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ANNUAL REPORT 2004

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

DEPARTMENT OF PROCESS AND


ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Laboratory of Process Metallurgy

ANNUAL REPORT 2004


Editor: BERITH ZINOVJEV

UNIVERSITY OF OULU
LABORATORY OF PROCESS METALLURGY
P.O. BOX 4300
FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU

OULU UNIVERSITY PRESS


OULU 2005

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

PREFACE

The activities of the laboratory in 2004 were very lively in both teaching and
research areas.
According to the Bologna declaration our whole department and correspondingly our laboratory prepared for the two cycle education model. The work was
and still is, in relation to teaching material and methods, of a fundamental nature.
What is in question is renovation, where teaching material that has accumulated
over the years needs to be updated to conform to the plan. Work has begun
smoothly and been very fruitful. Teaching in our own laboratory will adapt to
the teaching programme of the whole department within the next few years.
We are consequently living a period of transition within the teaching area, that
is exceptionally busy. Our laboratorys senior assistant and assistant positions
have been continually occupied, which has guaranteed a good foundation for
teaching work. Senior assistant Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen has once again ofciated as
chairman of our laboratorys teaching development workgroup and as a motor
for our entire education system. In addition the laboratorys researchers have
actively taken part in the care of teaching duties. Industrial support has once
again been noticeable and facilitated the versatile educational offerings. Course
participant numbers have as a rule been over ten students. Every year about ten
diploma engineers graduate from professorship. 2004 was an excellent year for
doctoral theses. Timo Fabritius and Matti Luomala both defended their doctoral
theses during the past year and were both accepted with honours. In addition
Outokumpu plcs foundation chose Fabritiuss work as the best doctoral thesis
for 2004 from within the eld.
Also a year has elapsed within the research area during this period of transition.
The National Technology Agency of Finlands (TEKES) metallurgical technology
programme came to an end whereupon the umbrella over the research funding
disappeared and thus inuenced the attainment of new projects. It is anticipated
as a result of this that the laboratorys approx. 1,5 million euro yearly budget will
during 2005 decrease a little. Our complete research force has worked very actively to obtain new research projects to support the laboratorys key knowledge.
As a result of this work we have, among others, successsfully obtained from the

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

Academy of Finland, two three year research projects and one subsequent three
year post doctors position. In addition to this our laboratorys head remained the
Academy of Finlands senior research scientist until 1.8.2004. In the same manner
as last year, Timo Fabritius D.Sc. (Tech.) acted as research manager, laboratory
heads deputy and as acting professor until 31.7.2004.
Within the laboratory environment there have been changes in direction for both
industral and public nancing. Companies research strategies and the adapted
nancial activities of the National Technology Agency of Finland are in place
of the former process centralisation moving more towards products. On the
other hand environmental engineering related research and development need
is rising rapidly. In accordance with these changes the laboratory has striven to
respond by directing key technology areas on the one hand towards products
and on the other hand towards environmental engineering. At the end of the
year we founded, together with our Process and Environmental Engineering
Departments Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Laboratory and
Helsinki University of Technologys unit Environmental Technology within Process
Industry, the so called CIRU-centre (Centre for Industrial Residue Utilisation),
whose goals are above all merchandising the innovation of using the metallurgy
industries inorganic waste. CIRUs activities have begun briskly. Diploma engineer
Esa Virtanen is operating as the executive director.
Once again it is to be noted that the laboratorys technology and nances have
in the same manner as last year, been in very good hands. Riku Mattila acted as
the laboratory engineers and technology groups chairman and Berith Zinovjev
was the nancial manager. To all the aforementioned and to all working within
the laboratory, thank you for a very successful working year 2004.
We are a team, whose equals are hard to nd.

Jouko Hrkki
Head of the laboratory

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 LABORATORY STAFF AND STUDENTS
2 EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
2.1

University Courses Held by the Laboratory

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2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.1.7
2.1.8

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13
13
14
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15
15

Metallurgical Processes
Metallurgical Thermodynamics
Theory of Pyrometallurgical Processes
Laboratory Working
Casting and Solidication
Construction Materials of High-temperature Processes
Steel Industrys Challenges
Control of Environmental Load from Processes of
Metallurgical Industry

3 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
3.1

3.2

3.3

4
6
8
12

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Reduction metallurgy
3.1.1 Development of the Steel Belt Sintering Technology
for Ferroalloys11
3.1.2 PANAMA
3.1.3 FunSmart-Functional Smart Materials for the Blast Furnace
3.1.4 Coke
3.1.5 Phase Transformations in Metallurgical Coke

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Rening metallurgy

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3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5

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23
24
25

TASK
METAL
TTJV
Electromagnetic Forces in Melts
The Lifespan of Refractory Lining and the Properties
of the Slag in Steelmaking Converter, KOVUKE

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18
19
19
20

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Environmental research

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3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4

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26
27
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OPTIDUST II
CO2H2
POHA
Mixture of FeCr- and AOD-slags

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

Page
3.4

CIRU Centre: Todays Residues are Tomorrows Products

4 RESEARCH DEVICES AND ANALYTIC INSTRUMENTS


4.1

4.2

4.3

High-temperature Devices
4.1.1 The Simultaneous DSC-TGA-MS
4.1.2 The Simultaneous DTA-TGA
4.1.3 TGA
4.1.4 High Temperature Viscometer
4.1.5 Finger Test Device
4.1.6 Optical Dilameter
4.1.7 Gradient Furnace
4.1.8 Pressure Furnace
4.1.9 Alkali Test
4.1.10 Blast Furnace Simulator
Others
4.2.1 Watermodels
4.2.2 Coulter Omnisorp 360 cx
4.2.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics Software
4.2.4 Thermodynamic Calculation Programmes
4.2.5 Gas Chromatograph
4.2.6 Microscopes
4.2.7 Materialographic Surface Preparation of Solid Materials
Other Available Facilities

5 PUBLICATIONS 2004
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

Papers
Conferences, Seminars and Symposiums
Reports
Annuals and Final Reports

6 THESIS
6.1
6.2

Doctors Theses
Diploma Engineer Theses (Master of Science in Technology)
Pro gradu

