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1.Whatisdatabase?
Adatabaseisacollectionofinformationthatisorganized.Sothatitcaneasilybeaccessed,managed,and
updated.

2.WhatisDBMS?
DBMSstandsforDatabaseManagementSystem.Itisacollectionofprogramsthatenablesusertocreate
andmaintainadatabase.

3.WhatisaDatabasesystem?
ThedatabaseandDBMSsoftwaretogetheriscalledasDatabasesystem.

4.WhataretheadvantagesofDBMS?
I.Redundancyiscontrolled.
II.Providingmultipleuserinterfaces.
III.Providingbackupandrecovery
IV.Unauthorizedaccessisrestricted.
V.Enforcingintegrityconstraints.

5.Whatisnormalization?
ItisaprocessofanalysingthegivenrelationschemasbasedontheirFunctionalDependencies(FDs)and
primarykeytoachievetheproperties
(1).Minimizingredundancy,(2).Minimizinginsertion,deletionandupdateanomalies.

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6.WhatisDataModel?
Acollectionofconceptualtoolsfordescribingdata,datarelationshipsdatasemanticsandconstraints.

7.WhatisERmodel?
Thisdatamodelisbasedonrealworldthatconsistsofbasicobjectscalledentitiesandofrelationship
amongtheseobjects.Entitiesaredescribedinadatabasebyasetofattributes.

8.WhatisObjectOrientedmodel?
Thismodelisbasedoncollectionofobjects.Anobjectcontainsvaluesstoredininstancevariableswithin
theobject.Anobjectalsocontainsbodiesofcodethatoperateontheobject.Thesebodiesofcodeare
calledmethods.Objectsthatcontainsametypesofvaluesandthesamemethodsaregroupedtogether
intoclasses.

9.WhatisanEntity?
Anentityisathingorobjectofimportanceaboutwhichdatamustbecaptured.

10.WhatisDDL(DataDefinitionLanguage)?
AdatabaseschemaisspecifiesbyasetofdefinitionsexpressedbyaspeciallanguagecalledDDL.

11.WhatisDML(DataManipulationLanguage)?
Thislanguagethatenableusertoaccessormanipulatedataasorganisedbyappropriatedatamodel.
ProceduralDMLorLowlevel:DMLrequiresausertospecifywhatdataareneededandhowtogetthose
data.NonProceduralDMLorHighlevel:DMLrequiresausertospecifywhatdataareneededwithout
specifyinghowtogetthosedata

12.WhatisDMLCompiler?
IttranslatesDMLstatementsinaquerylanguageintolowlevelinstructionthatthequeryevaluation
enginecanunderstand.

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13.WhatisQueryevaluationengine?
Itexecuteslowlevelinstructiongeneratedbycompiler.

14.WhatisFunctionalDependency?
FunctionalDependencyisthestartingpointofnormalization.FunctionalDependencyexistswhena
relationbetweentwoattributesallowsyoutouniquelydeterminethecorrespondingattributesvalue.

15.Whatis1NF(NormalForm)?
Thefirstnormalformor1NFisthefirstandthesimplesttypeofnormalizationthatcanbeimplemented
inadatabase.Themainaimsof1NFareto:
1.Eliminateduplicativecolumnsfromthesametable.
2.Createseparatetablesforeachgroupofrelateddataandidentifyeachrowwithauniquecolumn(the
primarykey).

16.WhatisFullyFunctionaldependency?
AfunctionaldependencyXYisfullfunctionaldependencyifremovalofanyattributeAfromXmeansthat
thedependencydoesnotholdanymore.

17.Whatis2NF?
ArelationschemaRisin2NFifitisin1NFandeverynonprimeattributeAinRisfullyfunctionally
dependentonprimarykey.

18.Whatis3NF?
ArelationisinthirdnormalformifitisinSecondNormalFormandtherearenofunctional(transitive)
dependenciesbetweentwo(ormore)nonprimarykeyattributes.

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19.WhatisBCNF(BoyceCoddNormalForm)?

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AtableisinBoyceCoddnormalform(BCNF)ifandonlyifitisin3NFandeverydeterminantisa
candidatekey.

20.Whatis4NF?
FourthnormalformrequiresthatatablebeBCNFandcontainnomultivalueddependencies.

21.Whatis5NF?
Atableisinfifthnormalform(5NF)orProjectJoinNormalForm(PJNF)ifitisin4NFanditcannothavea
losslessdecompositionintoanynumberofsmallertables.

