03 Enhancement

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
www.imageprocessingbook.com
Chapter 3 Image Enhancement in the

Spatial Domain
The principal objective of enhancement
to process an image so that the result is more suitable
than the original image for a specific application.
Enhancement methods
Spatial Domain (in this chapter)
based on direct manipulation of pixels in an image
Frequency Domain (in chapter 4)
based on modifying the Fourier transform of an image
The viewer is the ultimate judge of how well of

a particular method works.
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
Chapter 3 Image Enhancement in the

Spatial Domain
3.1 Background
3.2 Some basic gray level transformations
3.3 Histogram processing
3.4 Enhancement using arithmetic/logic operations
3.5 Basics of spatial filtering
3.6 Smoothing spatial filters
3.7 Sharpening spatial filters
3.8 Combining spatial enhancement methods
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
3.1 Background
Spatial domain methods operate directly on
image pixels
g (x, y ) = T [ f (x, y )]
(3.1 - 1)
T operates only for one pixel
s = T (r )
(3.1 - 2)
Mapping
Contrast Stretching
Thresholding
Binary Image
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
3.1 Background
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
3.1 Background
T operates with neighboring pixels
Mask (filter, kernel, template, window)
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
3.1 Background
m00
Mask = m10
m20
m01
m11
m21
m02
m12
m22
T [ f ( x, y )] = f ( x 1, y 1) m00 + f ( x 1, y ) m01 + f ( x 1, y + 1) m02 +

f ( x, y 1) m10 + f ( x, y ) m11 + f ( x, y + 1) m12 +
f ( x + 1, y 1) m20 + f ( x + 1, y ) m21 + f ( x + 1, y + 1) m22
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
3.1 Background
Original
1
9
Mask = 1
9
Image 19
1
1
1
9
9
9
1
9
1
9
1
9
Processed Image
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Image Negative
s = (L 1) r
(3.2 - 1)
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Original Image
Processed Image
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Log Transformation
s = c log(1 + r )
(3.2 - 2)
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Log Transformation
Original Image
Processed Image
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Power-Law Transformation
s = cr
(3.2 - 3)
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Piecewise-Linear Transformation Functions
Contrast Stretching
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Original Image
Processed Image
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Gray-level slicing
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Original Image
Processed Image
10
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Bit-plane slicing
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

11
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
3.3 Histogram Processing

h(rk ) = nk
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
12
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Histogram Equalization
Transformation Function
s = T (r )
0 r 1
(3.3 - 1)
Conditions:
(a) T(r) is single valued and
monotonically increasing
(b) 0 T(r) 1 for 0 r 1
Inverse function
r = T 1 (s )
0 s 1
(3.3 - 2)
*(a)(b)
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

PDFs() of r and s
r pr
(r )
sps
(s ) = pr (r ) dr
ds
(3.3 - 3)
s3.3-1s
r
13
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

If s is the Cumulative Density Function (CDF) of pr
*(a)(b)
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

ps (s ) = pr (r )
dr
ds
ps(s) is a uniform PDF

Because ps(s) is 1 for any pr(r)
14
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Discrete Version
rk = k, nk rk
0 sk 1
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

to produce an output image that has a uniform
histogram

procedures
Histogram
CDF()T()
T()
15
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
16
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Histogram Matching (Specification)
Development of the method

r
z
T( ): r -> s
G( ): z->s
17
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Discrete Version
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

18
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Implementation
1.Histogram
2.(3.3-13) sk
3.(3.3-14)pz(z)G
4.(3.3-17) zk
5.2-4
rk sk
skzk
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
Comparison between histogram

equalization and histogram matching
19
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
20
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Local Enhancement
:1.
2.
2.1.histogram
2.2.histogram equalization/matching
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Use of histogram statistice for image enhancement

N-Norm
mean value
2-Norm
Standard Deviation
Sx,y
21
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Block Size = 3x3
22
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

E=4.0, k0=0.4, k1=0.02, k2=0.4

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
3.4 Enhancement using Arithmetic/Logic

Operations
performed on a pixel by pixel basis between two or
more images
Logic Operations
AND
OR
NOT
Arithmetic Operations
Substraction
Averaging
23
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Operations
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Operations
Image Substraction
24
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Operations
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Operations
= +
25
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Operations - Image averaging
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Operations - Image averaging
26
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Mask
filter, kernel, templete, window
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Mask
filter, kernel, templete, window
converlution mask/kernel
27
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
3.6 Smoothing Spatial Filter

Smoothing filters are used for
blurring
noise reduction
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Smoothing Linear Filters
Smoothing linear filters
also called
averaging filter
lowpass filter
28
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Mask
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

29
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Order-Statistics Filters
Non-linear filters
Median filter
example
unsorted (60,20,15,23,35,47,78,53,65)
sorted (15,20,23,35,47
,53,60,65,78)
(15,20,23,35,47,53,60,65,78)
the median is 47
Max filter
Min filter
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Order-Statistics Filters
30
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
3.7 Sharpening Spatial Filters

Sharpening Spatial filters are used to
highlight fine detail
enhance detail that has been blurred
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Foundation
First-order derivative
Second-order derivative
31
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Foundation
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Use of second Derivatives for enhancement
The Laplacian
Development of the method
32
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Filters
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

33
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Simplification
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

34
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Unsharp masking and high-boost filtering
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

35
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Use of First Derivatives for enhancement
The Gradient ()
36
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

for 3 x 3 masks
(b) and (c) are refered as

Roberts cross-gradient Operators
(d) and (e) are called

Sobel Operators
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

37
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.

38
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
3.8 Combining Spatial Enhancement

Methods
Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed.
3.8 Combining Spatial Enhancement

Methods
39

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Digital

Chapter 3 Image Enhancement in the

based on direct manipulation of pixels in an image

Frequency Domain (in chapter 4)

based on modifying the Fourier transform of an image

The viewer is the ultimate judge of how well of

Chapter 3 Image Enhancement in the

T operates only for one pixel

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

T [ f ( x, y )] = f ( x 1, y 1) m00 + f ( x 1, y ) m01 + f ( x 1, y + 1) m02 +

f ( x + 1, y 1) m20 + f ( x + 1, y ) m21 + f ( x + 1, y + 1) m22

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.2 Some basic gray level transformations

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.3 Histogram Processing

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.3 Histogram Processing

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.3 Histogram Processing

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.3 Histogram Processing

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.3 Histogram Processing

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.3 Histogram Processing

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

ps(s) is a uniform PDF

3.3 Histogram Processing

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3.3 Histogram Processing

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods