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Culture Documents
Representative
Philosophers or
Learning Theorists
(1)
Existentialism (2)
Critical Theory
(Marxian Analysis)
Subject Matter
Emphasized
Desired Edu
Outcomes
encourage discussion of
choice in a moral and
political context; promote a
thorough grounding in all
academic and interpersonal
areas
history, mathematics,
literature, drama,
art, crafts, social
sciences, sciences
(everything)
conscious de
choosing acti
promote free
community
history, mathematics,
literature, drama,
art, crafts, social
sciences, sciences
(everything)
create a worl
children are v
who work to
existing socia
conditions to
freedom and
Student Actions
Teacher Actions
authenticity,
responsibility; conscious
engaged activity
Behaviorism
B.F. Skinner
Cognitivism/
Developmentalism
select information,
construct hypotheses,
collaborate with others
create learning
opportunities, use of
manipulatives, joint and
individual projects, field
trips
history, mathematics,
literature, drama,
art, crafts, social
sciences, sciences
(everything)
create an edu
community th
into wider de
participation
Pragmatism
John Dewey, C. S.
Peirce, Richard Rorty
history, mathematics,
literature, drama,
art, crafts, social
sciences, sciences
(everything)
Social Meliorism/
Social
Reconstructionism
Essentialism/
Idealism
Plato
Utopianism
(1) "representative philosphers or learning theorists": Someone else making this chart might well have categorized at least some of these philo
educational theorists differently. Such disagreement is appropriate, and is based on differing readings of the people in question.
(2) The philosophies and learning theories listed here represent an attempt to characterize complex thinking in broad terms for the purpose of
comprehension. Beware of "definitive" characterizations, which this chart does not attempt to produce.
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