Navneet Maths Digest STD 8th

BASED ON THE TEXTBOOK
NA[/NEET
HIETTf,EffiET!$$
DIGEST
NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD
CONTENTS
Squares and Square Roots

1. Squares and Square Roots
2. Inational and Real Numbers
3. Parallel Lines
4. Quadrilaterals
17
to 7)
You have studied in previous standard to find the square root by the
division method
and Proportion
3I
35
48
...
11. Equations in One Variable
84
9I
lffil
tffil
Cubes_ and Cube Roots
13. Indices
+l
289
+4
27
+7
34
85
+5
000
2025
16
0'425
425
Ant. The square root of 289 is 17.
Ans. The square root of 2025 is 45.
(t)
(4) 646416
6400e
804
253
101
105
14. Construction'of Quadrilaterals

15. The Arc of a Circle
116
16. Joint Bar Graphs
123
17. Compound Interest
t28
18. Polynomials
138
19. Discount and Commission
142
20. Volume and Surface Area

21. Division of Polynomials
150
r62
22. Factors of Polynomials
173
180
Miscellaneous Exercise-2 (Textbook page 170)
Q. Find the square root by the division method

(2) 202s
(1) 28e
62
69
Miscellaneous Exerbise-1 (Textbookpage g9)
(Textbook page 1)
55
10. Identities
12.
square root
24
5. The Circle
6. Area
7. The Circumference and Area of a Circle
8. Statistics
9. Variation
[. Revision-Square,
t4
(Textbook pages
VIII
108
Anl, 'l'ho
square root
of
64(l0t) is 253.
Ans. The squarc root of

646416 is 804.
I x 9:81 .'. 9 is the square root of 81.

( - 9) x (-9):81 .'. (-9)isthe squarerootof
,',
tltc square root of 81 is 9
or -9.
81.
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

YIIT
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
(1) Every positive number has two square roots.

(2) These squre roots are opposite numbers of each
other.
(4) The positive square root of,625.
Q, 2. Write in symbols :
Ane. (1) The positive sqqare root of a00:
(Textbook page 2)
Q. Write the square roots of each of the following numbers

(1) e
Ans. The square root of 9 is 3 or
(2)
(3) 100
3:
of 25 is 5 or
-5.
'_glTg
19_91
$yg:
of 100 is t0 or _
-19-gl
Q, 3. lVrite the values of

Anc. (1)
10.
(4) ts6
Ans. The square root of 196 is t4 or _14.
(s) 324
4ry:
fr:
'
576 is 24
,r/-,
(D
(5)
\E:s
/roo:
and
- j64- -
8.
(3) -
tE4
(3) The negative square root of 625.
3; 5,
5 and
The gquare root of a number that is not a porfect squar.e :

A number which is not
rquare root is 20 is
a perfect square also has a square root. e.g., the
,/n.
(Textbook page 4)
Q,
l. The sides forming the right angle of a right-angled triangle are

7 cm and 5 cm. Find the length of its hypotenuse.
Let AABC be a right-angled +
trlangle, in which LB:?O, /(AB):5 r*
end ,(BC):7 cm.
F
Bolutlon :
a. 1. Write the following numbers in words :

(3) - j6rs @{@
Q) +!l !11 T_"_ pgll_t-1y_: square root of 324.
p) fhe negarive square root of 324.
lx: -s
ro.
nttilibers are called non-perfect square numbers.
utU
(Textbook page 2)
g \F
13 respectively
- J-,
is read as the posirive square root of sixty_four.

is read as the negative square root of sixty_four.
t , ,[1.
2, 3, 5, 20, 27, etc., are not the perfect squares of any integers. Such
Writing: The symbol

is used to write the square root.
meaning of this symbol is positive square root. For.
negative square
the symbol '
is used.
Reading :
, _J4_:
The square of an integer is called a perfect square number.

13,
or _24.
3. Writing and reading a squarO root
121
9,f,, the numbers 9, 25 and 169 are the squares of 3,
lgtg:1-919!324 is tB or _ t8.
Ans. The square root of
-O- -3
- .Jnt: - 11
t *tt-.t tqt"r"r ""a *
(4)
s76
-.JA
JA:S
of 81 :
(4) The positive square root of
r!:
4T:
square root
(3) The negative square root of
3.
2s
$l|:
(6)
(2) The negative
uffi.
.Ai'
rl
By Pythagoras' theoiem,
ll(Ac)1'z: u(AB)12 + t/(BC)],
: (5)' + Q)2 :25 * 49 :74

,', /(AC) : uE4 cn.
Anc. The length of the hypotenuse is J-l+
"
NAVNEET MATTIEMATICS DIGEST
STANDARD
VIII
Q. 2. Find the length of the diagonal of a rectangle of length

breadth 7 cm.
Solution : Let E ABCD be a rectangle.
(BC) :7 cm and /(AB) : 12 cm.
Each angle of a rectangle js a right angle.
.'. in the figure, AABC is a righrangled
12 cm and
'l'he approximate value of the square root of a non-perfect square

number:
7,
ln the above example, we have calculated the square root of 30 up to

lirur decimal places.
t-
../30:
triangle.
By Pythagoras' theorem,
u(Aqlr:
:io})z + e)2 :144 *
.'.
/(AC)
: uEi
49
lhrrt digit and keep the remaining digits as
:193
tu;rproximate value
"
"",493
cm.
30.00000000
-25
5 00
- 416
1087
7
542
44
In the above example,
"^
219084
02
up to one decimal place will be 5.5.
by division
fr .l
of
denote that further there
will
be
infinite number of digits.

up to four decimal places.
t6
fr
t2
6 l',)"42
t2
h | )44
up to three decimal places
6t
03900
3756
ll2
Ans. ./io:3.1622...
Approximate values
0100
(r
3.1622
9
rl
s.4772...
third, second and first decimal places
10.00000000
It
frl
the value of the square root.

