Animal kingdom classification:

Venn diagram
Kingdom, uni or multi cellular, chordates non-chordates: warm blooded or not;
viviparous oviparous
The classes under the chordate: 5
Sexual reproduction in plants and animals
Animal Kingdom
Taxonomy meaning, rationale, history
Terminology of taxonomy, criteria for
classification
Invertebrate and vertebrate phyla in
detail
Modes of reproduction in animals(sexual
and asexual) advantages and
disadvantages of both, fertilization
external and internal, viv andoviparous,
incomplete and complete
metamorphosis
Cells
Definition, prokaryotic and eukaryotic
e.g., differences between them
Differences between plant and animal
cell, organelles and their function
Pure substances
By physical state:Solid, liquid and gas:
chrs
By chemical composition: element
compound and mixture: different kinds
of mixtures

Guess the functions of the cell

Selective permeability, Cell membrane
osmosis
Why a jelly like substance

What are mixtures and what are

compounds : differences between
mixture and compounds at the
molecular level and relate this to the
difference in properties: give common
substances from everyday life and
explain if they are compounds or
mixtures
molecular level cartoon
classification of substances as pure and
mixtures:of mixtures as homogenous
and heterogeneous ; of pure substances
as compounds and elements

Law of constant composition, air is a

mixture or compound
Is water/air a mixture or compound
differences between mixtures and
compounds, homomgenous and
heterogenous mixtures,
Separation of mixtures: decantation,
filteration sublimation, distillation,
fractional distillation chromatography:
application of these methods in real life
Atomic Structure
Daltons atomic theory
Rutherfords experiment
Bohrs model of an atom- orbitals at
different energy levels
Chadwicks discovery of nuetrons
isotopes
Charge and relative mass of p,n and e
Atomic number and mass number
Electronic configuration of first 2 rows
and how the shells are filled in
Valence electrons and valency
Measurement and measuring
instruments
Importance of accurate measurement
Least count range error
Eye position, rounding off, using
appropriate units
Vernier calliper

Motion
With reference to what
Plotting acceleration
3 equations of motion
Centripetal but not centrifugal
acceleration and force
Liquids
Pressure in a liquid: relation to depth,
directionality of the pressure, relation to

Sublimation along with change in

physical state
Immiscible and miscible liquids

Eye position, rounding off, using

appropriate units
Length: tape, scale, meter ruler, car
odometer
Weight: spring balance, beam balance,
electronic balance
Time: units of measurement, leap year
Pendulum: correlate properities
Sand clock sundial stopwatch: accuracy
Linear, circular, oscillatory and random
motion
Speed. Acceleration?

Underwater diving
Why do bodies weigh less in

density, to acceleration due to gravity,

P= dpg
Density and relative density

waterrelationship with volume and how

much they weigh less
Anamolous expansion of ice(in changes
of state)

Buoyancy and upthrust, equal volumes

feel equal buoyant forces
Archimedes principle verification
application
Buoyancy and floatation
hydrometer
Term 2
Food sufficiency factors impacting:
population growth leads to both need for
larger quantities of food and reduction in
land available for cultivation leading to
food scarcity
Methods to increase crop yield:
Crop improvement in what ways
Soil nutrirnt management macro and
micro: manure and fertilizers (natural
organic and chemical; Problems with
chemical fertilizers: differences between
manure and chemical fertilizers,
protection from pests, crop diseases and
their classification based on how they
spread, pesticides
Storage of grain biotic and abiotic
factors in their degradation
Hybridization of plants and animals inter
varietal specific genera: for what
qualities inbreeding and outbreeding.
Natural and artificial insemination
Animal husbandry: what all do you have
to take care of food shelter water
disease breeding, native and foreign
breeds, cattle feed. Milk white
revolution, Poultry farming, piscicutlture,
aquaculture, apiculture
Human body organ systems: the 10
systems
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Digestive system

Granaries rats snakes

Pesticide and fertilizers in the food chain:

milk breast milk

Structure and function

Reproductive system
Muscular system
Circulatory system
Nervous system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Endocrine system
Skin diagram, Sweat, hair, regulates
body temp., excretion, protection, water
loss, vitamin D, tocuh sensation
Muscles
Nerves, in muscles, skeletal, tendons to
attach them to bones, fascia, involuntary
muscles like heart
Bones

Digestion: parts of the system and their

function
Urinary
Circulatory
Diff between arteries and veins,
4 chambered heart

Respiratory: parts
Reproductory: parts, menstrual cycle
with phases, sperm bank, development
of embryo, childbirth lactation and
advantages of breastfeeding
Bio-geo chemical cycle

Skin cells under microscope?