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7 CONFERENCE VISITS

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8 CONTACT INFORMATION

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ANNUAL REPORT 2004

LABORATORY STAFF AND STUDENTS

Academic Staff
Hrkki, Jouko

D.Sc. (Tech.), Professor, Head of the Laboratory


Senior Scientist, Academy of Finland, 1.1-31.7.2004

Fabritius, Timo

D.Sc. (Tech.), Acting Professor, 1.1.-31.7.2004

Taskinen, Pekka

D.Sc.(Tech.), Docent in Thermodynamics,


Outokumpu Research Oy, Pori

Seppnen, Matti

D.Sc.(Tech.), Docent in Process Metallurgy,


Rautaruukki Steel, Raahe

Heinnen, Kysti

D. Phil (Geol. Min.), Docent in Mineralogy,


Rautaruukki Steel, Raahe

Jonsson, Lage

D.Sc.(Tech.), Docent in Macro Modeling, Lule , Sweden

Dahl, Olli

D.Sc.(Tech.) Docent in Environmental Engineering,


Helsinki University of Technology

Heikkinen, Eetu-Pekka

Lic.(Tech.), Senior Assistant

Paananen, Timo

M.Sc.(Tech.), Assistant

Luomala, Matti

D.Sc. (Tech.), Part-time Teacher

Heino, Jyrki

Lic (Tech.), Part-timeTeacher

Kokkonen, Tommi

M.Sc.(Chem.), Part-time Teacher

Makkonen, Hannu

M.Sc.(Geol. Min.), Part-time Teacher

Mattila, Riku

M.Sc.(Tech.), Part-time Teacher

Tanskanen, Pekka

M.Sc.(Geol Min), Part-time Teacher

Virtanen, Esa

M.Sc.(Tech.), Part-time Teacher

Krkkinen, Maija

M.Sc.(Tech.), Part-time Teacher

Ikheimonen, Topi

M.Sc.(Tech.), Part-time Teacher

Kallio, Kimmo

M.Sc.(Tech.), Part-time Teacher

Petjjrvi, Marko

M.Sc.(Tech.), Part-time Teacher

Leinonen, Virpi

M.Sc.(Tech.), Part-time Teacher

Angerman, Mikko

Student, Part-time Teacher

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Teachers from the Industry


Hooli, Paavo

M.Sc. (Tech.), Part-time Teacher,


Outokumpu Stainless Oy, Tornio

Ptalo, Mika

M.Sc. (Tech.), Part-time Teacher,


Outokumpu Stainless Oy, Tornio

Vaara, Niina

M.Sc. (Tech.), Part-time Teacher,


Outokumpu Stainless Oy, Tornio

Co-lecturers:

Researchers from the Laboratory, Rautaruukki Steel


and Outokumpu Stainless

Researchers
Angerman, Mikko

Student, Project Manager

Fabritius, Timo

D.Sc. (Tech.), Special Researcher, Research Manager,


Acting Professor 1.1.-31.7.2004

Fedory, Paul

Student

Gornostayev, Stanislav S.

Ph.D.

Harju, Markus

M.Sc. (Math.)

Heikkinen, Eetu-Pekka

Lic. (Tech.)

Heino, Jyrki

Lic. (Tech.), Industrial Environmental Engineering

Hekkala, Lauri

M.Sc. (Math.)

Huttunen, Satu

M.Sc. (Chem.), GSCE

Hynl, Arto

M.Sc. (Phys.)

Ikheimonen, Topi

M.Sc. (Tech.)

Kallio, Kimmo

M.Sc. (Tech.), Project Manager, GSCE

Kokkonen, Tommi

M.Sc. (Chem.)

Luomala, Matti

D.Sc. (Tech.), Project Manager,


Acting Special Researcher 1.1.-31.7.2004

Makkonen, Hannu

M.Sc. (Geol. Min.), Project Manager

Mattila, Olli

M.Sc. (Tech.), Project Manager

Mattila, Riku

M.Sc. (Tech.)

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ANNUAL REPORT 2004

Nauha, Matti

M.Sc. (Tech.)

Paananen, Timo

M.Sc. (Tech.)

Petjjrvi, Marko

M.Sc. (Tech.)

Tang, Yong

Dr. (Tech.)

Tanskanen, Pekka

M.Sc. (Geol. Min.), Project Manager

Virtanen, Esa

M.Sc. (Tech.)

Research Assistants
Karjalainen, Esa

Student

Sippola, Jukka

Student

Diploma Thesis Workers


Ikheimonen, Topi

Student

Isoknt, Simo

Student

Kasala, Markku

Student

Krn, Aki, pro gradu

Student

Leinonen, Virpi

Student

Linnala, Kati

Student

Pyykknen, Juha

Student

Rainto, Ilkka

Student

Rimpinen, Tiina, pro gradu

Student

Technical Staff
Kokkonen, Tommi

M.Sc. (Chem.), Researcher

Mattila, Riku

M.Sc.(Tech.), Laboratory Manager

Penttinen, Jorma

Special Laboratory Technician, part-time

Virkkala, Jouko

Special Laboratory Technician

Administration
Zinovjev, Berith

Project Secretary, Financial Manager

Heikkinen, Kaisa

Secretary, Web-master, part time

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

Postgraduate Students
Erkkil, Helena
Heikkinen Eetu-Pekka
Heino, Jyrki
Hekkala, Lauri
Huttunen, Satu (In GSCE)
Kallio, Kimmo
Kokkonen, Tommi
Makkonen, Hannu
Mattila, Olli
Mattila, Riku
Metsrinta, Maija (Outokumpu Research)
Paananen, Timo
Petjjrvi, Marko
Tanskanen, Pekka
Virtanen, Esa

New students from 1.9.2004


Hallikainen, Tuomas
Herlevi, Tuomas
Jylkk, Matti
Lehtonen, Henri
Luonua, Antti
Ojala, Sami
Paukkeri, Pekka
Peltoniemi, Satu
Rousu, Arto
Sihvonen, Miika
Tuominen, Ville

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ANNUAL REPORT 2004

EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
The primary goal of the laboratory of process metallurgy is to educate people
with masters and doctoral degrees (M.Sc.Eng. and D.Sc.Tech.) into the service of
metallurgical industry. As a part of the department of process and environmental
engineering, the laboratory also organizes its education in a way that serves the
educational objectives of the whole department at the same time. Because of this
it is not the laboratorys only goal to teach people to understand the metallurgical processes of iron, steel and ferroalloys production as thoroughly as possible. It
is equally important to give students different viewpoints and perspectives to the
phenomena and problems concerning metallurgical processes as well as other challenges which a freshly graduated M.Sc.Eng. may encounter in his or her future career.
This means that the students have the abilities to understand, model and control the
phenomena inside the processes no matter what the process in question is.
In the past year (as in 2003) the main emphasis of the educational development has
been focused on the preliminary planning of the two-phase degree in engineering
which will take place in 2005. The planning process has been carried out in close
co-operation with the other laboratories of the department as well as students
and industrial partners. Organised planning of the education has also been noticed
since the department of process and environmental engineering has been credited
as a national high quality teaching unit by The Finnish Higher Education Evaluation
Council since 2004.

2.1

UNIVERSITY COURSES HELD BY THE LABORATORY

2.1.1 Metallurgical Processes


Metallurgical processes is the laboratorys only course which is directed to all the
students of process engineering; not just the metallurgists. The aim of the course
is to teach students the fundamentals of metallurgical unit operations and metal
production in Finland as well as the basics of thermodynamics and its applications in
metallurgy. Some environmental aspects are considered, too. Although the emphasis
of the laboratorys education is on the production of iron, steel and ferroalloys, the
production of other metals (e.g. copper, nickel, zinc and aluminium) is also considered
during this course.
The course is carried out with lectures, exercises and an industrial excursion which

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

in 2004 was directed at Rautaruukkis steel works in Raahe.The course was lectured
by assistant Timo Paananen (M.Sc.Eng.) and part-time teacher Maija Krkkinen (M.Sc.
Eng.). Additional lectures were held by professor Jouko Hrkki (D.Sc.Tech.), research
manager Timo Fabritius (D.Sc.Tech.) and researcher Jyrki Heino (Tech.Lic.).