This process is never endi
In 5.4772..., the dots on the ri
,,,m:5.4772is
tlt l0
I
we continue the process
6629
02
Hqurre root up to the
As 30 is not a perfect square, wo
07I
47
.f,0
;llncc by division method. Then write the approximate value of each

8cm
will get more decimal places, i
084
7 609
+7
*50:
.f
'l'lro approximate value of
up to two decimal places.
Q, li'lnd the square roots of the following numbers to the fourth decimar
Ans. The length of the diagonal of the square is .",42g cm.
30 is a non-perfect square number. Let us find

5.47 7 2
nET:5.48
1.
(Textbook page 6)
... /(AC) : ,EZS
6. The square root of a non-perfect square number
'f'lrus, we get,
tr
o
:64 * 64:128
up to three decimal places.
l/(AC)1'z: t1(AB)l' + t/(BC)l'

(8)2 + (8)2
.f
thop 7 and increase the previous digit by
Q. 3. Find the Iength of the diagonal of a square with side g cm.

Solution : Let n ABCD be a square whose
side is 8 cm.
Each angle of a square is a right angle.
.'. in the figure, AABC is a right-angled
triangle.
By Pythagoras' theorem,
of
it is. So, .160:5.477 isthe
T'he digit 7 in the third decimal placb is greater than 5 or 5. Hence, we
Ans. The length of the diagonal of the rectangle is
5.4772.
l{ere, the digit2 in the fourth decimal place is less than 5 or 5. We drop
+ t/(AB)12
u(BC)12
0t4400
t2644
0175600
126484
049tt6
"/to:ltez
up to two decimal places
u'Eo:ne
up to one decimal place
u/n:s.z
10
NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST
(2) 13s
STANDARD
VIII
SQUARES AI\D SQUARE ROOTS
11.6189
Isroooooooo
I
+1
035
+1
226
+6
23228
14 00
23 23 69
8
(3) 777
+2
47
207 900
JBs:11.6
377
+7
-329
548
67
+7
2229
557 487
7
557494
22
76
04012400
3902409
0109991
126484
4427 r29
048
142
+2
.4ooo:11.62
up to one decintal place
/ooo:31.6
72.9931
5328.OOOOOOOO
.7
+7
./tooo :31.623
r2644
0r756
3?D437-49
,l,ns.
o4
t44 00
I30 4L t
013 5900
13 1301
0 459900
437 9 49
.f3x
:72.9931...
Approximate values
284
ffi:27.8747-.
38969
0263 r00
55744
(5) 5328
An*
Approximate values
37 56
02t95100
'nn:2ir.B7s
048 00
43 84
04 1600
+8
6t
+1
Approximate values :
-4
+l
Ans. .r/tooo :31.6227.-
232t
in.ooo-ooooo
JBs:1t.62
27.87 47 |
+3
61
:
27
209 t32r
0 t 1627 9
3r.6
tooo.oooooooo
tt.6t9
185824
2207 600
23237
./35:
u.6189...
JBs:
004400
Ans.
2t
1356
232r
(4) rooo
Approximate values :
-1
2t
55
1459861
!Br8:72.ss3
!&r8:72.ss
J$rB:73.0.
Jm:27.88
$n =27.e
tl. The square root of a decimal fraction by the division method
Itlx. Find the square root of 249.3241by the division method.

| 5 .1
.7 9
part of the
i
if,irst, the digits in the integer
iFirst,
(249)
paired
are
inumber
o.ff
from
the right,
I
, 4 9 .3 Z 4 I
jThen,
the digits in the decimal part (ot 3241)
rl
-l
25
149
i are also paired off, but starting from the left.
i Now, find the square root as per the
f5
-r25
-r
2t
634
jcompleted, place a decimal point after the

obtained till
tllt.lh*
then (i.e., after.
after 15)
H++iquotient
Ans.
NAYNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD
VIII
(3) 34.1s8
(Textbook pageT)
Q. 1. Find
(t)
the square root of the following numbers by the division method
s6.2s
Q) tst.zs
+5
108
+8
tt64
29
Ans. n/56.25:7.5.
(3) 49.s616
,tttr. r,ry5Lrr:12.3.
(4) 443.s236
7.04
2t.o6
2
-L1
41
+1
n.i2TZ
-4
o4
02
0 00
2
2 5236
00
49.5616:7.04.
Q. 2. Flnd the approximate value of the square roots of the following

numbers up to the second place :
(1) s9.03
(2) 3.41s8
7.683
+7
146
+6
r528
+8
9.0 3 0 0 0 0
-49
10
87
1536
+8
r27 0
r2224
00
3.415800
-1
2
-224
01
00
46089
66
J5c:o3:7.683...
Ans. yte.o3 :7.68 correcr up to
two decimal places.
1.8 4 8
I
+1
1456
36
36
+4
11588
34.r5S000
-25
0915
864
05180
4656
052400
46736
05664
,', /5als8:5.844...
Ans. .f,4rSS :5.84 correct up to
two decimal places.
+2
46
+6
320
-27 6
528
044 50
42 24
+8
5364
02 2600
2 r456
+4
53682
ot 14400
2
r 07364
53684
0 07036
41
42
+4
I t684
26.842
720.500000
r 2.3
(4) 720.s
29504
tr54158:1.848...
i two
decimal places.
rrr-
Irrational and Real Numbers

rttl 2 ir IrrationalandRea
IRRATIONAL AND REAL NUMBERS

(Textbook pages 8 ro t2)
1. Revision : Rational numbers :