Muscles work in pairs, they cannot push

only pull

Different kinds of joints: ball and socket

hinge,
Different shapes of bones movable
bones how do they move?
Framework, protect internal organs, hold
musclesmovement reservoir for calcium
and fat, marrow makes RBCs
Substances secreted that aid digestion in
different parts Liver glycogen
Heart lungs blood veins arteries
capillaries, plasma and blood cells (RBC
WBC and platelets)
Blood transport food and waste to all
cells: also hormones distributes heat
keeps body hydrated
heomoglobin
CO poisoning- gas exchange, water
vapor excretion

Abiotic components cycle through the

biotic and abiotic parts of the
environment : carbon cycle, nitrogen
cycle, water, oxygen
Mutual dependence of plants and
animals
Greenhouse gases, global warming: sink
sources and release agents

Chemical Equation
In words
Atoms and ions: cations anions,
monoatomic polyatomic common ions
and their charge and connection to
valency

Writing chemical formula, symbols for

equations
Balancing equations: nice format to
show how the molecule splits up to
reform other molecules

valency
Carbon atom and how life is carbon
based
Atoms and ions: lose or gain ions to form
nearest complete shell cations anions
Polyatomic ions
Monovalent and divalent
Match diagram to equation

Metals: common metals and their

properties:
Sound
Vibration, airwaves no sound in space,
strike our eardrum difference between
soundwaves and sound
Waves and their characteristics:
mechanical (longitudinal and transverse)
electromagnetic
Differences between transverse and
longitudinal waves
Amplitude frequency and wavelength in
transverse waves
ultrasound
doppler
Term 3
Plant Cell in detail
Plant cell cubical picture
Plant tissues? Pg 5 book 3

How would you set up an experiment to

verify that sound waves need air to
travel?
Spring to demonstrate sound waves:
compressions and rarefactions

Which has the highest wavelength,

frequency, amplitude, pitch
Echos: echolocation, sound proofing
decibals

Shape of plant cell

Xylem phloem ascent of sap
Investigate where growth happens from
How does bud appear , become a flower
and a fruit
How does plant grow, leaves get bigger,
plant gets taller, stem gets wider: does
plant grow after cutting shoot tip
Vertical and horizontal sections
Using microscope to see plant tissues
Tree rings

Diffusion, osmosis,(raisins, grapes conc.

Sugar solution) capillary action, adhesion
cohesion, meniscus, reading
Most of wood is CO2 and H20:
photosynthesis
Where does the carbon basis of life come
from
Plants store starch expt
Transpiration connection to xylem
pressure, transpiration experiment
respiration
Plant adaptations
Autotrophs and heterotrophs symbiotic
Do plants move?
Phototropism, geotropism, (tilt growing
plant) or observe trees and plants
hydrotopism
Light sensitive sunflower, touch
sensitive(insectivorous)
Addiction:substance and behavior
;alcoholism cyclce of feelings,
symptoms, effects, therapies similarly
for smoking drugs; healthy lifestyle
Pollution and ozone depletion 36page
Kinds of pollution:air, water, land, noise
natural or man-made
Air: particulate, CO, HCs, SO2, NOs
petrochemical smog, acid rain, industrial
accident Bhopal, effects and control of
Mind map for acid rain, graphic organiser
Water: sources and effects; industrial,
agricultural runoffs, oil spills,
sewage(organic and detergents)
Control, DDTminamata disease,
kodaikanal mercury poisoning, Reverse
osmosis: effects
Oil spill : how and effects, control and
prevention
Soil: causes and effetcs

Radioactive polliution: process,

prevention, effects Chernobyl fukashima
Noise:sources effects, control legislation
idea of decibals
Greenhouse gases mechanism,
greenhouse gases, Global warming:
effects, control measures:save
energy(CFL, LED)
Pollution and laws
Ozone depletion: causes effects, control
Periodic Classification of Elements p54
History of:
Metals and non metals: Lavosier,
dobreiner triads
Newland by mass, similarity in every
eight element
Mendeleev : by properties, left gaps for
missing elements, proved correct
Chrs. Of mendeleevs and modern
periodic table

Reactivity series
alloys
Chemical bonds

The physical and chemical

properties of elements are the periodic
functions of their atomic masses.
Groups and periods
Locate metals and non-metals
Valency and location
Alkali metalsalkaline earth metals,
halogens, transition metals
reactivity
Which are solids liquids and gases,
lightest heaviest radioactive
Acidic and basic oxides/
Compare properties of metals and nonmetals
Luster, polishable, hard crystalline solids,
density, m.P.b.bp. malleabiltity and
ductility, electrical conductivity, sonority,
alloys
Chemical properties: electropositive,
burning, action of water, acid, halogens,
reducing property
Electronegativity: combine with oxygen,
Definition, octet rule G.N. Lewis,
electronic theory of valence, ionic and
covalent bonds coordinate covalent
bonds: transfer sharing
Structure of sodium chloride, h2, cl2,

water ammonia
Properties of ionic and covalent
compounds based on the structure:
properties of the bonds differences
Polar and non polar solvents
Explanation of coordinate covalent, and
their properties
Work power and energy

Work done by, and against the force, or

neither(gravity) W=Fx d
Power = rate of doing work=W/t

Explain work, power and energy with

examples
Units of energy, force
Give examples of the same amount of
work but done with different power