2.1.2 Metallurgical Thermodynamics


The aim of the course is to equip the students with tools that are needed while
examining the phenomena inside metallurgical processes in the forthcoming courses.
After this course the students are required to have a sufcient knowledge of physical
chemistry for thermodynamic calculations which involve gas and liquid (slag and metal)
phases.The most important topics are thermodynamics of solutions, phase diagrams
and the use of commercial software in thermodynamic equilibria calculations.
The course was lectured in 2003-2004 by senior assistant Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
(Tech.Lic.) and researcher Topi Ikheimonen (M.Sc.Eng.). In 2004-2005 the course
was lectured by senior assistant Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen (Tech.Lic.) and part-time
teacher Maija Krkkinen (M.Sc.Eng.).

2.1.3 Theory of Pyrometallurgical Processes


During this course the phenomena inside the pyrometallurgical processes are considered using thermodynamics, kinetics, heat transfer, mass transfer and uid dynamics. The purpose of education is not only to teach metallurgy, but also develop the
students ability to present their ideas and opinions both literally and verbally.
The course is carried out with lectures and seminars. The course was lectured in
2004 by senior assistant Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen (Tech.Lic.) and research manager Timo
Fabritius (D.Sc.Tech.) with additional lectures given by researcher Topi Ikheimonen
(M.Sc.Eng.), professor Jouko Hrkki (D.Sc.Tech.), researcher Pekka Tanskanen (M.Sc.
Geol.Min.), assistant Timo Paananen (M.Sc.Eng.), researcher Kimmo Kallio (M.Sc.
Eng.), researcher Marko Petjjrvi (M.Sc.Eng.), researcher Esa Virtanen (M.Sc.Eng.),
researcher Matti Luomala (D.Sc.Tech.), researcher Virpi Leinonen (M.Sc.Eng.) and
researcher Jyrki Heino (Tech.Lic.).

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2.1.4 Laboratory Working


The purpose of the course is to teach students how experimental laboratory scale
research is carried out by using the experimental equipment at the university and
industrys research centers. In addition to this, some safety aspects are considered
during the lectures.
The course was lectured in 2004 by researchers Esa Virtanen (M.Sc.Eng.) and Tommi
Kokkonen (M.Sc.Chem.) as well as chief engineer Riku Mattila (M.Sc.Eng.).The exercises were supervised by researchers Timo Paananen (M.Sc.Eng.) and Esa Virtanen
(M.Sc.Eng.).The course also contained two industrial excursions which were directed
at Rautaruukkis and Outokumpus steel works in Raahe and Tornio.

2.1.5 Casting and Solidication


The aim of the course is to equip students with the ability to study casting and
solidication using both phenomenon- and process-based viewpoints.The contents
of this course have been updated and kept close to practice due to skilled lecturers
from the industry. In 2004 the course was lectured by Paavo Hooli (M.Sc.Eng.) and
Mika Ptalo (M.Sc.Eng.) from Outokumpu Stainless.

2.1.6 Construction Materials of High-temperature Processes


This course is focused on ceramic refractory and insulation materials and their use
as construction materials in metallurgy and other high temperature processes. The
aim of the course is to present different kind of refractory materials, their physical
and chemical properties as well as interaction mechanisms between refractories
and metallurgical melts (slag and metal).
The course was lectured in 2004 by researcher Hannu Makkonen (M.Sc.Geol.Min.)
and professor Jouko Hrkki (D.Sc.Tech.) with the assistance of senior assistant EetuPekka Heikkinen (Tech. Lic.).

2.1.7 Steel Industrys Challenges


The aim of the last course of metallurgy is to represent metallurgical processes and
industry as a part of a larger economic-technical environment in which environmental aspects are also considered. The contents features e.g. main ideas of technology
roadmaps, challenges of metallurgical research and development, review of development state of alternative metallurgical processes, steel industrys effects on the

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environment and visions of future business environment of the steel industry.


In 2004 the course was coordinated by researcher Matti Luomala (D.Sc.Tech.) and
lectured by several lecturers from the laboratory and the industrial eld. The profitability calculation exercises were supervised in 2003 by docent Matti Seppnen
(D.Sc.Tech.) from Rautaruukki.The use of visiting lecturers ensures that the contents
of the course are always updated and close to practice.

2.1.8 Control of Environmental Load from Processes of the


Metallurgical Industry
In addition to the courses directed at the students of metallurgy, the laboratory of
process metallurgy also organized one course for the students of industrial environmental engineering. This course covered the effects of the metallurgical industry on
its envinronment and the methods having an inuence on those effects.
The course was lectured in 2004 by senior assistant Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen (Tech.
Lic.) with additional lectures given by professor Jouko Hrkki (D.Sc.Tech.), assistant
Timo Paananen (M.Sc.Eng.), research manager Timo Fabritius (D.Sc.Tech.), researcher
Jyrki Heino (Tech.Lic.), assistant Timo Nordman (M.Sc.Eng.), researcher Niina Vaara
(M.Sc.Eng.) and researcher Mikko Angerman.

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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Timo Fabritius
We sharpened our strategy during autumn 2004.We still concentrated our research
activities on the study of iron and steel making processes including carbon steelmaking as well as stainless steelmaking unit operations. However, the importance of high
temperature chemistry of recycling and waste treatments has increased. As a new
activity we have formed CIRU (Centre for Industrial Residue Utilisation) research
unit with two research partners to strengthen our position in that eld.
Total funding of the laboratory was balanced on the level of 1.5 M euro per year.
The main part of that funding is directed on research activities. In practice, almost
all research activities were based on the co-operation with industrial partners. Furthermore, the role of TEKESs (National Technology Agency of Finland) as a nancer
is still remarkable.
The production of scientic publications including referee and conference papers was
at a satisfactory level. New scientic ndings were presented in international conferences as well as in Blast Furnace Day here in Oulu on 30 31st March organised
by the laboratory. Two (2) doctors of technology and ten (10) diploma engineers
graduated from our laboratory during the last year.

3.1

REDUCTION METALLURGY

3.1.1 Development of the Steel Belt Sintering Technology for


Ferroalloys II
Project Manager: Timo Fabritius
Researcher: Lauri Hekkala
Research Assistant: Aki Krn, Virpi Leinonen, Kati Linnala and Juha Pyykknen
This 3-year subcontract research project will nish at the end of 2005. The aim of
this project is to present a detailed mathematical model that calculates the gas ow,
temperature and composition distribution in the bed of chromite pellets and the
atmosphere. Computational uid dynamics programme Fluent is used in the ow
simulations.
Many different reactions (oxidation of coke, oxidation and reduction of iron cations
in chromite) in the chromite pellets set hard challenges for the relevant descrip-

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

tion of the sintering process. Sub-models were developed and implemented in the
calculations to describe reactions. Lots of laboratory experiments (drying of pellets,
specic heat and heat conductivity of pellets, oxidation of coke and chromite etc.)
were done for validation of the mathematical sub-models. Sub-models were developed rst for pellets scale and after that extrapolated for pellet bed. Study is focused
on three main reactions: 1) drying of pellet, 2) oxidation and reduction behaviour
of iron cations in chromite and 3) oxidation of coke.