Ifp is any integer and q is any non-zero integer, then 4 is called
(Textbook page 10)

a
Q. Write
the following numbers in the non-terminating recurring
form
Ans.
rational number.
The decimal form of a rational number is obtained by dividing its

numerator by the denominator.
(i) The decimal form of ! is O.O.
(ii) The decimal form of I is O.OO... and that of is 0.090909...
fr
In case (i), the process of division comes to an end. The decimal
fraction, so obtained, is calred a terminating decimal fraction.
ln case (ii), the process is unending. In this-case either a aigi, o, a group

of digits is repeated. The decimar fraction, so obtained, is called a
0.16
ttlll
7.439 i 10.505
0.058
'I
1.06 i 0.0002
t-
-l
10.6050i 0.0580
1.060
I
I
4. Non-terminating recurring decimal forms and rational numbers

Every nutmber
non-terminating recuning decimal fraction.

ln case (ii), 3 : 0.66... is written as :0.6 and
in the non-terminating recurring decimal form is a
rational number.
52
*:0.090909... is written
I
il
as
fr:0.09.
[The recurring digits are marked with a line drawn above them. ]
(Textbook page 9)
a. chssify the following
decimal fractions as terminating and nonterminating recurring decimals :

(t) 0.777... Q) 0.777 (3) 4.7152 (4) 4.71n (t e.16s16s
(6) e.16s (7) O.s2sss (s) 0.s2s (s) 72.136.
Ans. Terminating decimals : (2) 0.777 (3) 4.7182 (5) 9.165165
(7) 0.s2888.
Non-terminating recurring decimals
non-terminating recurring decimal frbction.
3.75:3.750
Every rational number can be written in the non-terminating recurring
iI
Numbers whose decimal.form is non-terminating and non-recurring are
calted irrational numbers.
rf;:2.230067977...i.e.,
and non-rectrrring. So,
.f
the decimal form of
..,6 i, non-tenninating
is an irrational number.
6, tlquare roots of numbers that are not perfect squares
The square roo[s ofnumbers that are not perfect squeres are irratiorutl
numbers.
The terminating decimal fraction 3.75, if written as 3.750, 3.7500, etc.,

its value does not.change.
writing zeroes on the right side of a terminating decimal it becomes a
Irrational numbers
(1) 0.777... (4) 4.7182 (6) 9.165 (8) 0.s28 (s) 72.136.
3. writing a terminating decimal in the form of a non-terminating
form.
t,
(Textbook page 12)
Q, Clussify the following numbers into two groups and label each group
correctly
l\ 4.en
(2) 0.3104s693...
@\E
@trB
(s) 10.0s
(6) 0.1010010001...
Ans. Rational numbers : G) a9n @ J4g (5) 10.05

lrrtrtional numbers : (2) 0.31045693... (3) aEi 6> 0.1010010001...
! Rcul
numbers : The collection

together is called real numbers.
of rational and irrational numbers
NAVNEET MAI'HEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VTII
r.
Parallel LineS
lS
-t llParallellrnes
(Textbook pages 13 to 22)
ttt
(Textbook page 12)
Q. Make
l.
a table
with columns for rational numbers, irrational numbers

and real numbers and write the following numbers in their proper
places in the table
(1) 1.57 Q) v5
o\F
(8)
(3) 4.10547194:.. (4)
4.8
(5)
0.73s (O lE
Rational numbers
(4) 4.8
(s) 0.73s
@
d
*t
Jzs
(8)
set squares.
2. Lines parallel to the sarne line

In the figure, line / ll lnne m
and line n ll line m.
v4%
Using the ruler and set squares, we find that line
,/\%
ll line n.
Lines parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
Ans.
(r) r.s1
Drawing parallel lines :

You have studied how to draw a line parallel to a given line using
Irrational numbers
ReaI numbers
Q).,fr
All the given numbers
(3) 4.10547r94...
are real numbers
0lo
(9) 3.819023...
(10) 6.10203040...
3..Lines perpendicular to the same line :

In the figure,Ttne m r line / and line a r
line /. Using the set squares and a ruler,
check whether lines m and n are parallel to
each other.
intercept :
(1) In the figure, transversal n intersects
line'/ and line m in two distinct points P and Q.
Segment PQ is called the intercept formed by
4, The
lines
/ and m on transversal
n.
(2) Intercepts made by three parallel lines on

I
a transversal
In the figure, line /, line m and line n are parallel

to one another.
The intercept cut off by lines 'l' and m on

transversil p is seg CD. The inteicept cut off by
lines ru and n on tranSversal p is seg DE.
The intercept cut off by lines I and n on
transversal p is seg CE.
(Textbook page 16)
a. ln
each of the following figures, name the intercepts, the lines that
form them and the transversal on which they are formed :
NAVNEET MATIIEMA.TICS DIGEST : STANDARD
18
VIII
PARALTEL LINES
Ans.
Fig. (1) : Lines g and ft make intercept seg DE on the transversal4.

Lines ft and I make intercept seg EF on the transversal
4.
I.ines g and i make intercept seg DF on the transversal q.
t and w make intercepts : seg HD on the transvers al p and

IC on the transversal s.
Lines w and ft make intercepts : seg DF on thetansversalp and
Fig. (2) : Lines

seg
seg CR on the transversal s.

