5.1.1.1.

Biomass of plant origin

- Agriculture: Aerial biomass for energy plantations, crop residues and
waste primary processing of biomass crops in clean and permanent
crops (Herbaceous, woody)
- Forestry: aboveground biomass of slabs of tree and shrub species for
energy purposes and / or containment, waste ilk and pruning of forest
plantations for industrial purposes, waste processing in sawmill log /
log material from plantations and forest natural.
-

Agroindustrial: agricultural biomass made up of solid waste

(herbaceous or woody material) with different humidity generated by
the process of agricultural goods and final industrial processing of
these types of biomass (eg cellulose fiber contained in the effluent
"black liquor.It generated by the process for producing chemical
cellulose to soda pulp).

Except bagasse sugarcane, most agricultural and forestry residues are

discarded in the field as part of pre and post-harvest work. Incineration is
the method most used for disposal, which implies an additional cost and
utility cancels the possibility to use a renewable energy source. A
minimum proportion of the abovementioned waste is used for energy
purposes in production activities and services (brickworks, restaurants).
The open burning of agricultural crop residues for which chemical inputs
containing chlorine (fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides) is used involves
highly harmful to health uncontrolled emission of persistent pollutants
including dioxins and furans, considered (carcinogenic) . Mitigation /
control issue is part of its objectives and obligations emerging from
multilateral environmental agreements that Peru has signed (Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants).
It is reasonable to assume that in the medium term in different markets
of agricultural products from Peru, establish a way to sweep para-tariff,
the certification requirement on non-existence of contaminants such
persistente3 /. In this regard, the use of agricultural waste facilities
(combustion, gasification) that allow control polluting emissions they
generate, represents a technically viable option and the necessary time
to be implemented for health purposes trade policy goals.
5.1.1.2. Animal biomass
- Dung / manure: solid biomass and aqueous been generated by
different types of livestock and poultry.
- Organic waste components of animal biomass in solid or unusable
liquid for human consumption, resulting from the process benefits of
livestock and poultry, this matter is not discharged into the sewage
system, so it is feasible to be collected for different purposes,
including use as biomass fuel.
Regarding manure / manure / slurry / buzzard and other types of matter
daily generate different kinds of animals, it should be noted that a
minority of the corresponding volumes can be considered as a potential
source of biomass fuel. The feasible material be collected for purposes
combustible biomass constitutes deposited in the area fraction in which

the degree is under stabled condition, for the case of birds it is space
covering sheds / pens. Even within the areas of exploitable spaces
mentioned the depositions for purposes of energy (fuel, gasification) are
those not contaminated with soil, sand or other non-organic impurities.
Unsuitable organic waste for human consumption, generated in
processing plants / benefit of livestock and poultry, because of its high
moisture content, direct use as biomass fuel, individually or combined
with other organic waste way, it can be performed on systems
indigestion (aerobic or anaerobic) for gasification. Its use in combustion
systems involves pretreatment for moisture reduction, which means
higher cost per unit of primary energy.
5.1.1.3. Biomass contained in municipal waste treatment plants and
urban wastewater.
-

Solid waste: organic elements and non-organic origin that make the
whole garbage / waste generated by the intermediate and final
consumption of domestic, commercial, industrial.
Waste aqueous state of urban liquid effluents: sludge treatment
plants, urban waste water made up of elements of organic and nonorganic origin contained in urban wastewater.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), relate primarily to materials discarded by

households, includes waste from commercial and industrial activity of
various kinds, which are deposited in municipal landfills. The RSU contain
a significant fraction of paper, food waste, wood and pruning cuts,
textiles, leather, metal and glass, as well as oil products such as plastics,
rubber and synthetic fabrics.
The composition of waste is a key for selecting the best technology for
waste-to-energy element. That is why there are different standards
internationally for a proper study of waste to be treated. On this point
see Annex No. 1 TABLE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR STUDY OF
SAMPLES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE - RSU, a document that suggests
use for the development of consultancy on biomass.
In turn, there are different interpretations for the classification of the RSU
as a source of renewable energy. The Environmental Protection Agency
US (EPA) considers the RSU (MSW by its acronym: Municipal Solid Waste)
as a source of renewable energy, as if wings themselves are not given a
secondary use (such as energy use), they will be sent to landfills health
which means squandering its energy power. On the other hand, the
Department of Energy of the US includes the RSU as a renewable energy
source, as long as the caloric content of the fuel comes mainly from
biological materials. Currently, in many industrialized countries and to a
lesser extent in certain countries and cities of developing country
policies that establish priorities for waste prevention treatments are
applied.