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Introduction
For supplying a load in excess of the rating of an existing transformer, two or more transformers may be
connected in parallel with the existing transformer. The transformers are connected in parallel when load on one
of the transformers is more than its capacity.
The reliability is increased with parallel operation than to have single larger unit.
The cost associated with maintaining the spares is less when two transformers are connected in parallel. It is
usually economical to install another transformer in parallel instead of replacing the existing transformer by a
single larger unit.
The cost of a spare unit in the case of two parallel transformers (of equal rating) is also lower than that of a
single large transformer. In addition, it is preferable to have a parallel transformer for the reason of reliability.
With this at least half the load can be supplied with one transformer out of service.
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The current will be quite high as the leakage impedance is low. When the secondary windings are loaded, this
circulating current will tend to produce unequal loading on the two transformers, and it may not be possible to
take the full load from this group of two parallel transformers (one of the transformers may get overloaded).
If two transformers of different voltage ratio are connected in parallel with same primary supply voltage, there will
be a difference in secondary voltages.
Now when the secondary of these transformers are connected to same bus, there will be a circulating current
between secondarys and therefore between primaries also. As the internal impedance of transformer is small, a
small voltage difference may cause sufficiently high circulating current causing unnecessary extra I 2R loss.
The ratings of both primaries and secondarys should be identical. In other words, the transformers should have
the same turn ratio i.e. transformation ratio.
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The standard method of connecting transformers in parallel is to have the same turn ratios, percent impedances,
and kVA ratings. Connecting transformers in parallel with the same parameters results in equal load sharing and no
circulating currents in the transformer windings.
Example Connecting two 2000 kVA, 5.75% impedance transformers in parallel, each with the same turn ratios to a
4000 kVA load.
Loading on the transformers-1 =KVA1=[( KVA1 / %Z) / ((KVA1 / %Z1)+ (KVA2 / %Z2))]X KVAl
kVA1 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA.
Loading on the transformers-2 =KVA1=[( KVA2 / %Z) / ((KVA1 / %Z1)+ (KVA2 / %Z2))]X KVAl
kVA2 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA
Hence KVA1=KVA2=2000KVA
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For unity power factor, 10% circulating current (due to unequal turn ratios) results in only half percent to the total
current. At lower power factors, the circulating current will change dramatically.
Example Two transformers connected in parallel, 2000 kVA1 with 5.75% impedance, X/R ratio of 8, 1000 kVA2
with 4% impedance, X/R ratio of 5, 2000 kVA1 with tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and 1000 kVA2 tapped at
nominal.
%Z1 = 5.75, So %R = %Z1 / [(X/R)2 + 1)] = 5.75 / ((8)2 + 1)=0.713
%X1= %R x (X/R)=0.713 x 8 = 5.7
%Z2= 4, So %R2 = %Z2 / [(X/R)2 + 1)]= 4 / ((5)2 + 1) =0.784
%X2 = %R x (X/R)=0.784 x 5 = 3.92
Let %e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal and k = kVA1/ kVA2
Circulating current %IC = %eX100 / (%R1+k%R2)2 + (%Z1+k%Z2)2.
%IC = 2.5X100 / (0.713 + (2000/2000)X0.713)2 + (5.7 + (2000/2000)X5.7)2
%IC = 250 / 13.73 = 18.21.
The circulating current is 18.21% of the full load current.
3. Same polarity
Polarity of transformer means the instantaneous direction of induced emf in secondary. If the instantaneous
directions of induced secondary emf in two transformers are opposite to each other when same input power is fed
to the both of the transformers, the transformers are said to be in opposite polarity.
The transformers should be properly connected with regard to their polarity. If they are connected with incorrect
polarities then the two EMFs, induced in the secondary windings which are in parallel, will act together in the
local secondary circuit and produce a short circuit.
Polarity of all transformers run in parallel should be same otherwise huge circulating current flows in the
transformer but no load will be fed from these transformers.
If the instantaneous directions of induced secondary emf in two transformers are same when same input power is
fed to the both of the transformers, the transformers are said to be in same polarity.