Lines r and ft make intercepts : seg rrF on the transversal p and
seg IR on the fransversal s.
Lines p and s make intercepts : seg HI on line r; seg DC on line
and seg FR on line ft.
rig. (3) : Lines s and p make intercepts

seg AI on the transversal y.
: seg RD on the transversal r and
p and ft make intercepts : seg DO on the transversal /

seg IN on the transversal v.
Lines s and ft make intercepts seg RO on the transversal I and
seg AN on the transversal v.
Lines / and y make intercepts : seg AR on line s; seg ID on line p,
Lines
il
I
l. In the figureo line ft | line /
ll tine rz.
Their transversals, line c and line d, cut
them at points X, Y, Z and P, Q, R
respectively.
If t(xY)
:5, l(YZ):3,
/(PQ) :5.5,
flnd r(QR).
Solution z Line k ll line 1 ll line m. Line c
and line d are theilr transversals.
.'. by the property of three parallel lines and their transversals,
/(xY): /(PQ)
(QR)
/(YZ)
",53
5.5
/(QR)
... (Substituting the given values)
.'. 5 x /(QR) :5.5;
.'.
/(QR):Y:
1.1
:3.3.
Ans. /(QR) :3.3.
and seg NO on line fr.
(Textbook page 19 & 20)
5. The prope4ies of parallel lines and their transversals with respect

to intercepts
(1) If the intercepts formed by three parallel

lines"on any one transversal are congruent, the
intercepts they forrn on any other transversal are
also congruent.
Line / ll bne m ll line n and linesp and, q arethe
transversals.
In the figure, if intercept seg AB

seg
BC, then intercept segDE
intercept
intercept seg EF.
(2) The ratio of the lengths of tho intercepts made by three parallel lines on one
transversal and the ratio of the lengths of the
corresponding intercepts made by the same
lines on any other transversal are equal.
Line.r ll line y ll line z and lines p and q are
the transversals.
/(cD) _ /(LM)
In the fisure.
-'l(DE)
"
/(MN)'
Q. 2. In the figure, Iine a ll line D ll line c.

l.lne d and line e are their transversals
lntersecting them in points P, Q, R and
polnts Lo M, No respectively. Point Q is the
mldpoint of seg PR.
tf ,(QR) :7.2 andr(LM) :6.2,find,/(PQ)
and /(MN).
Solution : Point Q is the midpoint of seg pR
t*?11
l(eR)
(Given)
,'. /(QR):7.2
,.. /(Pe):
...
.'. I(PQ):7.2.
'Line a jl line b ll line c. Line d and line e are thek transversals.
,'. by the property of three parallel lines and their transversals,
intercept LM:intercept MN ... t'.' l(PO: /(QR) ... From (l)l
.'. /(LM): /(MN)
t(LM):6.2 ... (Given)

,: /(MN):6.2
Ans. /(PQ) :7.2; /(MN) :6.2.
20
NAVNEET MATIilMATICS DTGEST : STANDARD VrrI
(1) Dividing a line segment into a given number of equal parts
PARATLEL LINES
(Textbook page 22)

:
Q, 1. Divide seg LM of length 9 cm into 5 congruent parts.

equal parts.
Ans.
Construction :
(1) Draw a 6 cm long seg pe.
(2) At P, draw a ray PM making an acute
angle of some suitable measure.
(3) At Q, draw a ray QN on the opposite
side of seg PQ making an acute angle
of the same measure.
(4) On the ray PM starting from p, mark
off 4 congruent segments pp1, p1p2,
PrP. and P.Po with the help of of
Seg
LA, seg AB, seg BC,
neg CD and seg
DM are the five
congruent parts of seg-LM.

p
compass. On the ray QN also, starting

,lil
from Q mark off 4 congruent segments eer, erer, ezer and

er
each of, which is congruent to seg ppr.
(s) Draw seg PQo, seg PrQr, seg prer, seg pre, and seg poe. Let seg pre,
seg PrQ, and seg P.Q, ihtersect seg pe in points A, B and
{1.
Seg PA, seg
Dtviae seg CD of length 6.4 cm into 3 congruent parts.
Ans.
Sog CA, seg
AB
and
rog BD are the three

gongruent parts of seg CD.
respectively.
(6)
l,
AB, seg BC and seg Ce are the four congruent parts
seg PQ.
Ex. Divide 5.5 cm long seg Xy in the ratio /(XL) : l(Ly):2 2 3.

Ans, As per the above construction, divide seg Xy into 5 (Z+3
congruent parts. Take point
/Qo-):t(LY):2:3.
L on seg Xy
such that
io of division
:l
l$
::g-T:_11
ttber of congruent parts of

,legment
Q,
{. Dlvide
2:3 1:5 l:2 3:4 5:3

5
seg ST of length 10 cm in the ratio 2 : 3.

Ans. [Seg ST is to be divided in the ratio 2 : 3.
,', seg ST will have to be divided into 2 * 3 :5 congruent parts.l
VIII
PARALLEL LINES
Q, 7. Draw a line segment of length 7 cm. Mark

l(PR) : t(RO:4 t, L.
Anr. /(PR) : /(RQ) :4: I.
.',
l(Yl):2'
Q. 5. Divide 7 cm long line segment AB in the ratio 3 : t

Ans.Ratio3:2.
.'.
total divisions
:3 * 2: 5
4s
Point C divides seg AB in the

ratro 3 : 2.
.'. /(AC) : /(CB) :3 :2.
a. 6. Divide seg PQ of length 6 crn in the ratio 1 : 2.

