
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In order to verify the accuracy of theoretical delay margin results, time-domain simulation are
performed using Matlab/Simulink for the following PI controller gains:( = 0, = 0.4) and ( = 0.6, =
0.6).Frequency response of one-area LFC system for a positive load disturbance of = 0.1 pu at t=0 s is
obtained. For = 0, = 0.4, the delay margin is found to be = 3.382 by the proposed method as shown
in Table I and = 3.124 by the method of [23]. However, the simulation result presented in Fig.4 indicates
that the system is marginally stable = 3.384 due to the sustained oscillations. Fig.4 also shows the
frequency deviation for = 3.3 s and = 3.3 s . Please note that system is stable with decaying oscillations for
= 3.3s < = 3.384s and it is unstable for = 3.5 s > = 3.384s with growing oscillations. Moreover,
the comparison of delay margins with the one obtained by the simulation shows that the relative percentage
errors are 0.391% for the presented method and 7.670% for the method of [23].
B. Three-Area LFC System
1) Theoretical Delay Margin Results:
Delay margins are computed using different sets of controller gains that are equal in each control area
and presented in Table I. The effects of controller gains are quite similar to the one-area case. For example, an
increase in K I for fixed K P values causes a decrease in . The effect of on the delay margin has two trends for
fixed K I . The delay margin increases as K P increases in an interval of K P = 0 0.4 . On the other hand, the
delay margin decreases as increases for K P 0.6. . Additionally, Table II indicates that delay margins for the
two-area LFC system are slightly smaller than those of the one-area case for all PI controller gains.

2) Computing Theoretical Delay Margins via Simulation:

For two different sets of PI controller gains, simulation studies are performed to investigate the
accuracy of delay margins. These are (K P = 0.2, K I = 0.4)and (K P = 0.4, K I = 0.6)The delay margins for this
set of gains are found to be = 3.631s and = 2.184s, respectively. For verification purpose, the same
positive load disturbance, Pd1 = Pd2 = 0.1 pu at t = 10s is considered. The frequency deviations for the
selected gains are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Figs. 4 and 5 clearly indicate that the two-area LFC system becomes
marginally stable at = 3.632s for K P = 0.2, and K I = 0.4 and = 2.189s for, K P = 0.4 , K I = 0.6 .
Observe that theoretical delay margin results are again in close agreement with those obtained by simulations,
verifying the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Table I:
Delay Margin Results Obtained By the Proposed Method for Various Values Of And (Three-Area LFC)
()

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.4

0.6

1.0

30.812

15.090

9.842

7.211

3.225

1.843

0.591

0.05

31.772

15.570

10.162

7.450

3.345

1.922

0.638

0.1

32.647

16.008

10.453

7.669

3.453

1.993

0.676

0.2

34.122

16.744

10.943

8.035

3.631

2.106

0.725

0.4

35.728

17.542

11.469

8.424

3.802

2.184

0.684

0.6

34.809

17.068

11.136

8.155

3.588

1.881

0.480

1.0

0.510

0.498

0.485

0.472

0.416

0.357

0.243

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Evaluation and stability analysis of different load frequency control systems with constant
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Fig.4. Frequency response for different time delays for = . , = . : Three areas
LFC system.
SIMULATION RESULTS:

Fig.5: Simulation circuit of a load frequency control with multi-area system using PI controller.

Fig.6: load frequency control with single-area system using PI controller.

Fig.7: load frequency control with multi-area system using PI controller.

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Evaluation and stability analysis of different load frequency control systems with constant
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Fig.8: load frequency control with multi-area system using PI controller

FLC IMPLEMENTATION SIMULATION CIRCUIT:

Fig.9: Simulation circuit of a load frequency control with multi-area system using
FUZZY logic controller

Fig.10: Simulation circuit of a load frequency control with single-area system using
FUZZY logic controller

Fig.11: Simulation circuit of a load frequency control with multi-area system using
FUZZY logic controller

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Evaluation and stability analysis of different load frequency control systems with constant
communication delays

Fig.12: comparison of PI and FUZZY CONTROLLER for load frequency control with
Multi-area system
CONCLUSION:
This paper has studied the delay-dependent stability of LFC systems with communication delays. A
frequency domain based analytical method that does not use any approximation has been FOR VARIOUS
VALUES OF MULTI-AREA (3-AREA) LFC presented to investigate the delay-dependency of stability and to
compute the delay margin for one-area and two-area LFC systems. The method eliminates exponential terms in
the characteristic equation such that the positive real roots of the resulting augmented polynomial give the finite
values of crossing frequencies at which stability feature of the system change. With the help of this polynomial,
a simple root tendency test has been developed to determine the direction of the root transition. The stability of
one-area and three area LFC systems with constant delays have been analyzed and delay margins have been
computed for a wide range controller gains. Simulation studies have been carried out to verify delay margin
results. The following observations and comments can be made from the results:
1) The PI controller gains have significant impact on delay margins. When the proportional controller gain
is kept constant, the delay margin decreases as the integral controller gain is increased, indicating a smaller
stability margin for LFC systems. The delay margin increases at first and decreases with the increase of the
proportional gain when integral controller gain remains unchanged. For relatively larger controller gains, a
small increase in controller gains may result in a sharp decrease in delay margins.
2) By implementing fuzzy logic controller mamdani method, Delay margins results obtained by the
proposed method are almost the same as the ones determined by simulations, proving that the proposed
method accurately estimate delay margins of LFC systems.
For all values of controller gains, the proposed method gives relatively larger delay margin results when
compared with methods based on Lyapunov stability theory and LMI techniques with mamdani fuzzification.
With the help of the results presented, the controller gains could be properly selected such that LFC system will
be stable and will have a desired damping performance even if certain amount of communication delays exist.
As future work, the proposed method will extended to the application of the fractional- order controllers into
time-delayed LFC systems and to the computation of stability regions in the controller parameter space.
Moreover, another frequency-domain direct method, Rekasius substitution [11], [34], [35] or ANN techniques
will be implemented into three-area LFC scheme with both equal and multiple independent time delays
(incommensurate delays) in each control area since the proposed method cannot be applied to the stability
analysis of such multiple independent delay cases.
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Authors profile:
Ms.A.sivapreethi has completed her B.tech in EEE Department from SWETHA
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN, Tirupati, Affiliated to
JNTU Anantapur .Presently she is pursuing her Masters in Power Systems in SV
ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, Karakambadi Road, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh,
(INDIA).
Mr.V.Gnana Theja Rakesh is currently working as an Assistant Professor in EEE department,
SV ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, Tirupati. He has received his bachelor of
Technology (B.tech) from Sri Venkateshwara University in Electronic Instrumentation and
Control and M.Tech in Sri Venkateshwara University, Tirupati. Specialized in
Instrumentation Control systems. His areas of interest include Control Systems,
instrumentation and Power systems.

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