Picture 1: Drying of green pellet at 500o C temperature.

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3.1.2 PANAMA
Panama: Novel Analysis and Optimization of Blast Furnace Burden
Materials for Cost-Effective and High-Iron Capacity Production.
Project Manager: Pekka Tanskanen
Researchers: Timo Paananen and Satu Huttunen
PANAMA was a subcontract project (1.7.2001-30.9.2004) for Rautaruukki Raahe
Steel.The project focused on developing a mineralogy-based characterisation method
for iron burden materials to enable more stable and cost-effective blast furnace
operation. The research included determination of the mineralogical evolution of
ferrous burden in solid state and formation and further evolution of liquid slags. A
special issue of the project was to characterise the alkali capture mechanisms of
different burden materials and the alkali retention capacity of different liquid slags.
Different iron burden materials were used in the mineralogical part of the research.
The evolution and properties of the liquid slags, as well as the alkali retention capacity
was determined with synthetic slag systems. The research was realised as laboratory-scale experiments using mineralogical and metallurgical research methods and
equipment.

Results:
Mineralogical evolution of the iron oxides and slag phases and the initial liquid
formation were determined at certain equilibrium-state reduction conditions. The
alkali capture mechanisms for certain burden materials were characterised.The alkali
retention capacity for some liquid slags was measured. Applying the mineralogical
research methods was found to be a successful means for characterising the material evolution. Iron burden materials should not be classied and evaluated on the
basis of the different minerals but on different mineral associations.

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

3.1.3 FunSmart-Functional Smart Materials for the Blast


Furnace
Project Manager: Pekka Tanskanen
Researcher: Tiina Rimpinen
FunSmart project, 1.1.2004-31.12.2007, is funded by The Academy of Finland. The
project aims to decrease the problematic and expensive alkali and sulphur circulation phenomena in the blast furnace. These elements are aimed to be selectively
captured into the lattices of stable mineral phases inserted or evolving as a part of
iron burden materials. A hydrothermally modied industrial by-product will be tested
as the alkali capturer.The second target is to increase the retention capacities of the
said elements in the liquid slags evolving from the burden materials concerned.
The conventional mineralogical and metallurgical research methods and equipment
(optical microscopy, SEM, XRD, XRF, DTA, TGA, optical dilatometer, and thermodynamic calculation) will be used together with new self developed equipment, called
blast furnace gas phase simulator. This makes it possible to expose both solid and
liquid materials to contemporaneous or separated alkali and sulphur gas attack in
controlled T-t-gas composition conditions. During the year 2004, the hydrothermal
modication tests for an industrial by-product were made.

3.1.4 Coke
Coke:The Behaviour and Properties of Coke in Blast Furnace and in
Cupola Furnace
Project Manager: Olli Mattila
Researchers: Stanislav Gornostayev 1.1.2003-31.7.2004 and Tommi
Kokkonen
This project was started on 1.5.2002 and ends 31.7.2005. The main target of this
project is to increase coke production and improvement of cost-effectiveness of
coke production and decrease the reducing agent (coke, oil) consumption in BF.
Additional targets are to increase knowledge in Finland and in Northern countries
in the eld of coke structures and the behaviour of coke in BF and to develop
methods to analyse coke behaviour straight from the process data. Laboratory of
Process Metallurgy will study the structural changes of coke and the main factors

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causing those changes as the coke moves downwards in the BF process. An additional task is to study the behaviour of coke in contact with slag and metal e.g. how
the mineral particles revealed to the surface of coke will be detached to slag. The
project is divided in two parts. In the rst part the behaviour of coke is studied in
the conditions simulating BF conditions.The second part of this project will focus on
coke-slag and coke-metal interaction. Two laboratories and two industrial partners
are involved in the project: Laboratory of Process Metallurgy, Laboratory of Heat
Engineering, Rautaruukki Oyj and Paroc Group Oyj respectively. Coke research in
Sweden is monitored through Jernkontorets meetings.

Picture 2 . Coke sample a)before b)after stressing experiment.

3.1.5 Phase Transformations in Metallurgical Coke


Responsible Scientist: Stanislav Gornostayev
The interdisciplinary (metallurgy - mineralogy) project is focused on laboratory studies
and theoretical investigations of natural and synthetic phases found in primary coke
and in tyuere coke from the blast furnace (BF).The project includes investigations of
chemistry and morphology of minerals and synthetic phases, determination of their
associations and estimation of parameters (T, gas regime) during coking and cokeconsuming processes.The study targets include coke samples from coke batteries and
from the tyuere zone of the BF at steelworks of Rautaruukki Oyj, Raahe, Finland.
The minerals and synthetic phases of detailed investigations are Si- and Al-based
compounds (Picture 1), phosphides, silicides and base-metal oxides. Special attention is

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

paid to theoretical aspects of occurrence and evolution of alkali-bearing compounds,


which play a crucial role in coke behaviour in the BF and also cause major economic
impact on the usage of coke. Detailed laboratory studies include EDS and WDS
(microprobe) analyses, optical and electron microscopy and X-Ray mapping. The
project is funded by the Academy of Finland (08.2004 - 07.2006).

9m

9m

10 m

Picture 3. Crystals of spinel in the BF coke (scale bar: 9, 9 and 10 m)

Some results of current and previous investigations were reported in:


Gornostayev S. (2004) Mineral matter in coke. In: Blast Furnace Seminar, March 30-31,
2004, University of Oulu, Finland, http://cc.oulu./~pometwww/BF04/
Gornostayev S., Kerkkonen O. and Hrkki J. (2005) Occurrence and composition of
some mineral phases in the tuyere coke. ISIJ International, 45, 1, 1-7.
Gornostayev S. and Hrkki J. (2005) Spinel crystals in tuyere coke. Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions, 36B (in press).

22
3.2

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

REFINING METALLURGY

3.2.1 TASK
TASK: Effective Blowing Practice for AOD-Converter
Project Manager: Timo Fabritius
Researcher: Esa Virtanen
The aim of the project TASK was to develop techniques to achieve as efcient blowing practices as possible for the 150-ton AOD converter.The project was started in
the middle of the year 2001 and nished at the end of June 2004.
The project was divided into three parts: AOD refractory lining, top lance blowing
and sidewall blowing.The implementation of an efcient blowing practice in the AOD
needs a large amount of gases to be
blown into the steel melt in an intense
but also controlled way. To achieve this,
the facts having an effect on gas blowing and on its behaviour on steel melt
has to be carefully known. Therefore
the effects of top lance blowing and
sidewall blowing as well as interactions
between top and sidewall blowing
were claried. Blowing practices were
evaluated and developed from these
points of view. The results of studies
have been published in two (2) diploma
theses, one (1) doctoral thesis, four (4)
referee journal papers and also in some
technical reports.