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22.Whatisaquery?
AquerywithrespecttoDBMSrelatestousercommandsthatareusedtointeractwithadatabase.

23.Whatismeantbyqueryoptimization?
Thephasethatidentifiesanefficientexecutionplanforevaluatingaquerythathastheleastestimated
costisreferredtoasqueryoptimization.

24.Whatisanattribute?
Itisaparticularproperty,whichdescribestheentity.

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25.WhatisRDBMS?
RelationalDataBaseManagementSystems(RDBMS)aredatabasemanagementsystemsthatmaintain
datarecordsandindicesintables.

26.WhatsdifferencebetweenDBMSandRDBMS?
DBMSprovidesasystematicandorganizedwayofstoring,managingandretrievingfromcollectionof
logicallyrelatedinformation.RDBMSalsoprovideswhatDBMSprovidesbutabovethatitprovides
relationshipintegrity.
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27.WhatisSQL?
SQLstandsforStructuredQueryLanguage.SQLisanANSI(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute)
standardcomputerlanguageforaccessingandmanipulatingdatabasesystems.SQLstatementsareused
toretrieveandupdatedatainadatabase.

28.WhatisStoredProcedure?
AstoredprocedureisanamedgroupofSQLstatementsthathavebeenpreviouslycreatedandstoredin
theserverdatabase.

Aviewmaybeasubsetofthedatabaseoritmaycontainvirtualdatathatisderivedfromthedatabase
filesbutisnotexplicitlystored.

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29.Whatisaview?

30.WhatisTrigger?
AtriggerisaSQLprocedurethatinitiatesanactionwhenanevent(INSERT,DELETEorUPDATE)occurs.

31.WhatisIndex?
Anindexisaphysicalstructurecontainingpointerstothedata.

32.Whatisextensionandintension?
ExtensionItisthenumberoftuplespresentinatableatanyinstance.Thisistimedependent.
IntensionItisaconstantvaluethatgivesthename,structureoftableandtheconstraintslaidonit.

33.Whatdoyoumeanbyatomicityandaggregation?
AtomicityAtomicitystatesthatdatabasemodificationsmustfollowanallornothingrule.Eachtransaction
issaidtobeatomic.Ifonepartofthetransactionfails,theentiretransactionfails.
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AggregationAfeatureoftheentityrelationshipmodelthatallowsarelationshipsettoparticipatein
anotherrelationshipset.ThisisindicatedonanERdiagrambydrawingadashedboxaroundthe
aggregation.

34.WhatisRDBMSKERNEL?
TwoimportantpiecesofRDBMSarchitecturearethekernel,whichisthesoftware,andthedatadictionary,
whichconsistsofthesystemleveldatastructuresusedbythekerneltomanagethedatabase.

35.NamethesubsystemsofaRDBMS?
I/O,Security,LanguageProcessing,ProcessControl,StorageManagement,LoggingandRecovery,

36.HowdoyoucommunicatewithanRDBMS?
YoucommunicatewithanRDBMSusingStructuredQueryLanguage(SQL)

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DistributionControl,TransactionControl,MemoryManagement,LockManagement.

37.DisadvantageinFileProcessingSystem?
Dataredundancy&inconsistency.
Difficultinaccessingdata.
Dataisolation.
Dataintegrity.
Concurrentaccessisnotpossible.
SecurityProblems.

38.WhatisVDL(ViewDefinitionLanguage)?
Itspecifiesuserviewsandtheirmappingstotheconceptualschema.

39.WhatisSDL(StorageDefinitionLanguage)?
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Thislanguageistospecifytheinternalschema.ThislanguagemaySpecifythemappingbetweentwo
schemas.

40.Describeconcurrencycontrol?
Concurrencycontrolistheprocessmanagingsimultaneousoperationsagainstadatabasesothatdatabase
integrityisnocompromised.Therearetwoapproachestoconcurrencycontrol.
Thepessimisticapproachinvolveslockingandtheoptimisticapproachinvolvesversioning.

41.Describethedifferencebetweenhomogeneousandheterogeneousdistributeddatabase?
AhomogenousdatabaseisonethatusesthesameDBMSateachnode.Aheterogeneousdatabaseisone

42.Whatisadistributeddatabase?
Adistributeddatabaseisasinglelogicaldatabasethatisspreadacrossmorethanonenodeorlocations

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thatmayhaveadifferentDBMSateachnode.

thatareallconnectedviasomecommunicationlink.