Energy = capacity to do work: energy

and work have the same units 5 units of
energy are used to do 5 units of work :
Joule
Different forms of energy

Law of conservation of energy, and 3rd

law of thermodynamics: alternative
statement of 1st law: The total amount of
energy in an isolated system remains
constant but can be transferred from one
object to another within the system.
Heat and Gas Laws
Specific heat capacity
Latent heat of vaporization /fusion

Gas law: boyle, Charles, pressure

Kelvin scale
Class 10

chemical energy, light energy, heat

energy, electrical energy, nuclear
energy, sound energy and mechanical
energy, kinetic energy, potential energy
(height, spring, bow): interconversions
Electricity: power and unit
Power egenration turbines

Temperature farenheit celcius, difference

between heat and temperature, heat is a
kind of energy
Raise in temperature in 3 beakers with
thermometer, time taken for every 10
degree rise in temperature, now with 3
different liquids
Investigate phenomenon of boiling and
freezing
Molecular model: balloon tied to mouth,
hand air pump,

Heredity and Evolution

Definition of heridity

Gene, allele (alternate form of the same

gene), allemorph
Sexual and asexual variation : compare
extent of variation between both
Variation necessary for genetic diversity,
and for evolution , adaptation, traits are
selected in or out: gives individuality
Human evolution: homo habilis , erectus,
Neanderthal, sapiens and timeline
Tree of evolution
Genetic engineering: what is it pg.7 class
10
Medical products, transgenic plants,
mining? , fuel, microbial
metabolites(insulin, hormones, enzymes,
vitamins, alcohol) waste treatment,
food(dairy, brewing, baking, single cell
protein?)
Basic techniques in Genetic engineering
Biotech: not necessarily genetic
engineering:field of medicine,
agriculture, animal husbandary and in
environmental cleaning. brewing
industry, enzyme technology(used in
petrochemical industry) amylase,
manufacturing of antibiotics, organic
acids like acetic acid, vitamins, vaccines,
steroids(from fungus) and monoclonal
anti-bodies, B12,
Cloning: natural and induced
clones(dolly)
Stem cells: increased capacity for
mitosis, can become differentiated,
embryonic, adult
Biosensor: blood glucose testing,
identification of toxins, pollution,

Not identical copy of parent, large

variation, inheritable characteristics
(non-inheritable?)
Somatic variation is not inherited and
germinal variation is
Mendel garden pea description
Joined earlobes, eye colour rolled tongue
Dominant and recessive traits Mendels
expt

Intra specific, intrageneric and inter

specific variation
Lamark

Time line of evolution

Risk assessment
Benefits: insulin, growth hormone,
vaccines

They believe that gene therapy will end

disease?!!
Types f gene therapy is speculative or
real? Somatic gene therapy and germ

measure odour and freshness of food

biochips

line gene therapy

Immune system

Importance of health: as well being not

absence of disease: physical mental
social
Diabetes coronary heart disease
hypertension
Sickle cell anemia, downs syndrome,
albinism
Marasmaur kwashikor, night blindness
scurvy

Kinds of diseases based on origin: noncommunicable(nutritional, genetic,

metabolic, environmental) and
communicable(pathogens) with
examples: caused by virus, bacteria,
fungal, protozoan, parasitic
macroorganisms(worms)
Common dieaseses,causative agent,
their symptoms, transmission, control
and prevention
Immunization: natural immunity,
acquired,
Then active acquired(exposure to
pathogen which can be artificial like
vaccines or natural) and
passive(antibodies from breast milk or
other organism
Treatment of disease:
medicines(antibiotics)yoga
physiotherapy counseling.
Prevention:general (hygiene, avoid
overcrowding, safe drinking water,
saniationand specific(immunization)

Cold, influenza, TB, typhoid, malaria,

amoebic dysentery, ringworm
Immunisation schedule

AIDS: symptom , test prevention

Structure and function of Human Body
organ systems
Nervous system: neurons, neuroglial
cells, nerve fibres, parts of nerve cell(cell
body, dendrites, axons, synapse)
Types of nerve cell: myelinated white
matter and non- Grey matter,
unipolar(embryo), bipolar(snse
organs)multi-polar(cerebral cortex)
Transmission of nerve impulse
neurotransmitters at the synapses
CNS: functions and parts(brain, spinal
cord, 3 coverings meninges, brain(fore,

Cartoon/graphic organiser

mid and hind)

Fore: cerebrum, corpus collosum,
cerebral cortex(motor, sensory and
association areas),
White matter, cs fluid, thalamus,
hypothalamus
Mid:
Hind: pons cerebellum, medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
PNS : 12 pairs of cranial(some sensory
some motor some mixed) and 31 pairs of
spinal nerves(both sensory and moor)
ANS: parasympathetic and sympathetic
nerves
Endocrine:
Different glands and where they are
found in the body