Picture 4: Gas jet ows on the liquid surface.

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

3.2.2 METAL
Increasing Efciency of the Decarburization in the Last Stage of the
AOD-process
Project Manager: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Yong Tang, Esa Virtanen
The aim of the project is to decrease tap-to-tap time of AOD-process. Study focus
is on developing blowing practices for low carbon steel grades. Then the most important blowing stage is the last one where the carbon content of the steel melt
is already low. The project was started on January 2004 and it will continue till the
end of 2006.
The study includes theoretical calculations, numerical uid ow simulations and process tests. Fluid ow simulations are made by Fluent programme and thermodynamic
data will be implemented into the simulation model. The model will be veried by
process and laboratory tests.
The project is nanced by Tekes and Outokumpu Stainless Oy.This research will be
done as a subcontract for Outokumpu Stainless Oy.

Picture 5: Fluid ows in liquid bath during submerged gas injection.

24

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

3.2.3 TTJV
TTJV: Mould Powders for High Casting Speeds
Project Manager: Kimmo Kallio
Researcher: Marko Petjjrvi
TTJV was a 3-years project that started on 1.5.2001 and ended on 31.5.2004.
The project was part of the national technology programme Frontiers in Metallurgy
and was nanced by Rautaruukki Oyj, Outokumpu Stainless Oy and TEKES (National
Technology Agency of Finland). Other partners have been Fundia Wire Oy Ab, Imatra
Steel Oy Ab, Outokumpu Copper Oy, HUT (lab. of Metallurgy) and TEKES.
The purpose of the project was to obtain better knowledge from the eld of mould
powders and to achieve higher casting speeds and awless surface quality in the steel
industry. Normally, the steel output can be increased with higher casting speeds, but
at the same time, the surface quality reduces and the breakout risk increases.
Mould powders were widely examined in laboratory scale (DTA-TGA, XRD, XRF,
SEM-EDS, HT-viscosimeter, optical dilatometer, etc.) and in full-scale with Rautaruukkis continuous casting (CC) machines. The casting speeds of the demanding peritectic steel grades are increased in a controlled way by the development of mould
powder characteristics. During the project, the knowledge of the mould powder
characteristics (optimization of the mould powder composition) and practicability
in process has increased to a higher level. Powders were developed together with
a mould powder producer.
In this project solid slag layers were collected from Rautaruukkis continuous casting
process for the rst time and comparable samples were prepared on a laboratory
scale. Solid slag layer controls horizontal heat transfer in the mould. During the
project information about the thickness, structure and formation of the solid slag
layer was achieved.

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

3.2.4 Electromagnetic Forces in Melts


Project Manager: Topi Ikheimonen
Researchers: Yong Tang and Riku Mattila
The project started on 1.4.2003 and will end on 31.8.2005.The utilization of electromagnetic forces in processing of metal melts has increased in the world during the
last years.The main objective of this project is to create complementary knowledge
to the novel research subject in the eld of steel production. Secondly, the aim is
to study the utilization and transfer of existing knowledge and technology to the
Finnish steel industry.The project utilises multidisciplinary approach combining electromagnetism and electromagnetic forces with steel processing.The electromagnetic
phenomena are explored with the help of literature surveys, laboratory experiments and measurements in the industry. Furthermore, both room temperature
and computer aided modelling are included in the research. Mainly the submerged
entry nozzle (SEN) is modelled.

3.2.5 The Lifespan of Refractory Lining and the Properties


of the Slag in Steelmaking Converter, KOVUKE
Project Manager: Matti Luomala
Researcher: Marko Petjjrvi
KOVUKE started on the 1.10.2003 and will be concluded on the 30.6.2006. The
project is funded by the National Technology Agency of Finland and Rautaruukki
Oyj. Additional partners in KOVUKE are Outokumpu Stainless Oyj and Bet-Ker Oy.
Multiple goals have been set for the project; 1) to extend signicantly the lifespan of
refractory linings of Rautaruukkis converter vessels, 2) to ensure workable bottom
stirring for the whole campaign length, and 3) to nd out optimal slag composition for the slag splashing operation. Versatile means will be applied in order to
achieve the above-mentioned targets; laboratory experiments, optical dilatometer,
viscosimeter, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations etc. Sticking characteric of the
slag is studied by so-called dipping method. The method enables multiple dipping
and varying temperature (both slag and specimen), atmosphere, dipping time and
dipping interval.

26
3.3

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH

3.3.1 OPTIDUST II
OPTIDUST II - environmentally friendly utilization of dusts, sludge,
scraps and skulls of Raahe and Koverhar steel plants in hot metal
production
Project Manager: Hannu Makkonen
Researchers: Hannu Makkonen, Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
Research assistant: Simo Isoknt
The project started on 1.1.2002 and concluded on 31.12.2004. The target was to
evaluate and choose the most feasible and ecological recycling and utilization technique for Fundia Koverhars and Rautaruukki Steels problematic and unexploitable
dusts, sludge, skulls, scrap nes and scales. The information obtained will be used as
a basis for an industrial designing and selection project to increase Rautaruukkis hot
metal production.
The project used reduction trials of laboratory scale for the residual materials to assess the efciency of certain recycling techniques in e.g. Zn removal.The products of
the reduction tests were analyzed chemically and mineralogically in order to evaluate
if the products can be utilized in iron production. The next step was smelting tests.
The reduced materials were smelted in an induction furnace and metal and slag
were analyzed.Thermodynamic calculations complemented the evaluation of different
recycling methods. The harmful components (Zn, Pb, Na, K, Sn, Cd, As and S) were
emphasized in the calculations. As a result of the project we know the reactions of
the residues during reduction and smelting.
Partners in the project were National Technology Agency of Finland, Rautaruukki
Group, SKJ Companies and Technical Research Centre of Finland.

3.3.2 CO2H2
Project Manager: Mikko Angerman
Researchers: Markus Harju, Jukka Sippola, Paul Fedory and Eetu Heikkinen
The duration of the whole project was 1.3.2003-30.9.2004.The projects objectives
were to study the feasibility of present technology to achieve closed gas loops or
highly circulated gas ows in process industry, especially in metals production.

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

Results:
Thermodynamic, mass and energy balance calculations were made of several gas
loop arrangements. Results show potential to increase production e.g. by making
DRI and reduce the overall plant CO2-emissions. Results were obtained with HSC
Chemistry, FactSAGE and Factory.
Partners in the project were: University of Oulu; Laboratory of Process Metallurgy,
Laboratory of Control Engineering, Laboratory of Heat and Mass Transfer and bo
Akademi, Heat Engineering Laboratory.
Project report will be published in 2005.
More information about the Factory is available on the Internet at: http://factory.
oulu..