43.Explainthedifferencebetweentwoandthreetierarchitectures?
Threetierarchitectureincludesaclientandtwoserverlayers.
Theapplicationcodeisstoredontheapplicationserverandthedatabaseisstoredonthedatabase
server.Atwotierarchitectureincludesaclientandoneserverlayer.Thedatabaseisstoredonthe
databaseserver.

44.BrieflydescribethethreetypesofSQLcommands?
Datadefinitionlanguagecommandsareusedtocreate,alter,anddroptables.Datamanipulation
commandsareusedtoinsert,modify,update,andquerydatainthedatabase.Datacontrollanguage
commandshelptheDBAtocontrolthedatabase.

45.Listsomeofthepropertiesofarelation?

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Relationsinadatabasehaveauniquenameandnomultivaluedattributesexist.Eachrowisuniqueand
eachattributewithinarelationhasauniquename.Thesequenceofbothcolumnsandrowsisirrelevant.

46.Explainthedifferencesbetweenanintranetandanextranet?
AnInternetdatabaseisaccessiblebyeveryonewhohasaccesstoaWebsite.Anintranetdatabaselimits
accesstoonlypeoplewithinagivenorganization.

47.WhatisSQLDeadlock?
Deadlockisauniquesituationinamultiusersystemthatcausestwoormoreuserstowaitindefinitelyfor
alockedresource.

48.WhatisaCatalog?
Acatalogisatablethatcontainstheinformationsuchasstructureofeachfile,thetypeandstorage
formatofeachdataitemandvariousconstraintsonthedata.Theinformationstoredinthecatalogis
calledMetadata.

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49.Whatisdatawarehousing&OLAP?
DatawarehousingandOLAP(onlineanalyticalprocessing)systemsarethetechniquesusedinmany
companiestoextractandanalyzeusefulinformationfromverylargedatabasesfordecisionmaking.

50.Describethethreelevelsofdataabstraction?
Physicallevel:Thelowestlevelofabstractiondescribeshowdataarestored.
Logicallevel:Thenexthigherlevelofabstraction,describeswhatdataarestoredindatabaseandwhat
relationshipamongthosedata.
Viewlevel:Thehighestlevelofabstractiondescribesonlypartofentiredatabase.

51.WhatisDataIndependence?

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Dataindependencemeansthattheapplicationisindependentofthestoragestructureandaccessstrategy
ofdata.

52.Howmanytypesofrelationshipexistindatabasedesigning?
Therearethreemajorrelationshipmodels:
Onetoone
Onetomany
Manytomany

ORDERBYclausehelpstosortthedataineitherascendingordertodescending

54.WhatistheuseofDBCCcommands?

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53.Whatisorderbyclause?

DBCCstandsfordatabaseconsistencychecker.Weusethesecommandstochecktheconsistencyofthe
databases,i.e.,maintenance,validationtaskandstatuschecks.

55.WhatisCollation?
Collationreferstoasetofrulesthatdeterminehowdataissortedandcompared.

56.WhatisdifferencebetweenDELETE&TRUNCATEcommands?
DeletecommandremovestherowsfromatablebasedontheconditionthatweprovidewithaWHERE
clause.Truncatewillactuallyremovealltherowsfromatableandtherewillbenodatainthetableafter
werunthetruncatecommand.

57.WhatisHashingtechnique?
Thisisaprimaryfileorganizationtechniquethatprovidesveryfastaccesstorecordsoncertainsearch
conditions.
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58.Whatisatransaction?
Atransactionisalogicalunitofdatabaseprocessingthatincludesoneormoredatabaseaccessoperations.

59.WhatarethedifferentphasesofTransaction?
Analysisphase
Redophase
Undophase

Itisone,whichkeepsitsphysicalstructurehiddenfromuser.

61.WhataretheprimitiveoperationscommontoallrecordmanagementSystem?

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60.Whatistransparentdbms?

Addition,deletionandmodification.

62.Explainthedifferencesbetweenstructureddataandunstructureddata.
Structureddataarefactsconcerningobjectsandevents.Themostimportantstructureddataare
numeric,character,anddates.
Structureddataarestoredintabularform.Unstructureddataaremultimediadatasuchasdocuments,
photographs,maps,images,sound,andvideoclips.UnstructureddataaremostcommonlyfoundonWeb
serversandWebenableddatabases.

63.Whatarethemajorfunctionsofthedatabaseadministrator?
Managingdatabasestructure,controllingconcurrentprocessing,managingprocessingrightsand
responsibilities,developingdatabasesecurity,providingfordatabaserecovery,managingtheDBMSand
maintainingthedatarepository.