What are hormones: proteins or steroids

All the hormones secreted by both parts
of the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and
each of the glands and their functions
Cell division:
Meosis I and II and its phases: how
genetic variation happens at the cellular
level
Plant reproduction
Reproduction in animals: what are the
methods
Plant reproduction: bacteria fission,
yeast budding, algae fragmentation,
fungi spores, flowering plants pollination
and fertilization
Reproduction in single cell organism :

Head
a) pituitary gland b) pineal gland
Neck Thorax
a) thyroid gland b) parathyroid gland
thymus gland
Abdomen a) pancreas Islets of
Langerhans
b) adrenal glands adrenal cortex and
adrenal medulla
c) gonads testes in man and ovaries in
woman

Pollination and fertilization cycle

binary fission
Parts of flower: Calyx (Composed of
sepals) 2. Corolla (Composed of petals)
3. Androecium(stamen, filament, anther,
pollen) 4. Gynoecium(ovary style,
stigma)
Pollination: self and cross(advantageas
and disadvantages)transfer of pollen
from anther to stigma
Agents : birds, animals, insects, wind,
water
Fertilization: process, post fertilization
changes
Fruits: classification

Seed formation: dicotyledons,

monocotyledons
Structure of each(bean and paddy)
Dispersal: why, adaptations,
agents:autochory, anemochory,
hydrochory, zoochory(hooks, eatingand
excreted, eaten and inedible seed
mango)

How can you tell a plant is pollinated by

which method

Simple, aggregate, multiple p.64

Simple: fleshy- baccate(berry,
hesperidium, pome, pepo) and
drupaceous(drupe). :dry-dry dehiscent,
dry indehiscent, shizocarpic

Cut open seed and observe the parts

Observe plants in your surrounding and
guess at mechanism of dispersal

Representative Study of Animals

Give animals ask to classify
Morphology of mammals: epidermal hair,
milk, widely varying habitat:
adaptations, marine mammals, camel,
herbivores, 4 chambered stomach,
heterodont dentition, bats, marsupials,
polar bear, opposing thumb
Physiology: warm blooded(skin(sweat,
hair,)kidney, lungs blood), RBCspacked
with haemoglobin
Circulatory system of Man
Parts: heart, blood vessels, blood and
lymph
Auricles, ventricles,aperture, valves,
systole diastole, heartbeat, veins
arteries capillaries, blood plasma, blood
cells(RBC, WBCand platelets)

Measure difference in body temperature

at different times of the day

Excretory system
External and internal structure of kidney,
structure of nephron, malphigian
capsule, uriniferous tubes
Adaptation

Animal behavior
Case study of dhols

Life Processes: nutrition, respiration,

trasnporatation, excretion
Plants: nutrition: autotrophic, hetero
trophic(parasites saprophytes)
Digestive system:
Intracellular digestion: In unicellular
animal organisms ameoba, in primitive
organisms like sponges
Extracellular: higher animals, digestive
system with organs
Humans: gastrointestinal tract,
accessory digestive glands
Respiration in plants:

Glucose broken down into co2 water and

energy, role of ATP; energy released in
respiration is used to convert ADP to ATP
and that is how energy is stored
Aerobic and anerobic respiration:
Aerobic: Glycolysis, Oxidative
decarboxylation of pyruvic acid, Krebs
cycle, Electron transport chain.
Anerobic: fermentation
Respiration in animals
Amoeba, hydra and sponge: diffusion of
dissolved oxygen
Gills in fish
What else?

Kidneys:urine: nitrogenous waste

products: urea, uric acid, creatinine
Lungs: exhaled air: co2and water vapour
Skin:sweat:excess water and salt
Structure reflects function: modification
of mammalian forelimbs(5 parts), or
beak
Social behavior:imprinting, filial
imprinting, sexual behavior, secondary
sexual chrs.during breeding season,
sexual imprinting courtship behaviours,
parental care

Starch of leaf kept out of sunlight

Action of saliva on starch

Fermentation, expt for aerobic and

anerobic respiration, set up fruit solution
with yeast and pass resulting gas
through limewater

compare breathing of adults and children

Humans: parts of repiratory system,

exchange of gases in alveoli
Transportation in Plants
Raw materials to leaves and food from
leaves to other parts of the plants:
xylem, phloem, root hairs take up ions
and so water follows, transpiration
creates suction
Transport of water does not use energy
whereas transport of food does
Transport in animals
Unicellular: through diffusion, oxygen,
glucose,
Diffusion not good enough for larger
animals: oxygen, food and waste: why?:
blood and lymph
Lymph: digested and absorbed fat from
intestines and drains extra fluid into
intercellular spaces
Excretion in plants
Waste stored in vacuoles, may be stored
in leaves which fall, resins and gums,
also excrete into the soil
Excretion in animals
Unicellular: vacuoles
Sponges and coelentrerates: diffusion
through cell membranes
Flat worms: excretory tubes
Annelids : primitive kidneys
Vertebrates: kidneys and excretory
tubes; fish ammonotelic, birds uricotelic,
mammals ureotelic
Dialysis
Description of nephron
Nervous system
Lower animals have simple nervous
systems: many vertebrates and
mammals have nervous and endocrine
systems
Co-ordination in plants: movement
dependant of growth and independent of
growth: tropism
Conservation of Envt.

suction

Expt for transpiration through leaves

Diffusion link to biology

Why cannot blood perform the functions

of lymph?