Ans.Ratiol:2.
.'. total divisions : I -12:3.
Pl
,'t
\
o\R
\ .,.
Point R divides seg PQ in the
ratio I :2.
.'. /(PR) : /(RQ): 1 :2.
:4 * | :5
lloint R divides seg PQ in the ratio 4

.', /(PR) : /(RQ):4: L
Point P divides seg ST in the ratio 2 : 3.
/(SP) :
total divisions
1.
a point R on
it such that
tr
QUADRILATERALS
The types of quadrilaterals named on the basis of their angles and
are shown below.

(Textbook pages 23 & 24)
Recall the properties of quadrilaterals and
fill in the blanks
(l) mISTR:90'
:
(L) Parallelogram : A quadrilateral with

opposite sides parallel is called a
parallelogram.
Properties of parallelogram
____
----- -- -- ----::--
--
--
(2) /(PT) : /(TR)

(3) nLSPQ:mlSRQ
(l)
,-(1) The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.

(W'The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
(3) The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
- -'..{-'-
l) /(AB) = /(AD)
(2) /(BC):/(DC)
(3) rn IAMD:90'
(4) ! ABCD is a kite.
(
1. Rc
HC
.r side DF
(2) /(HF):l(CD)
(3)
'(cM):t(DM)
-----
(2) Rhombus : A quadrilateral with all four
Side
sides
: /(EU)
(1)
'(PN)
(2) nlutN:90'
(3) r(TN) -r(TP)
: /(TU)
: /(TE)
congruent is called a rhombus.
Propertiep-of rhombus :
(*Fh6" diagonals of rhombus bisect each
ot[rer at right angles.
diagonal of a rhombus is
Q)dacn
-
the
perpendicular bisector of the other.
(U#dtbposite
angles of a rhombus are congruent.
(3) Rectangle : A quadrilateral with all angles

right angles is called a rectangle.
Properties of a rectangle :
(1) The opposite sides of a rectangle are
Flnd the length of diagonal QS of the square PQRS, if the length of

dlrgonal PR is I cm.
Ans. The diagonals of a square are congruent.
.'. /(PR): /(QR)
,', they are of equal length.
l(PR):8 cm ... (Given)
,', /(Qs):8
squar.
l,
diagonals of a square are congruent.

diagonals of a square bisect each other.
{t.Pr!9t-lsMrof a square is the perpendicular
hoblems based on the properties-of quadrilaterals
l,
(4) Square : A quadrilateral with all the sides congruent and every angle a right angle is called a
,(fr'lhe
(Textbook page 25)
.(J),.The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
i(l)-The
PE
0)
L congruent.
gffine diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
Properties of a square
bisector ofthe ot
ll'ln
cm.
the square ABCD, /(AB)
4.5 cm, what are the lengths 0f the
0thcr sides of the square?

Anl. All the sides of a square are congruent.
," /(AB): l(BC): /(CD): /(DA).
l(AB) :4.5 cm ... (Given)
,', /(BC) : /(CD) : l(DA) :4.5 cm.
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII
a. 3. The diagonals seg DF and seg BG of the

square DEFG intersect each other in point M.
If ,(DM) -7 cm, find t(EG).
Fhnilarly, seg PQ
/tPg;
...
... (D-M-F)
... [From (1) and (2)]
... (3)
The diagonals of a square are congruent.
.'. /(EG): /(DF):14 cm

.'. /(EG): L4 cm.
Q. 4. The
...
[From (3)]
XZ and,yW are the diagonals of

the square XYZW.M is their point of intersection.
segments
Find zlXMY.
Ans. LXMY is the angle at the point of intersection
of the diagonals seg XZ and seg yW.
The diagonals of a square are perpendi-cular bisectors
of each other.
.'. zLXNIY:90o.
Q. 5. In the square HDFC, if t(HD :5 cIn, find J(CD).
Ans. Seg IIF and seg CD are the diagonals of square HDFC.
/(CD): /(HF)
".
/(HF;:5
...
"- cm.
.'. /(CD):5
(2) RECTANGLE
,(PS)
:9
/(sR):7
cm.
'fhe diagonals AC and BD of rectangle

ABCD intersect each other in point O. If
n/ CAB:2S', find zLDAC and
nt/ LCD.
Folutlon: Each angle of a rectangle is a
rlght angle.
,', mLons:90".
Hrl DAB
nLDAC + nLCAB
,', 90: zLDAC+25 ... (Given : nLCAB:25")

,' , aLDAC: 90 - 25 :65".
The opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel.

,', $eg AB ll seg DC. AC is the transversal.
LACD
..- (Alternate angles)
.., /-CAB
m/ cAB:25'
,',
mLACD
:25"
65o;
...
(Given)
zLACD
25o.
J, The diagonals AC and BD of rectangle ABCD intersect each other

ln the point K. If /(AK) :3.5 cm, then /(KC) : ?, /(AC) : ?
'l'ltc point K is the point of intersection of diagonals AC and BD.
,', /(AK): /(KC).
... (Given)
/{AK;:3.5
cm
PQRS, l(PQ)
SR .'. /(PQ): /(SR)
(Given)
fiolution : The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
(Given)
/(KC):3.5
(Textbook page 26)
a. 1. In rectangle
seg
t,
Ann mLolC
The diagonals of a square are congruent.
Ans. /(QR):9 cm;
(1)
(2)
:7 .-
,', /(SR):'7 cm
Ans. The diagonals of a square bisect each other.
.'. /(DM): /(FM)

/(DM):7 cm ... (Given)
.'. /(FM) :7 cm
l(or;-/(DM)+/(MF)
:(7 + 7) cm: L4 cm
.'. /(DF):14 cm
QUADRILATERALS
:7
cm,
cm
"' : zl(KC):2 x 3.5 cm:7 cm.