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64.Whatisadependencygraph?
Adependencygraphisadiagramthatisusedtoportraytheconnectionsbetweendatabaseelements.

65.Explainthedifferencebetweenanexclusivelockandasharedlock?
Anexclusivelockprohibitsotherusersfromreadingthelockedresourceasharedlockallowsotherusers
toreadthelockedresource,buttheycannotupdateit.

66.Explainthe"paradigmmismatch"betweenSQLandapplicationprogramminglanguages.
SQLstatementsreturnasetofrows,whileanapplicationprogramworksononerowatatime.Toresolve

67.Namefourapplicationsfortriggers.
(1)Providingdefaultvalues,(2)enforcingdataconstraints,

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thismismatchtheresultsofSQLstatementsareprocessedaspseudofiles,usingacursororpointerto
specifywhichrowisbeingprocessed.

(3)Updatingviewsand(4)enforcingreferentialintegrity

68.Whataretheadvantagesofusingstoredprocedures?
Theadvantagesofstoredproceduresare(1)greatersecurity,(2)decreasednetworktraffic,(3)thefact
thatSQLcanbeoptimizedand(4)codesharingwhichleadstolesswork,standardizedprocessing,and
specializationamongdevelopers.

69.Explainthedifferencebetweenattributesandidentifiers.
Entitieshaveattributes.Attributesarepropertiesthatdescribetheentity'scharacteristics.Entity
instanceshaveidentifiers.Identifiersareattributesthatname,oridentify,entityinstances.

70.WhatisEnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP),andwhatkindofadatabaseisusedinan
ERPapplication?

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EnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP)isaninformationsystemusedinmanufacturingcompaniesand
includessales,inventory,productionplanning,purchasingandotherbusinessfunctions.AnERPsystem
typicallyusesamultiuserdatabase.

71.DescribethedifferencebetweenembeddedanddynamicSQL?
EmbeddedSQListheprocessofincludinghardcodedSQLstatements.Thesestatementsdonotchange
unlessthesourcecodeismodified.DynamicSQListheprocessofgeneratingSQLonthefly.The
statementsgenerateddonothavetobethesameeachtime.

72.Explainajoinbetweentables

relationshipsareestablishedbyusingacommoncolumninthetablesandoftenusestheprimary/foreign
keyrelationship.

73.Describeasubquery.

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Ajoinallowstablestobelinkedtoothertableswhenarelationshipbetweenthetablesexists.The

Asubqueryisaquerythatiscomposedoftwoqueries.Thefirstquery(innerquery)iswithintheWHERE
clauseoftheotherquery(outerquery).

74.Compareahierarchicalandnetworkdatabasemodel?
Thehierarchicalmodelisatopdownstructurewhereeachparentmayhavemanychildrenbuteachchild
canhaveonlyoneparent.Thismodelsupportsonetooneandonetomanyrelationships.
Thenetworkmodelcanbemuchmoreflexiblethanthehierarchicalmodelsinceeachparentcanhave
multiplechildrenbuteachchildcanalsohavemultipleparents.Thismodelsupportsonetoone,oneto
many,andmanytomanyrelationships.

75.Explainthedifferencebetweenadynamicandmaterializedview.
Adynamicviewmaybecreatedeverytimethataspecificviewisrequestedbyauser.Amaterializedview
iscreatedandorupdatedinfrequentlyanditmustbesynchronizedwithitsassociatedbasetable(s).

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76.Explainwhatneedstohappentoconvertarelationtothirdnormalform.
Firstyoumustverifythatarelationisinbothfirstnormalformandsecondnormalform.Iftherelationis
not,youmustconvertintosecondnormalform.Afterarelationisinsecondnormalform,youmust
removealltransitivedependencies.

77.Describethefourtypesofindexes?
Auniqueprimaryindexisuniqueandisusedtofindandstorearow.Anonuniqueprimaryindexisnot
uniqueandisusedtofindarowbutalsowheretostorearow(basedonitsuniqueprimaryindex).A
uniquesecondaryindexisuniqueforeachrowandusedtofindtablerows.Anonuniquesecondaryindex
isnotuniqueandusedtofindtablerows.

Minimumcardinalityistheminimumnumberofinstancesofanentitythatcanbeassociatedwitheach
instanceofanotherentity.Maximumcardinalityisthemaximumnumberofinstancesofanentitythat
canbeassociatedwitheachinstanceofanotherentity.

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78.Explainminimumandmaximumcardinality?