Shoot moving towards the light

Definition of pollution(undesirable
change in the physical, chemical or
biological characteristics of air, land and
water that affect human life adversely)
and pollutant: A substance released into
the environment due to natural or
human activity which adversely affects
the environment is
called pollutant.
Classification of wastes: biodegradable
and non

Landfills, deep well injection, incineration

for hbio medical waste, reuse, recycling,
paper recovery, glass recovery, food
waste composting
Water management: surface and ground
water
Seeding clouds, desalination, dams
reservoirs and canals, rainwater
harvesting, water shed management,
wetland conservation, domestic
conservation by reducing usage and
wastagerecylcing grey water, industrial
conservation
Wildlife Sanctuaries: biotic diversity
necessary for ecological balance:
Balance in Ecosystem: what is
ecosystem? Aquatic and terrestrial:
abiotic factors, producers, consumers,
decomposers:
Imbalanced ecosystem
Food chain and web

Coal and petroleum

What is a fossil fuel, how is coal made,
for what is it used, envt. Effects of
burning of coal
Petroleum: how formed: uses Black
gold, envt. effects
Alternative to petrol: electric, bio fuel,

Follow the waste generated at home,

separation? Notice waste in the
classroom, suggest measures
Disposable utensils
Advantages and disadvantages,

Investigate the factors for different

ecosystems,

If snakes are killed, proliferation of

mosquitos
Investigate if different factors are
disrupted in the eco-system: case
studies pollution of water, energy cycle
And cycling of materials

compressed natural gas: advantages

and disadvantages
Green chemistry: greener synthesis,
greener reaction conditions, less toxic
product
Principles: reduce waste generation,
make less toxic products, preserve
fuction of product while reducing toxicity

Lead free paints, cleaner batteries, bioplastics, flame resistant materials,

halogen free silicon based flame
retardant, nonCFC coolants

Global village because of internet

Waste water management 133page

Investigate what happens to sewage

from your house

Water cycle, sources: sewage,

treatment: conventional: primary
secondary, tertiary:
bioremediation(using microorganisms to
remove nitrogen compounds)
Domestic reusing grey water
Sanitation and diseases: water borne,
washed, based(parasite that live in
water), related
Aletrnative arrangement for swage
disposal: using waste water for
agriculture: biogas
Public toilets
Energy management: Energy audit, at
home and schools: materials used,
energy rating of appliances, leakage,
recylcing
Renewable resources: solar energy :
photovoltaic cell, hydrogen fuel?, wind,
Non- renewable: fossil fuels, coal,
petroleum, natural gas(power
generation, cooking, manufacturing)
Biofuels: bioalcohol, green diesel,
biodiesel, vegetable oil, bioethers,
biogas
Energy consevration
Solutions:
Homogenous, binary solution, solute,
solvent
Based on particle size:Types of soln.

Study solar heater or cooker: build solar

cooker: advantages and disadvantages

P141

Tyndall effect (colloids), Brownian

movement

true, colloidal(milk powder in water,

suspension(chalk powder in water)
Comparision of the 3 types: particle size,
appearance, visibility of particles(not
visible with microscope,
nature(homogenous/hetero), diffusion of
particles(fast, slow, does not happen),
scattering effect (only colloids)
Based on type of solvent: aqueous, non
Based on amount of solvent:
unsaturated, satirated and super
Based on physical state of solute and
solvent: ss/sl/sg/ls cheese,lg cloud,ll, gs
cork,glsoda,ggair
solubility
Factors affecting solubility: temp,
pressure, nature of solute and solvent

Atoms and molecules

Modern atomic theory: atom is smallest
particle that takes place in a chemical
reaction, divisible particle, istotopes,
isobars, isotones, ratio of atoms in a
molecule is fixed, E=MC2
Avagadros Law: Equal volumes of all
gases under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure contain an
equal number of molecules.
Applications: 22,4 litres at STP contain 1
mole: aromicity of gases, molecular
formula of gaseous compounds, V.D. x2
is molecular mass, explains gay lussacs
law
Atom and molecule: difference between
both: mono atomic and diatomic gases
Comaprision: smallest particle of an
elementthat can take place in a chemical
reaction, of a compound or element that
can exist freely
Atom is non-bonded molecule is bonded
May or may not exist freely can exist

Solubility of metal salts and anion

radicals

Relationship between saturation and

temperature
graph

Its relation with temperature:

determining solubility
Exothermic and endothermic
Polarity
Pressure only with gases in liquids
Bonds require energy to break and
release energy when formed:
endothermic and exothermic