/{AC;
Anr. /(KC) :3.5 cm; /(AC) :7 cm.
cm. f ind ,(QR) and t(SR).
Solution : The opposite sides of a rectangle are
4.
congruent.
rr,ctangle XYZW intersect each other

ln the point M. If l(XZ):8 cm, then
.'. seg PS = seg QR

.'. /(PS): /(QR)
/(PS1:9 sm ... (Given)
.'. /(QR):9 cm
'fhe diagonals XZ and WY of
llnd /fiM) and /(YM).

llolution : The diagonals of a rectangle
nre congruent and bisect each other.
NAVNEET MATTIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD
VIII
.'. /(xM) :I t6z)
:j
:4
cm ... [Given : t(XZ):8 cm]
cm
t(XZ)
... (The diagonals of a rectangle.)
t(XZ):8 cm
... (Given)
.'. /(YW):8 cm
/(YM) : j lgWl :1 * 8 cm :4 cm
Ans. /(XM) :4 cm; /(YM):4 cm.
/(YW)
mLL:mLM:mLN:90o.
nlp. What
of quadrilateral is n LMNP ?
Solution : The sum of the measures of the angles of a quadrilateral
360'.
.'. mLL * mLM * mLN * mLp: 360o
.'. 90 + 90 + 90 *mLP:360 ... (Substituting the given values)
.'. 270 * mLP :360
Q. 5. In n LMNP,
Find
.'. mLP:360*270 .'. mLP:90"
Now, each angle of
tr LMNP is a right angle.
QUADRILATERALS
l,
ll'
nt/ Ql'S in the rhombus PQRS is 65o, find nLQRS.
Ittlttllorr : 'ilre opposite angles of a rhombus are congruent.

/ Ql,s : LQRS
lrl Ql']S: lnIQRS
mi t;l's : 65' ... (Given)

. , n/ QRS:65'
Ann, m/ QRS:65o.
{, 'l'lrc diagonals
AC and BD of rhombus ABCD intersect each other
ln llrc prrint O. Find mLAOD and,mLBOC.

Holutlon : The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular bisectors of
F*tclt rttlter.
'l'lte point O is the point of intersection of diagonals AC and BD.
,', ttt/ AOD: nLBOC:90".

: 90o; wLBOC:
Anx, rrrl.AOD
90o.
KING, mLK:70o and LI:110". Find the

nr[Huros of the other angles of the rhombus KING.
l, ln the rhombus
.'. n LMNP is a rectangle.
llolulkrn : The opposite angles of a rhombus
!ns. mLP:90o; n LMNP is a rectangle.
HIT r'ongruent.
(3) RHOMBUS
'/N.rLKandLG=LI
lll N:mLK:70o and
ttt/
(Texfbook page 27)
a. 1. If
Anx.
ttt
the length of one side of a rhombus is 7.5 cm, find the lengths
the remaining sides.

Solution : All the sides of a rhombus a.re congruent.
The length of one side of a rhombus is given to be 7.5 cm..
Ans. The length of each of the remaining sides of the rhombus is 7.5
Q. 2. The diagonals segXZ and seg YW of rhombus XyZW in

each other in the point P. If /(XP) :8 cmo find l(XZ).
Solution : The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other.
The point P is the point of intersection of the diagonals.
.'. P is the midpoint of diagonalXZ.
.'. t(xz):2t(xP)
:2x8cm
:16 cm
Ans. /(XZ): L6 cm.
...
[Given :
/(XP):8 pml
C:mLI=I10"
/ N : 70' and mLG:
IIAIIAI,I,ELOGRAM
110'.
70"
I 109
:
ii::l
(Textbook page 28)
l,
'l'hc diagonals LN and MT of parallelogram LMNT intersect each

rtllttr in the point O. If /(MO):5 crrr /(LN):6 cmo find /(OT) and
,tNO).
tiolulion : The diagonals of a paralleIoplr'irnr bisect each other.
'l'lrr' point O is the point of intersection

ul' llrc diagonals of parallelogram
I MN'f.
'
/(or):
/(Mo)
/(Mo):5 cm ...
/(oT):5 cm
(Given)
NAVNEET MATI{EMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD
Similarly,
/(NO) :
/(NO):ry
Ans. /(OT)
:5
The CifCle
... (L-o-N)
... [Given:l(LN):6cm]
/(NO;:3
cm; /(NO)
:3
(Textbook paee 29)
l.
cm.
(4) The length of
l.
parallelogram are congruent.
.'. LS = tQ
.'. mLS : mLQ
.'. mLS:130o ... [Given : mLQ:130o]
. mLP -l mLQ: 180 ... (The pair of interior angles are supple
.'. mLP * 130:180 ... [Given : mLQ:130"]
.'. mLP:180-130 .'. mLP:50"
Now, rt lR : mLP
... (The opposite angles of a
.'. mLR:50"
... lmLP:50"1
Lns. mLP = 50o1 mLR:S}o; mLS: 130o.
AB is twice that of seg OD.
Look at the adjoining figure. Write the
Look at the adjoining figure and write

ilhether the following statements are true or
l.
hhc:
Anr. (t)
Seg TS is not a chord.
(2) Seg KM is a chord.