3.3.3 POHA
Project Manager: Olli Dahl (Helsinki University of Technology)
Researchers: Virpi Leinonen, Jyrki Heino (Industrial Environmental Engineering)
and Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
The aim of study is to nd out and remove substances which can prevent reuse
of slags from copper and nickel ash melting processes. The research will examine
which harmful compounds will dissolve from the slag matrix and how they can be
controlled. All the residual slags have to full the regulations set by the authority.
A literature study is used to gather information of environmental acts concerning the
utilization of nickel and copper slags. The existing methods to decrease the harmful effects contributed by the slags during the manufacture process will be studied.
Analyses and measurements will be used to clarify the amounts of harmful materials.
Also the thermodynamic calculations will be made.
Personnel working with research, development and production participated in the
survey. Especially important is the contribution of the operating staff, because the
utilization of slags as a part of the production must be integrated in an optimal way
within the nickel and copper production.
Partners in the project are Boliden Harjavalta Oy, Outokumpu Research Centre and
Environmental Technology within Process Industry at Helsinki University of Technology.The project is nanced by Outokumpu Research Centre, Boliden Harjavalta Oy
and TEKES (National Technology Agency of Finland). The duration of the project is
about two years and it will be completed by the end of 2005.

28

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

3.3.4 Mixture of FeCr- and AOD-slags


Project Manager: Timo Fabritius
Research Assistant: Markku Kasala
Dusting of AOD slag produced at the Tornio Stainless Steel factory prevents using it
for example as a road construction material. There is an intention to ennoble AOD
slag so that it could be used for the above-mentioned purpose. One way to stabilize
AOD slag is to mix it with FeCr slag.
The aim for the project was to study the new mixture of FeCr slag and AOD slag
and its properties. Solubility tests were performed to obtain information about using
the slag in different environments and hardness of stone measurements gave information about the ability to use the new mixture of slags as a construction material.
The project was started in the spring of 2004 and nished at the end of August
2004. Results of study were reported as a diploma thesis.

3.4

CIRU CENTRE:
Todays Residues are Tomorrows Products

Esa Virtanen, Manager


Laboratory of process metallurgy has established CIRU - Centre (Centre for Industrial
Residue Utilisation) together with laboratory of water resources and environmental
engineering and with laboratory of environmental technology within process industry
from Helsinki University of technology.
CIRU Centre is an umbrella organisation which includes all our environmental
projects. The main focus of CIRU is to gather information, coordinate research and
be a link between environmental authorities, industry and end users. In the beginning
our research is focused on pyro- and hydrometallurgical residues and utilization of
those. In the future we are going to expand our research to all the elds of process
industry by covering all kind of inorganic residues.
The premise of CIRU Centre was the environmental legislation which came into
effect in the year 2000. We are trying to follow the principles of this law in all our
actions and especially we are trying to nd ecological and economically possible
utilization solutions for all residues.
CIRU Centre has about 8 researchers but in the near future we have planned to
employ more than 15 specialists of environmental research. Despite our increasing

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

amount of researchers we are not going to try to do everything ourselves. Our


strategy is to expand in our main research areas and everything outside of that we
will buy research work from other laboratories or departments in our universities.
CIRU Centres activities can be divided into four categories:

Research
Our main focus of the research is to reduce the amount of wastes by increasing
residues usability. The best solution is to nd a process where residue can be feed
material, without signicant loss of efciency.

Development
The processes which produce less and more usable residues are developed for
producers. Because of our educational process background it is comfortable for
us to study our customers processes and that way ensure the effectiveness and
ecologiness.

Advise
Residue users have to know what kind of material they are going to have and we
want to advise them.We have extensive research laboratories for investigating physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of residues.

Guidance
Guidance for producers and users targeting the best use of residues by measuring
the efciency of production and friendliness to the environment.
We want to help Finnish process industry and environmental authorities to get rid
of wastes by reusing all side materials as a raw-material. Todays residues are tomorrows products.

30

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

RESEARCH DEVICES AND ANALYTIC


INSTRUMENTS

4.1

HIGH TEMPERATURE DEVICES

4.1.1 The Simultaneous DSC-TGA-MS


The simultaneous thermal analyzer (STA) is a Netzsch 409 PC Luxx and the mass
spectrometer (MS) is a Netzsch QMS 403 Aolos. Mass changes (thermogravimetry,
TGA), characteristic temperatures and enthalpy changes (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) and mass-speci.c characterization of the decomposition gases can be
determined on one sample in one measurement.The furnaces maximum temperature
is 1550 C and a maximum sample weight is 18 g. The maximum sensitivity of TGA
is 2 g. Mass range of MS is: 1 ... 300 amu. The device was purchased in 2003.

4.1.2 The simultaneous DTA-TGA


The model of the device is TA- Instruments SDT 2960. It measures both differential
temperature and mass changes in a material as a function of temperature and time
in a controlled atmosphere. The furnaces maximum temperature is 1500 C and a
maximum sample weight is 200 mg. The sensitivity of TGA is 0,1g and DTA sensitivity is 0,001C. The device was purchased in 1996.

4.1.3 TGA
The device measures weight changes in a material as a function of temperature and
time in a controlled atmosphere.

Flow Control
- Brooks mass ow meter 5858S CO2 0 - 2 l /min accuracy 0.01 l /min
- Brooks mass ow meter 5858S CO 0 - 10 l /min accuracy 0.05 l /min

Balances
- Mettler-toledo AG204, sensitivity 0,1mg, max weight is 210 g. Purchased 1998.
- Denver TL 4102D, sensitivity is 0,01g, max weight is 4100 g. Purchased 1999.
- Denver APX200, sensitivity is 0,1mg, max weight is 200 g. Purchased 2003.

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

Furnaces
- The homemade furnaces maximum working temperature is 1400 C. The inside
diameter of the working tube is 25 mm. This is equipped with LAND lancom series
II CO,CO2,O2 gas analyzer.
- The SiC furnaces maximum working temperature is 1500 C.The inside diameter
of the working tube is 30 mm.
-The Entech ETF 75-125 / 18-V furnaces working tube inside diameter is 105 mm
and its maximum working temperature is 1800 C. It was purchased in 2002.

4.1.4 High Temperature Viscosimeter


The device measures viscosities of slag and melts as a function of temperature and
time in a controlled atmosphere. The model of viscotester is Haake VT 550 and it
was purchased in 1996. The furnace is Carbolite PVT 18/75/350 and its maximum
temperature is 1750C. The furnace was purchased in 1999.

4.1.5 Finger Test Device


The measurement method is to rotate the refractory material piece nger with a
constant speed in a slag or metal and then measure the corrosion rate and analyze
the inltration. The IKA eurostar power control visc is an adjustable rotator device
whose speed can be altered between 15-2000 r/min. The furnace is Lenton CSC
17/ 90/250 and its maximum temperature is 1700 C. The furnace was purchased
in 1997.

4.1.6 Optical Dilatometer


The device indicates material dimension changes as a function of temperature and
time in a controlled atmosphere. With the device a sessile drop contact angle and
all the parameters for surface tension calculations can be determined. The tailormade programme Dakota calculates automatically the sample area and all the other
parameters.