5. Same phase angle shift (zero relative phase displacement between the
secondary line voltages)
The transformer windings can be connected in a variety of ways which produce different magnitudes and phase
displacements of the secondary voltage. All the transformer connections can be classified into distinct vector
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groups.
Group
Group
Group
Group
1:
2:
3:
4:
In order to have zero relative phase displacement of secondary side line voltages, the transformers belonging to the
same group can be paralleled. For example, two transformers with Yd1 and Dy1 connections can be paralleled.
The transformers of groups 1 and 2 can only be paralleled with transformers of their own group. However, the
transformers of groups 3 and 4 can be paralleled by reversing the phase sequence of one of them. For example, a
transformer with Yd1 1 connection (group 4) can be paralleled with that having Dy1 connection (group 3) by
reversing the phase sequence of both primary and secondary terminals of the Dy1 transformer.
We can only parallel Dy1 and Dy11 by crossing two incoming phases and the same two outgoing phases on one of
the transformers, so if we have a DY11 transformer we can cross B&C phases on the primary and secondary to
change the +30 degree phase shift into a -30 degree shift which will parallel with the Dy1, assuming all the other
points above are satisfied.
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In transformers Output Voltage can be controlled either by Off Circuit Tap Changer (Manual tap changing) or By
On Load Tap Changer-OLTC (Automatic Changing).
In the transformer with OLTC, it is a closed loop system, with following components:
1. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) an electronic programmable device). With this AVR we can set the
Output Voltage of the transformers. The Output Voltage of the transformer is fed into the AVR through the LT
Panel. The AVR Compares the SET voltage and the Output Voltage and gives the error signals, if any, to the
OLTC through the RTCC Panel for tap changing. This AVR is mounted in the RTCC.
2. RTCC (Remote Tap Changing Cubicle) This is a panel consisting of the AVR, Display for Tap Position,
Voltage, and LEDs for Raise and Lower of Taps relays, Selector Switches for Auto Manual Selection In AUTO
MODE the voltage is controlled by the AVR. In manual Mode the operator can Increase / decrease the voltage by
changing the Taps manually through the Push Button in the RTCC.
3. OLTC is mounted on the transformer It consists of a motor, controlled by the RTCC, which changes the
Taps in the transformers.
Both the Transformers should have same voltage ratio at all the taps and when you run transformers in parallel, it
should operate as same tap position. If we have OLTC with RTCC panel, one RTCC should work as master and
other should work as follower to maintain same tap positions of transformer.
However, a circulating current can be flown between the two tanks if the impedances of the two transformers are
different or if the taps of the on-load tap changer (OLTC) are mismatched temporarily due to the mechanical
delay. The circulating current may cause the malfunction of protection relays.
References
Say, M.G. The performance and design of alternating current machines.
Application Guide, Loading of Transformer, Nashville, TN, USA.
Toro, V.D. Principles of electrical engineering.
Stevenson, W.D. Elements of power system analysis.
MIT Press, Magnetic circuits and transformers, John Wiley and Sons.
Recommended EE stuff //
Share with engineers //
About Author //
Jignesh Parmar
jiguparmar - Jignesh Parmar has completed M.Tech (Power System Control)
,B.E(Electrical). He is member of Institution of Engineers (MIE),India. Membership
No:M-1473586.He has more than 13 years experience in Transmission -DistributionElectrical Energy theft detection-Electrical Maintenance-Electrical Projects (PlanningDesigning-Technical Review-coordination -Execution). He is Presently associate with one
of the leading business group as a Deputy Manager at Ahmedabad,India. He has published
numbers of Technical Articles in "Electrical Mirror", "Electrical India", "Lighting India",
"Industrial Electrix"(Australian Power Publications) Magazines. He is Freelancer Programmer of Advance Excel
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and design useful Excel base Electrical Programs as per IS, NEC, IEC,IEEE codes. He is Technical Blogger and
Familiar with English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages. He wants to Share his experience & Knowledge and help
technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions and updating themselves on various Engineering Topics.
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