(3) Seg CK is a radius.
t2.te ru i: lg!19i"-ej:.':
Q. 3. The measures of the opposite angle of a parallelogram
-x)o
seg
chord and the diameter.

Ans. The centre of the circle : point C;
Radius : seg CD, seg CM, seg CL;
ehord : seg RT and seg LM; Diameter : seg LM.
.'
(50
ngmes of the centre of the circle, the radius, the
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel to each other.

.'. side PS ll side QR. Side PQ is the transversal.
-2)'and
Fill in the blanks
the circle with centre O shown alongside,

( t) Seg OD is a radius.
(2) Seg AB is a diameter.
(3) Seg PQ is a chord.
"*.
Q. 2. In parallelogram PQRS, mLQ:130'. Find the measures of

other angles of n PQRS.
p
Solution : The opposite angles of a
(3x
(Textbook pases 29 to 32)
/(OL)
/(No)+/(OL):/(LN)
..' 2/(NO):6 cm
.'1
VIII
(False)
(True)
(True)
.!TSi)
Thc distance between the centre of a circle and a chord :
respectively. tr'ind the measure of each angle
ln the figure, seg OM r chord AB.

Thc length of perpendicular OM means the
dlntnnce of centre O from the chord AB.
the parallelogram.
Solution : The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.

.'. they are of equal measures.
.'. (3x-2)":(50-x)'
.'. 3x-2:50-x .'. 3x*x:50+2
3x-2:3 x 13 -2:39-2:37.
.' . (3x
- 2)o :37o.
Now, the adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary an

Let the supplementary angle of 37" be y".
Theny*37:180 .'. y-180-37
.'.
y:I43
.'.
)o:1
Ans. The measures of the angles of the parallelogram : 37", 143",

143".
l'he property of the perpendicular drawn from

the centre of a circle to a chord :
The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a
('lrcle to its chord bisects the chord.
ln the figure, seg PT r chord LM.
,', /(LT): /(TM)'
VIII
of the distance between the

centre and congruent chords of the circle :
In a circle, congruent chords are equidistant from
(2) The property
the centre of the circle.

In the figure, chord AB = chord PQ.
Seg OM r chord AB and seg ON r chord PQ.
.'. /(OM):
/(ON).
(3) The property of the angles made at the centre

of the circle by congruent chords of that circle :
Congruent chords of the same circle form
congruent angles at the centre of the circle.
In the figure, chord AB = chord CD.
These chords subtend /AOB and ICOD respectively at the centre O.
... lAOB = LCOD,
(Textbook page 32)
Q. 1. In
a circle, chord MN = chord RT. Chord RT is at a

6 cm from the centre. Find the distance of the chord MN from
centre.
Solution : The distance of chord RT from the centre of the circle is 6

The congruent chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre of
circle.
Chord MN = chord RT
... (Given)
.'. the distance of chord MN from the centre is 6 cm.
Ans. Chord MN is at a distance of 6 cm from the centre.
Q. 2. In the figure, seg OM r chord AB,

/(AM) : 1.5 cm. Find the lengths of seg BM and
seg AB.
l. tn a circle with centre P, chord AB =

il/ APB :40o. Find measure of ICPD.
lolutlnn t zLAPB:40o
chord CD
.'. l(BM):1.5
cm
AB ry chord
,', /(tPD=IAPB.
m/ CPD: ruLAPB:40" ... [Given : .rnLAPB:40"]

Anr. The measure of /-CPD is 40o.
i,
'l'he radius of a circle is 5 cm. The distance of a chord from the

Cintrt ls 4 cm. Find the length of the chord.
Folutkln : Let P be the centre of the circle of
l,
tndlun .5 cm.
The tlistance of the chord AB from the centre is
4 etn, i.e., /(PM)
- 4 "*.
is a right-angled triangle.
APAM
,', hy Pythagoras' theorem,
2
[,(AM) l'z + t/(PM)] : I\(PA)12
... (Substituting the values)
,', [/(AM)]2 +@)2:(5)2
.'. [/(AM)]z - 9
,', l/(AM)12 :25 -16
,', l(AM):3
cm.
The porpendicular from the centre to its chord bisects the chord.
,', /(AB):21(AM)
:2 x3 cm:6
cm
Anr. 'fhe length of the required chord is 6 cm.

'l'hc radius of a circle is L3 cm. The length of a chord is 10 cm. Find
Che dlstance of the chord from the centre.
lolutkrn : Let P be the centre of the circle of
rnrlius t3 cm and chord AB of length 10 cm'
$og PM r chord AB.
Tlte perpendicular from the centre of a circle to
l,
Ans. /(BM)
1.5
cm:3
cm.
1.5 cm; /(AB)
,, /(AM): j llnn;
,', /(AM) =|xl0 cm:5 cm.
:3
t-
10
cm --'t
Itt righrangled APAM, by Pythagoras' theorem,

l/(AM)12 +
,',
,',
/(AB) :2/(AM)
and
CD.
at the centre.
angles
congruent
form
of
circle
chords
?hF congruent
and chord
llx clrord bisects the chord.
Solution : The perpendicular from the centre of a

circle to its chord bisects the chord.
Seg OM r chord AB.
.'. /(AM): /(BM)
/(AM): 1.5 cm ... (Given)
:2
THE CIRCLE
(5)2
t/eM)1'z: t/eA)l'
+ t/eM)12
:Qr2
:144
: \844:
t2 cm.
25
.'. l(PM)
l/(PM)1'? :169
12
cm.
is
the
centre
from
chord
of
the
Anr. The distance
cm.
Mathematics Digest : Std.
Vm lE059il
NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII
r0u
e. 6. A chord of a circle
is 30 cm long. Its distance from the