N2+O2 gives 2NO

2H2 + O2 gives gives 2H2O
Now derive atomicity:
V.D= mass of one molecule of the gas
/mass of 1 molecule of hydrogen

freely: homoatomic and heteroatomic

molecules
Relative atomic mass: mass of one atom
of elemtn /1/12 mass of C12 atom
Relative Molecular Mass
Mole concept: avogadros number:
definition of mole: avagadros number =
relative molecular mass in grams
Chemical Reactions
Physical and chemical changes
Reactants and products

Types of chemical reactions:

combination,
Decomposition, displacement, double
decomposition, redox:oxidation and
reduction(gain of O2 loss of H2, loss of
electrons
Exo and endothermic
Rate of chemical reaction: factors:
nature of reactants, concentration,
surface area, temperature, catalyst
What is a catalyst
Acids bases and salts: acid furnishes H+
or H3O+ ions when dissolved in water,
sour taste
Organic and inorganic acids
Monobasic, dibasic, and tribasic
Based on ionization: strong weak
carbonic acetic formic
Based on concentration: conc. dilute
Chemical properties of acids

Uses of acids: bateeries, fertilizers,

cleaning, carbonic acid

Silver turning black, two solutions

precipitating, decolourisation of Copper
sulphate soln, Cao add water
Acid to bicarbonate

Difference between ionic and covalent

Litmus phenolphthalein methyl orange

Acids in food

Reaction with metals to release

hydrogen gas, with carbonate and
bicarbonates, metallic oxides CuO
Addition of water required for ionisation
Common acids in lab HCL, H2SO4,
HNO3, H2CO3

Bases and Alkalis: Base rleass OH- ions

when dissolved in water
Based on ionization: strong: NAOH, KOH,
weak calcium and ammonium hydroxide

Bitter in taste and soapy to touch

Mono , di and tri basic

Conc. And dilute:
Chemical properties
Uses of bases
PH scale: logarithmic scale

Salts: normal, acidic and basic salts,

double salts potash alum
Uses: NACL, washing soda, baking soda,
bleach, plaster of paris, CASO4.H2o
Periodic Classification of Elements: book
2 pg192
Mosley: modern periodic law: based on
atomic number

Modern or long form periodic table:

groups and periods: 4 blocks, s p d and f
First period, 2nd, 3rd, 4th (transition
elements)5th(transition elements)
6th(transition and lanthanides), 7th can
accommodate 32 but only 26 have been
verfied

Zn + alkali= hydrogen, nonmetal oxides,

base = water, acid and base
Importance : PH in human body too
acidic promotes cancer: PH of
blood(neutral), saliva, stomach
fluids(acidic) is fixed, teeth get corroded
if envt is too acidic, ph pf soil and
rainwater

What is water of crystallisation

118 elements
Modern periodic law states that the
physical and chemical properties of
elements are the periodic function of
their atomic numbers
Period: same valence shell is filled, size
decreases slightlychemical properties
change, metallic chr decreases.
Groups: same number of electrons in
their valence shell, same valency, similar
chemical properties, gradual variation in
physical properties, atomic radius
increases with every shell

Groups: alkali, alkali earth, transition,

carbon, nitrogen, chalcogen, halogen,
noble gases
Advantages and defects of modern
periodic table
Metallurgy:

Mineralcompund of mixture of
compounds, oremineral from which
metal can be readily and economically
extracted , diff between mineral and ore
Mining, metallurgy, gangue/matrix, flux,
slag, smelting

Gold carrot, alloys

Metals in the human body: Fe, Ca, Co,
Mg, Na, K

Occurrence: free/native and in

ores(oxide, sulphide, halide, carbonate)
Ore: gravity separation, magnetic
separation, floatation, leaching then:
highly reactive: electrolytic reduction,
medium reactive, roasting, calination,
low reactivity roasting, reducation
Then refining
Al: ores bayers electrolytic
Physical properties of alumina, chemical
properties
uses
Copper: ores, extraction chemical
properties

Iron: occurrence, extraction, physical

and chemical properties

Air, water, alkalis, acids, reducing action

Air and moisture CuCO3. Cu(OH)2

Heating CuOand Cu2O,
Dil HCl and H2SO4 with air
Dil HNO3
Conc. HNO3 and H2 SO4
Chlorine
Not react with alkalis
Heating in air Fe3O4, moist air
rustinghydrated Fe2O3, steam Fe3O4,
chlorine, dil acid H2,
Conc. HNO3inert

Uses pig, steel, wrought iron

Alloys: solid solutions
Methods: fusing, compressing finely
divided metals: amalgam mercury Cu Al
and Fe alloys
Corrosion: rust: methods for prevention:
paint, oil/grease, alloy, galvanization,
electroplating, sacrificial protection
Carbon and its compounds:
Carbon as the basis for life , ability to
make long chains catenation valency 4

Allotropes: diamond, graphite,

amosphous(charcoal), fullerene

Conditions for rusting, expt

Catenation , can combine with many

elements, stable, isomerism, low melting
and boiling points compared to ionic
compounds, slower reaction because of
breaking and eforming of bonds,
combustible
Chemical properties
C, and Hydrocarbons, Burn in O2 to give
CO2 and heat and light
Can be oxidized, hydrogenation,
saturated compounds can undergo