Cameras
The B&W Camera is an AD C660 1/3 ccd 768 x 494 pixels, the lens is a Dyotar
DY135. The colour Camera is a Canon DM-MV1 digital video camera.

32

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

Furnaces
The SiC furnaces maximum working temperature is 1550 C. The inside diameter
of the working tube is 30 mm. A sample is made from powder, then pressed into
the cylinder, 4 mm in diameter and the sample plate is usually sawn into 4 mm thick
10 mm x 10 mm squares. NaberSupertherm HT08/18 furnaces maximum working
temperature is 1750 C.

4.1.7 Gradient Furnace


The device is an Entech ETF 75/17V. It is a double chamber tube furnace, whose
tubes are 200 mm in height. The maximum temperature of the furnace is 1750 C.
The tubes inside diameter is 200 mm or 75 mm. The purpose of the furnace is to
measure material properties in a constantly controlled temperature gradient. It was
purchased in 2000.

4.1.8 Pressure Furnace


The maximum pressure of the furnace is 10 bar and the temperature 1500 C.The
inner pipe diameter is 90 mm. The furnace was purchased in 2000.

4.1.9 Alkali Test


The tester measures alkali effects on minerals. The inner diameter of the steel tube
is 90 mm and the maximum temperature is 1150 C. It was purchased in 2000.

4.1.10 Blast Furnace Simulator


The Simulator has programmable time dependent temperature and atmosphere
for CO, CO2, H2, H2O, N2, K, S2 gases at sample point. Sample weight, sample
temperature and mass ow controllers data are collected into simple text database.
The inner diameter of the steel tube is 90 mm and the maximum temperature is
1150 C or with ceramic tube up to 1800 C. It was built 2001-2004.

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

4.2

OTHERS

4.2.1 Watermodels
The models visualize phenomenon taking place inside a converter / ladle, like steel
/ slag ow during a blowing session and wear and tear of refractory materials. The
watermodels were purchased between 1997-2004.

4.2.2 Coulter Omnisorp 360 cx


The gas sorption analyzer measures a surface area of a sample and determinates
the pore size distribution. The Omnisorp is a continuous volumetric method, used
to determine the adsorption and desorption isotherms. The pore size distribution
peaks can be separated in a scale as little as 2 ngstrm. The pore size distribution
range is from 3 to 2000 ngstrms.The surface area value down to 3m2/gm resolution is better than 2 %. The device was purchased in 1997 in co-operation with the
other laboratories.

4.2.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics Software


The Phoenics software is for gas and liquid ow model. The Femlab software on
Matlab is for simple model tasks and the Fluent software is for more complicated
models within a project.

4.2.4 Thermodynamic Calculation Programmes


HSC, Chemsage, Fact Sage programmes are for thermodynamic equilibrium calculations.

4.2.5 Gas Chromatograph


The device is Agilent 6890 plus a thermal conductivity detector. The carrier gas is
helium. The device was purchased in 2001.

4.2.6 Microscopes
An Olympus polarizing microscope BX51P and an Olympus research stereomicroscope SZX9 with DP-12 camera and DP-software.The microscopes were purchased
in 2001.

34

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

4.2.7 Materialographic Surface Preparation of Solid


Materials
The device is for preparing materialographic samples for microscopic examination.
We use diamond cutting and cold mounting.The Struers Epovac vacuum impregnation equipment is used for mounting and impregnation of porous specimens and for
gluing specimens for thin sections to glass slides. Grinding and polishing is done with
a Struers LaboForce-1 at speed of 8 rpm and a LabPol-1 - single speed machine,
250 rpm with MD or SiC consumables. The ready samples go through ultrasonic
cleaning before inspection and use. The device was purchased in 2002.

4.3

OTHER AVAILABLE FACILITIES

Within the University of Oulu


Institution of Electron Optics (EOL)
The EOL facilities are based on the use of seven instruments: Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscope EFTEM, Scanning Electron Microscope SEM, Field Emission
Scanning Electron Microscope FESEM, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
STEM, Electron Probe Microanalyzer EPMA, X-Ray Diffractometer XRD and X-Ray
Fluorescence Spectrometer XRF. They provide three basic kinds of information: images, chemical analyses and crystal structures.
Trace Element Laboratory: Plasma atomic emission spectrometry (DCP-AES, ICPAES) and plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This equipment provides chemical
analyses of difcult samples.

At Ruukki Steel in Raahe


There is for example XRF, XRD, optical emission spectrometer (OES) and SEM.

At Outokumpu Stainless in Tornio Works


There is for example XRF, OES and SEM.

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

PUBLICATIONS 2004

5.1

PAPERS

Heikkinen, Eetu-Pekka & Paananen,Timo


Masuunin asiantuntijat koolla Oulussa. Materia. Vol. 61. 2004. No. 3. s. 32-34.

Heikkinen, Eetu-Pekka & Jaako, Juha


Tekniikassa uudistetaan asenteella.Tutkintorakenteen uudistus on ensisijaisesti pedagogiikkaa, ei hallinnon rukkausta. Tietopisto. 2004. No. 12. s. 10.

Heikkinen, Eetu-Pekka, Fabritius,Timo, Kokkonen,Tommi & Hrkki,


Jouko
An Experimental and Computational Study on the Melting Behaviour of AOD and
Chromium Converter Slags. Steel Research International. Vol. 75. 2004. No. 12. s.
800-806.

Tang,Yong, Fabritius,Timo & Hrkki, Jouko


Modelling of Nitrogen Intrusion into an AOD Converter at the Reduction Stage
Caused by Suction Oscillation in the Ventilation Hood. Steel Research International
75. No.6, June 2004. Pp. 373-381.

Tang,Yong, Fabritius,Timo, Hrkki, Jouko & Laine, Jarmo


Gas Flow Model in the Pusher-type Slab Reheating Furnace and Flow Pattern Improvement by Computational Fluid Dynamics. Computational Fluid Dynamics,Volume
4. No. 1. 2004. Pp. 59-68.

Luomala, Matti, Fabritius,Timo & Hrkki, Jouko


The Effect of Bottom Nozzle Conguration on the Bath Behaviour in the BOF, ISIJ
International, Vol. 44 (2004), No. 5, pp. 809-816

McDonald, C., Koopmans, P., Drugge, J.,Vatanen, J. & Luomala, Matti


Consistent Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Performance, La Revue de Mtallurgie-CIT,
Avril 2004, pp. 275-284.

36
5.2

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

CONFERENCES, SEMINARS AND SYMPOSIUMS

Angerman, Mikko
2nd International Conference & Exhibition on New Developments in Metallurgical Process
Technology.In: Riva del Garda, Italy, 19-21 September 2004

Angerman, Mikko
Iron and Steel Production Process and Plant Simulations with Factory Simulation
Tool.In: Scanmet II 2nd International Conference on Process Development in Iron and
Steelmaking. 6-9 June 2004, Lule, Sweden. P 193.

