MECH3310

Heat Transfer
Shuhuai Yao
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

Course Information
Instructor:
YAO, Shuhuai (RM2577F, Tel 2358-7205, meshyao@ust.hk)
Lectures:
Tue/Thu 10:30-11:50, Rm 4334, Lift 3
Office Hours: Mon 16:00-17:00 or by appointment
LIYANTO, Henry hliyanto@connect.ust.hk
SHANG, Yuhe yshangaa@connect.ust.hk
TRAIPATTANAKUL, Bhawat btaa@connect.ust.hk
Tutorials:
Fri 18:00-18:50, Rm 4334, Lift 3
Office hours: Thu 16:00-18:00, CYT 4007

TAs:

Textbook:
References:

Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer, Ebook, Incropera et al.

Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach, engel.

Course Web: https://canvas.ust.hk/courses/5112

Homework:
Exams:
Grading:

8 highest scores (out of 9) will be counted

Mid-term (in class, March 30) & Final (TBA)
Homework (15%) Midterm (35%) Final (45%) Class Quiz (5%)

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

OBE Matrix
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
(correlated COURSE
OUTCOMES are shown in
the bracket)

COURSE OUTCOMES:
(correlated COURSE
OBJECTIVES are shown
in the bracket)

ASSESSMENT TOOLS:
(correlated COURSE
OBJECTIVES are shown
in the bracket)

1. To provide our students with a fundamental understanding of

heat transfer processes. [1,5]
2. To provide our students with the ability to apply knowledge of
mathematics and science to solve engineering problems in heat
transfer. [2,3,4]
3. To provide our students with the ability to identify a suitable
model and formulate scientific analysis for practical problems in
heat transfer. [2,3,4]
4. To inspire students to understand the nature (wind chill) and
man-made (heat sink) system involving heat transfer using the
knowledge obtained in classes. [5]
1. Explain the basic concepts of conduction, convection and
radiation heat transfer. [1]
2. Formulate and solve simple conduction heat transfer problems,
using techniques including both closed form and numerical
methods. [2,3]
3. Apply empirical correlations for both forced and natural
convection to determine values for the convection heat transfer
coefficient. [2,3]
4. Examine blackbody and gray surface radiation, and evaluate
radiation exchange between surfaces. [2,3]
5. Apply the principles of conduction, convection and radiation heat
transfer to analyze natural phenomena. [4]
1.
2.
3.
4.

Regular homework assignments [2,3]

Class participation and discussion [4]
Optional class quizzes [1]
Mid-term and final examinations [1,2]

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

Week

Day

1/9

CONCEPTS

6/9

CONCEPTS

8/9

CONDUCTION FUNDAMENTALS

13/9

1-D STEADY CONDUCTION

15/9

1-D STEADY CONDUCTION

20/9
22/9

1-D STEADY CONDUCTION

1-D STEADY CONDUCTION

HW#2

27/9

TRANSIENT CONDUCTION

HW#3

29/9

TRANSIENT CONDUCTION

4/10

2-D CONDUCTION

6/10

CONVECTION FUNDAMENTALS

11/10

CONVECTION FUNDAMENTALS

13/10

EXTERNAL CONVECTION

18/10

Midterm Review

20/10

Midterm

25/10

INTERNAL CONVECTION

27/10

INTERNAL CONVECTION

10

1/11
3/11

INTERNAL CONVECTION NATURAL

CONVECTION

11

8/11

PHASE CHANGE

10/11

RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS

15/11

RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS

17/11

RADIATIVE TRANSFER

13

22/11
24/11

RADIATIVE TRANSFER RADIATIVE

TRANSFER

HW#8

14

29/11

Final Review

HW#9

6
7
8
9

12

Topic

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

Due

HW#1

HW#4

HW#5

HW#6
HW#7

Key Questions
What is Heat Transfer?
Rate of energy flow in the form of heat due to a temperature difference

What is the relationship to Thermodynamics?

The laws of thermodynamics:
0th Law: Thermal equilibrium underline the definition of temperature
1st Law: Conservation of energy
2nd Law: Entropy increasing
Heat transfer:
to quantify the rate of heat being transferred in a nonequilibrium process
thermal forms of energy flow in conservation of energy obey the 1st law
always occurs from a hot body to a cold one obey the 2nd law

Why is Heat Transfer important?

Human body, household appliances, electronics, automobiles, global warming
S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

Heat Transfer takes place everywhere

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

Modes of Heat Transfer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3N9XyTkSBI

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction: Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or liquid) due to

the random motion of its constituent atoms, molecules and /or
electrons.
Convection: Heat transfer due to the combined influence of bulk and
random motion for fluid flow over a surface.
Radiation:

Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the electron

configurations of its atoms or molecules and is transported as
electromagnetic waves (or photons).

Conduction and convection require temperature variations in a material medium.

Although radiation originates from matter, its transport does not require a material
medium and occurs most efficiently in a vacuum.
S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

Heat Transfer Rates: Conduction

Conduction:
Due to random motion, not bulk motion
Transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to
the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the
particles.

Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases

In gases and liquids conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of
the molecules during their random motion.
In solids conduction is due to the combination of vibrations of the
molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free electrons.

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

Heat Transfer Rates: Conduction

Fouriers law of heat conduction:

q = kT
Heat flux
2

[W/m2]

Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient

[W/(mK)]

[K/m]

Apply to 1D with constant k:

qx = k

dT
T T
T T
= k 2 1 = k 1 2
dx
L
L

Reflection of 2nd Law

q x = qx A
Heat rate
[W]

q=
qx A
x

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

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Heat Transfer Rates: Convection

Convection = Conduction + Advection (bulk motion)
Relation of convection to flow over a
surface and development of velocity
and thermal boundary layers:

Convection is commonly classified

into three sub-modes:
- Forced convection,
- Natural (or free)
convection,
- Change of phase
(liquid/vapor, solid/liquid,
etc.)

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

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Heat Transfer Rates: Convection

Newtons law of cooling:

q = h(Ts T )
Convection heat transfer coefficient

[W/(m2K)]
Sir Isaac Newton
(1643-1727)

h depends on variables such as the surface geometry, the nature of

fluid motion, the properties of the fluid, and the bulk fluid velocity.
h = f (x*, k, , v)

q=
qx A
x
S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

12

Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation

Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of
electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the
electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.
Heat transfer by radiation does not require the presence of an
intervening medium.
In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal radiation (radiation
emitted by bodies because of their temperature).
Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon. However, radiation is usually
considered to be a surface phenomenon for solids that are opaque to
thermal radiation.
Emission: Stefan-Boltzmann Law

E b = Ts4

Ts: [K]

Stefan-Boltzmann constant

= 5.67e-8 [W/(m2K4)]
S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

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Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation

The idealized surface that emits radiation at the maximum rate is

called a blackbody. E b = Ts4
The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is less than the radiation emitted
by a blackbody at the same temperature, and is expressed as

E = Ts4
Emission power Emissivity of the surface, 0 1
[W/m2]

Irradiation: Special case of surface exposed to large surroundings of

4
uniform temperature, G = Tsur

Gabs = G
Absorption Absorptivity Irradiation
[W/m2]
[W/m2]
01

For = , net rate of radiation heat flux:

4
qrad" = Eb G = (Ts4 Tsur
)

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

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S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

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Example 1.1 Heat conduction through a wall. Find qx and qx .

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

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Example 1.2 Heat loss through convection and radiation per unit length.

S. Yao MECH3310 Lecture 1 Ch 1.1-1.2 01/09/2016

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