Homologous series: alkanes, alkenes and

alkynes: naming, drawing (saturate and
unsaturated)
Functional groups: alcohol, aldehyde,
ketone, carboxylic acid
Some important organic compounds:
ethanol, ethanoic acidmanufacture,
physical and chemical properties
Measuring instruments
Screw gauge: pitch, zero error
Astronomical unitAU, light year
Laws of Gravitation and Motion
Balanced and unbalanced forces (when
pushing force becomes greater than
frictional force leads to unbalanced force
and then movement)
3 laws of motion: 1st law

Inertia and mass

Momentum direction and magnitude:
add velocity to the mass
2nd law of motion: rate of change in
momentum is directly p to applied
unbalanced force in the direction of the
force
F proportional to m(v-u)/t = ma
3rd law: equal and opposite reaction, law
of conservation of momentum:the total
momentum before collision =total
momentum after collision, in the
absence of any external force
Moment of a force=f x d :turning effect
of a force, couple
Gravitation
Attraction between objects: F directly p
to m1xm2/d2, universal gravitation
constant G is 6.673Nm2kg2
Differnce between mass and weight:

substitution reactions, alcohol react with

Na to release H2
Alkenes decolourise bromine water

Find average diameter of a thin wire

Carom coin
Braking, acceleration, bankingFriction,
inclined plane with different levels of
roughness
Inertia is due to mass so inertia will be
the same in space as well as on earth,
P=mxv
Gives us away to measure the force
acting on an object
1N = amount fof focre that accelerate 1
kg mass to 1m/s2
2 springs, gunshot recoil, big car hitting
small car
Balloon with tube on a string

Mass
1. Fundamental quantity.
2. It is the amount of matter
contained in a body.

weight in N, mass in kg
G acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2

Galileo acceleration due to gravity: in the

absence of air all bodies will fall at the
same rate
F= GMm/R2 F=mg so g = GM/R2 which
is a constant
Mass of Earth M=gR2/G
Chandrayan

3. Its unit is kilogram.

4. Remains the same.
5. It is measured using physical balance.
Weight
Derived quantity.
It is the gravitational pull acting on the
body.
Its unit is newton.
Varies from place to place.
It is measured using spring balance.
Spring balance and scale balance on the
moon
Leaning tower of Pisa

Water molecules, once molten, etc, p243

Cyrogenic techniques: liquid N2,

cryogenic hardening of metals,
cryogenic fuels, MRI liquid He, liquifed
gas on power transmission lines, food
freezing, vaccines
Space Station
Energy and electricity:
What is circuit, current charge per time,
1A=1q/sec
Electric Potential and Potential
difference: comparision to water in a
horizontal tube,
V= work done/charge= J/coloumb
voltameter. Who is doing the work?
Circuit symbols
Ohms law V=IR, R is a constant for a
material at a given temperature, 1R=1
V/Amp units 1ohm
Resistors in sequence and parallel, Rtotal
= sum of all Rs, 1/Rtotal=1/R1 +1/R2 .
Heating effect of current: some part of
the energy gets dissipated as heat,
joules law of heating

What flows in a wire? electrons

Not clear how to understand V

Different wires across same battery

measure current, wire bulb

H=W=VQ= VIt =I2RT dissipated at the

resistor as heat. So H is directly
proportional to I2, R, t

Role of fuse: protection

Domestic Electric Circuit

Electric power rate of doing work.

P=W/t=VI power consumed when 1volt
of potential difference moves one Amp
of current
1unit =1KWhour means 1 KW is
consumed for 1 hour
Electrolysis
Electrochemical cell: generate energy
through chemical action, Zn, Cu in dil
H2SO4
Primary(irreversible) and secondary
cells(reversible/chargeable?)
Leclanche cell, Lead Acid Accumulator
Sources of Energy: What is a good
source of energy, easy access, lot of
power generation, storage and transport,
cost, Fossil fuels, thermal power plant,
hydro, biomass: wood cowdung
Non-conventional:solar, wind, nuclear
Radioactivity: radiation, fission and
fusion, E=mc2
Hydrogen bomb, nuclear reactor
advantages and disadvantages
Tidal energy dam, wave energy rotation
of turbine,
Ocean thermal energy
Magnetic effect of current

Magnet also exerts a force on the current

carrying conductor p278 find experiment

Red live, black neutral, green earth

buried deep in the earth for appliances
that have a metal body low resistance
wire connected to metal body, meter
board, 15A and 5A circuits, connected in
parallel, how the fuse woks if red and
green contact each other: is the earth a
lower resistance than the neutral?
Lemon juice conducts elctricity

Zn ++ passes into soln building up

electron charge, at eh same time H+ is
discharged into Cu rod , over time acid
becomes Zn salt soln

Conduction , convection radiation,

Design solar cooker, study solar heater
Ask grandparents : water, transport,
entertainment, lights