Hekkala, Lauri, Fabritius,Timo & Hrkki, Jouko


Mathematical Model of Heat and Mass Transfer in the Steel Belt Sintering Process. In
Tenth International ferroalloys congress transformation through technology 1-4 February 2004. Cape Town, South Africa. Pp. 586-592.

Hrkki, Jouko
Mathematical Model of Heat and Mass Transfer in the Steel Belt Sintering Process. In
Tenth International ferroalloys congress transformation through technology 1-4 February 2004. Cape Town, South Africa. Pp. 586-592.

Gornostayev, Stanislav
Mineral Matter in Coke. In: Blast Furnace Seminar, 30-31 March 2004, University of
Oulu, Finland, http://cc.oulu./~pometwww/BF04/

Makkonen, Hannu
The OPTIDUST project: Optimised Recycling of Steel Plants Dusts. In Waste Minimization and Resources Use Optimization Conference 10th June 2004 University of
Oulu, Finland. Pp 139-142.

Tang,Yong, Fabritius,Timo & Hrkki, Jouko


Prediction of Exhaust Gas Composition during AOD Reduction Stage. In: Scanmet II
2nd International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking. 6-9 June
2004, Lule, Sweden. Pp. 79-88.

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

Mure, P., Kurkinen, P., Fabritius,Timo & Hrkki, Jouko


Vibration Measurement of Oscillation of Melt Bath in 150-ton AOD-converter.In:
Scanmet II 2nd International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking.
6-9 June 2004, Lule, Sweden.Pp. 59-68.

Virtanen, Esa, Fabritius,Timo & Hrkki, Jouko


Top Lance Practice for Rening of High Chromium Melt in Converter. In: Scanmet II
2nd International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking. 6-9 June
2004, Lule, Sweden. Pp. 155-164.

Tang,Yong, Fabritius,Timo & Hrkki, Jouko


Effect of Fluid Flows on Refractory Wear in AOD. In: Metal Separation Technologies III.
Symposium in Honour of Professor Lauri E. Holappa of the Helsinki University of Technology. Copper Mountain, Colorado. 20-24 June 2004. Pp. 219-226.

5.3

REPORTS

Heikkinen, Eetu-Pekka, Makkonen, Hannu, Seppnen, Matti, Isoknt,


Simo & Pyli, Esko
Rikin jakautuminen metalli- ja kuonasuliin sulatettaessa terstuotannossa muodostuvia
hienorakeisia poisteita - Termodynaaminen tarkastelu. Oulu. 2004. Oulun yliopisto.
Prosessi- ja ympristtekniikan osasto. Report 309. 31 s.

Virtanen, Esa, Fabritius,Timo & Hrkki, Jouko


AOD-konvertterin plyminen puhalluksen aikana. Oulun yliopisto. Prosessi- ja ympristtekniikan osasto. Report 311. Oulu 2004. 11 s.

5.4

ANNUALS AND FINAL REPORTS

Berith Zinovjev (editor)


University of Oulu. Laboratory of Process Metallurgy, Department of Process and
Environmental Engineering, Annual report 2003, Oulu 2004, University of Oulu.
45 p.

38

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

THESIS

6.1

DOCTORS THESES

Fabritius, Timo

Modelling of Combined Blowing in Steelmaking


Converters by Physical Models

Luomala, Matti

Physical Modelling of Metallurgical prosesses: A


Model Study Concerning Blast Furnace Hearth,
Trough and Basic Oxygen Furnace

6.2

DIPLOMA ENGINEER THESES


(MASTER OF SCIENCE IN TECHNOLOGY)
Ikheimonen,Topi
Nitrogen Control in Rautaruukkis Steelmaking
Process

Isoknt, Simo

Sulphur Controlled Melting of DRI Composed of


Recyclable Materials

Karhumaa,Teemu

Formation of Blast Furnace Salamander

Krkkinen, Maija

Inuence of Different Parameters on the


Occurence of the jumbocracks on CC Slabs

Kasala, Markku

Mixture FeCr- and AOD-slags

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

Kivilompolo, Laura

Optimization of Argon-gas purging in AODconverter

Leinonen,Virpi

Coal Combustion in a Chromite Pellet

Nrhi, Lauri

Steckel-tandem Hot Rolling of Ferritic AISI 430

Palosaari, Janne

Feed Mixture Calculations for a Copper Smelter


Using the HSC-Sim Model

Rainto, Ilkka

Increasing the Efciency of the Decarburization


in Low-carbon Steelgrades

PRO GRADU
Krn, Aki
Rimpinen,Tiina

Drying of Chromite Pellet

The Effect of Acid Treatment on Industrial


Analcime

40

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

CONFERENCE VISITS

Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
6th Annual Workshop on Computational Thermochemistry. GTT-Technologies.
Herzogenrath. 26-28.5.2004.
Waste Minimization and Resources Use Optimization Conference. Oulun yliopisto.
Oulu. 10.6.2004.
Korroosio-workshop. Oulun yliopisto. Oulu. 2-3.12.2004.

Jouko Hrkki, Matti Luomala,Timo Paananen,Pekka Tanskanen &


Esa Virtanen
VII International Conference on Molten Slags Fluxes & Salts , Cape Town, South
Africa, 25-.28.1.2004

Lauri Hekkala, Jouko Hrkki, Pekka Tanskanen, Esa Virtanen


Tenth International Ferroalloys Congress, Cape Town, South Africa, 1-4.2.2004

Mikko Angerman,Timo Fabritius, Jouko Hrkki, Esa Virtanen & Yong


Tang
Scanmet II 2nd International Conference on Process Development in Iron and
Steelmaking, Lule, Sweden, 6-9.6.2004

Jouko Hrkki
Metal Separation Technologies III, Symposium in Honor of Professor Lauri E.
Holappa of Helsinki Institute of Technology, Copper Mountain, Colorado, 2024.6.2004

Mikko Angerman
2nd International Conference & Exhibition on New Developments in Metallurgical
Process Technology, Riva del Garda, Italy, 19-21.9.2004

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

CONTACT INFORMATION
Address:

UNIVERSITY OF OULU
Department of Process and Environmental Engineering
Laboratory of Process Metallurgy
P.O. Box 4300
FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU
FINLAND
Fax: +358 8 553 2339

Email:
rstname.lastname@oulu.
e.g. jouko.harkki@oulu.

Internet:
http://cc.oulu./~pometwww/

Contact Persons:
Professor Mr. Jouko Hrkki
jouko.harkki@oulu.
tel +358 8 553 2424
Research Manager Mr. Timo Farbritius
timo.fabritius@oulu.
tel +358 8 553 2421
Laboratory Manager Mr. Riku Mattila
riku.mattila@oulu.
tel +358 8 553 2425
Senior Assistant Mr. Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
eetu.heikkinen@oulu.
tel- +358 8 553 2559
Project Secretary Ms. Berith Zinovjev
berith.zinovjev@oulu.
tel +358 8 553 2553

42

ANNUAL REPORT 2004

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