79.Whatisdeadlock?Howcanitbeavoided?Howcanitberesolvedonceitoccurs?
Deadlockoccurswhentwotransactionsareeachwaitingonaresourcethattheothertransactionholds.
Deadlockcanbepreventedbyrequiringtransactionstoacquirealllocksatthesametimeonceitoccurs,
theonlywaytocureitistoabortoneofthetransactionsandbackoutofpartiallycompletedwork.

80.ExplainwhatwemeanbyanACIDtransaction.
AnACIDtransactionisonethatisatomic,consistent,isolated,anddurable.Durablemeansthatdatabase
changesarepermanent.Consistencycanmeaneitherstatementlevelortransactionlevelconsistency.
Withtransactionlevelconsistency,atransactionmaynotseeitsownchanges.Atomicmeansitis
performedasaunit.

81.Underwhatconditionsshouldindexesbeused?
Indexescanbecreatedtoenforceuniqueness,tofacilitatesorting,andtoenablefastretrievalbycolumn
values.AgoodcandidateforanindexisacolumnthatisfrequentlyusedwithequalconditionsinWHERE
clauses.
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82.WhatisdifferencebetweenSQLandSQLSERVER?
SQLisalanguagethatprovidesaninterfacetoRDBMS,developedbyIBM.SQLSERVERisaRDBMSjust
likeOracle,DB2.

83.WhatisSpecialization?
Itistheprocessofdefiningasetofsubclassesofanentitytypewhereeachsubclasscontainallthe
attributesandrelationshipsoftheparententityandmayhaveadditionalattributesandrelationships
whicharespecifictoitself.

Itistheprocessoffindingcommonattributesandrelationsofanumberofentitiesanddefininga
commonsuperclassforthem.

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84.Whatisgeneralization?

85.WhatismeantbyProactive,RetroactiveandSimultaneousUpdate?
ProactiveUpdate:Theupdatesthatareappliedtodatabasebeforeitbecomeseffectiveinrealworld.
RetroactiveUpdate:Theupdatesthatareappliedtodatabaseafteritbecomeseffectiveinrealworld.
SimultaneousUpdate:Theupdatesthatareappliedtodatabaseatthesametimewhenitbecomes
effectiveinrealworld.

86.WhatisRAIDTechnology?

Redundantarrayofinexpensive(orindependent)disks.Themaingoalofraidtechnologyistoevenout
thewidelydifferentratesofperformanceimprovementofdisksagainstthoseinmemoryand
microprocessor.Raidtechnologyemploysthetechniqueofdatastripingtoachievehighertransferrates.

87.Whatareserial,nonserialschedule?

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AscheduleSisserialif,foreverytransactionTparticipatingintheschedule,alltheoperationsofTis
executedconsecutivelyintheschedule,otherwise,thescheduleiscallednonserialschedule.

88.Whatareconflictserializableschedules?
AscheduleSofntransactionsisserializableifitisequivalenttosomeserialscheduleofthesamen
transactions.

89.Whatisviewserializable?
Ascheduleissaidtobeviewserializableifitisviewequivalentwithsomeserialschedule.

90.Whatisaforeignkey?
Akeyofarelationschemaiscalledasaforeignkeyifitistheprimarykeyof
someotherrelationtowhichitisrelatedto.

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91.Whatarethedisadvantagesofusingadbms?
1)Highinitialinvestmentsinh/w,s/w,andtraining.
2)GeneralitythataDBMSprovidesfordefiningandprocessingdata.
3)Overheadforprovidingsecurity,concurrencycontrol,recovery,andintegrityfunctions.

92.WhatisLosslessjoinproperty?
Itguaranteesthatthespurioustuplegenerationdoesnotoccurwithrespecttorelationschemasafter
decomposition.

93.WhatisaPhantomDeadlock?
Indistributeddeadlockdetection,thedelayinpropagatinglocalinformationmightcausethedeadlock
detectionalgorithmstoidentifydeadlocksthatdonotreallyexist.Suchsituationsarecalledphantom

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deadlocksandtheyleadtounnecessaryaborts.

94.WhatisacheckpointandWhendoesitoccur?
ACheckpointislikeasnapshotoftheDBMSstate.Bytakingcheckpoints,theDBMScanreducethe
amountofworktobedoneduringrestartintheeventofsubsequentcrashes.

95.Whatisschema?
Thedescriptionofadatabaseiscalledthedatabaseschema,whichisspecifiedduringdatabasedesign
andisnotexpectedtochangefrequently.Adisplayedschemaiscalledschemadiagram.Wecalleach
objectintheschemaasschemaconstruct.

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