The phenomenon of spontaneous

emission of highly penetrating radiations
such as , , and rays by heavy
elements having atomic number greater
than 82 is called radioactivity and the
substances which emit these radiations
are called radioactive elements
Magnet: iron filings for field, compass at
different points> field has magnitude
and direction, bar magnet and horshoe
Expt to show currwent produces
magnetic field and change in polarity
when current direction is changed:
horizontal cardboard perpendicular to
wire: pattern of filings concentric circles,
rheostat will show if current increases,

Elemings left hand rule(dont

understand)
Electric motor: how does it work p279
Electromagnetic induction
Magnet can be used to generate current:
when current carrying conductor is
placed in magnetic field it moves
Electric generator 281
Light
Reflection angle of I =angle of r, the
incident and reflected ray ad the normal
lie in the same plane
Spherical mirrors: concave and convex,
centre of reflecting surface is called pole,
centre of curvature, radius of curvature,
principal axis
Parallel rays converge at focus: define
focal length, its half the radius for
spherical mirrors

New Cartesian Sign convention for

reflection with spherical mirrors

strength will increase

Magnetic field of coiled wire becomes an
electromagnet, same filings expt
Move magnet through coil to generate
electricity. Direction of induced current
using flemings rule

Spoon and reverse, move closer and

further
Burn paper with concave mirror
Parallel rays go through F and reverse,
ray through C gets reflected back in the
same line
Difference between real and virtual
image
Uses of concave mirror to get powerful
beam of light torches or to concentrate
sunlight
Convex enlargement: rear view, make up
mirror, parallel rays appear to come out
from focus behind the mirror, rays
passing through centre get reflected
back on same axis. At different positions
of the object what will be the position,
size and nature of image
See far away object on concave and
convex mirror

Mirror formula= i/u+1/v=1/f positive

distance is behind the mirror to the right
and negative is to the left
Refraction
When medium changes, light bends

Laws of refraction: incident ray, reflected

Pencil in glass of water, bottom of pool

looks higher than it actually is, what
would happen if water replaced by some
other liquid

ray and normal all lie in the same plane.

Sin i/sin r= mu constant for a pair of
media refractive index
Spherical lenses
1/f=1/v-1/u

Power of lens
Definition: degree of convergence or
divergence P=1/f dioptre convex is
positive and concave is negative why?
Refraction of light through a triangular
prism

Centres of curvature, principal axis,

optical centre, diameter is the aperture
Focus convex lens on the wall till you get
a sharp image. Convex: parallel ray will
pass through focus on other side,
concave: parallel ray will be seem to be
appearing from focus on left side, and
reverse.
Through the O will be unchanged
What is the meaning of powerful lens

To find the angle of refraction Expt 2 pins

behind a prism, draw a line connecting
them

Angle of deviation: is d= 2r?

Dispersion of white light by a prism

Why does it have to be a white beam of

light

Human eye
How is it a lens, parts of the eye myopia
and hypermetropia, presbyopia
Practicals
Microscope :Onion cell, paramecium cell
Microorganisms in pond water
pippete

Vernier callipers
Relative density of 3 spheres different
sizes same material
Pollen grain under microscope
Purity of milk lactometer
Preparation of solutions, saturated
unsaturated supersaturated
Displacement reactions

Onion vacuole and cell wall, rectangular

draw
Using pipette, measuring cylinder
Separation of mixtures: properties of
mixtures
Pollen grain Brownian motion

Growing of a crystal
Ordering reactivity of metals
displacement
Relation of pendulum to length

Potato osmoscope
Xylem experiment
Presence of alcohol in breath
Identify radicals
Time temperature graph from 100
degrees of water to room temperature

Carbonate, chloride, sulphate,

Acids and bases
Heating and cooling

Dissect parts of a flower

Identify given slide :transverse section of
anther, lateral section of ovule
RBCs, WBC, plasmodium
Fermentation expt: sugar soln, yeast,
limewater
Calculate BMI
Test for starch in food samples
Solution is given find what type it is:
transparent, homogenous, passes
through filter
Prepare solution and find out if it is
saturated or not
Find out the functional group present
COOH and OH

Litmus, sodium carbonate, acidified

potassium dichromate(confirms OH)

Screw guage to find thickness of Rs1

coin
Ohms Law verification ammeter,
voltmeter, resistor of unknown value,
battery eliminator

Find R=V/I, plot graph

Where to conncet voltmeter and where

to connect ammeter
Equivalent resistance of 2 connectors in
series
Identify see and say if it is monocot or
dicot
Classify fruit with resons and diagram:
tomato simple fruit, jackfruit
Oxygen through phtosynthesis
Test for fats: saponification

Test for gases

Identify if sample id acid or base

Litmus phenophthalin, sodium

carbonate, zinc, methyl orange

Use ph paper to find ph
Find metal by using NAOH
Find focal length of convex lens
Map magnetic field of bar magnet with
NP facing North with a small compass

Cu, Fe, Al
Far away image