Find
the
radius
of
the circle.
sm.
Solution : Let P be the centre of a circle.
Chord AB is of length 30 cm.
Seg PM r chord AB. /(PM):8 cm.
The perpendicular from the centre of

1s
its chord
('nleulute the area of the rectangle given its length and breadth
lll t.2 cm, 2.5 cm (2) 2.1m, 1.5 m (3) 3.5 m, L.2 m.
l,
a circle
bisects the chord.
... /(AM):jl1an)
llt t-5,2 cm, b:25 cm

'f
:13
fght-angled APAM, by Pythagoras' theorem,
tt(?A)L'z: U(AM)12 + U(PM)1'z

: (15)2 + (8)2 :225 * 64:289
... /(PA).,: JrSr:17
46.
Ixb
:5.2 x
'lte nrca of a rectangle:
:jx30cm:15cm.
1n
2.5
...
...
(Formula)
(Substituting the values)
sq cm.
Anr. 'l'he area of the rectangle:13 sq cm.

2,1 m, b:1.5 m
'f'lte urca of a rectangle: I x
{t) , -
cm
:2.1x I.5
The radius of the circle is 17 cm.
:3.15
:3.15
,: .1.5 m, b:1.2 m
'Ihe area of a rectangle: I x b
:35
:4.2
sq m.
Ann. The area of the rectangle
(Formula)
sq m.
Ann. The area of the rectangle
(i)
...
...
1.2
sq m.
...
...
(Formula)
:4.2 sqm.
l,
'l'hc slde of a square is given. Calculate its area.

(l) 25 cm (2) 2.8 m (3) 7.2 cm (4) 13'5 m.
(lf Sitlc:25
cm
't'lu: area of a square
: (side)2
:(25)2
:625
...
...
(Formula)
(Substituting the value)
sq cm.
Ans. The area of the square:625 sq cm.
lJt Sitlc:2.8
'l'hc area of a square
:
:
(side)2
(2.8)2
:7.84
...
...
(Formula)
sq m.
Ans. The area of the square :7.84 sq m.
(3) Side : 7.2 cm

The area of a square: (side)2
...
...
(7.2)2
AREA
VIII
(Formula)
(Substituting the value
'l'hc area of parallelograln
51.84 sq cm.
Ans. The area of the square:51.84 sq cm.
(4) Side: 13.5 m

The area of a square: (side)2
3. The area of a parallelogram is 56 sq cm and its height is 7 cm.

What is its base ?
llolution : The area of a parallelogrilm: 56 sq cm, height: 7 cm, base: ?
...
...
(13.5)2
(Formula)
,'.
56
.'
56
"-r
7
: base x 7
: base ,'. base :
base x
height ... (Formula)

8 cm
Ans. The base:8 cm.
(Substituting the value
4. What is the area of a parallelogram having base
192.25 sq m.
Ans. The area of the square:182.25 sq m.
L3 cm and height
cm?
ilolution: Base:13 cm, height:5 cm, area:?

2. The formula for the area of a parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram
base x height
In the figure, n ABCD is a parallelogram. Seg BC is the base and seg AE is
the corresponding height.
The area of parallelogram
:65
.'.
A(
ABCD)
Am.
The area of a parallelogram is 390 sq cm. If its height is 26 cmo

what is its base ?
Folutlon: The area of a parallelogram:39O sg cm, height:26 cm,
hurc
(Textbook page 34)
sq cm.
Ans. The area of parallelogram:84 sq cm.
is its height ?
Solution : The area
height:
is 26 sq cm.
The area of a parallelogram
0. 1. What is the area of a parallelogram whose base is 12 cm

height 7 cm?
Solution: Base:12 cm, height:7 cm, area:?
The area of parallelogram : base x height ... (Formula)
:12 x7
... (Substituting the val
Q. 2. The area of a parallelogram
sq cm.
The area of parallelogram:65 sq cm.
!,
/(BC) x /(AE).
:84
: base x height .. ' (Formula)

:13x5
,', .190:
its base is 6.5 cm,
of a parallelogram :26 sq cm, base :
base x
base x 26
390
: ;;:base
"'
base:
height ... (Formula)

15 cm
Attx. The base: 15 cm.
Irytgl:fe-E3lggj
'f'hr, rrrca
If
of a triangle
:j
x base x height
'fhu l,.ou of u tight'utg

fhe rrrea of a right-angled triangle
: ] x the product of the lengths of the

sides fonning the right angle.
6.5
The area of parallelograrn: base x height

.'. 26:6.5 x height
)6
height .'. height :4 cm
. . -:
6.)
Ans. The height:4 cm.
... (Formula)
... (Substituting
(Textbook page 37)
the va
l,
A t:crtain triangular plot has a base 20 rn and a height 30 m. What

ltn trea ?
h
Itrlullrrn :
:20
m, height:30 m, area:?
'l'lte ut'ca of a triangle : ] x base x height ... (Formula)
Base
NAVNEET MATIMMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD
:\x20x30
:300
...
VIII
AREA
(Substituting the
Aros of an equilateral triangle
sq m
Ans. The area of the triangular plot:300 sq m.
'l'|rc area
of an equilateral
triangle:f tria")'
Q. 2. What is the area of a triangle whose base lg.2 cm and

7.5 cm?
Solution : Base : 78.2 cm, height :7.5 cm, arca: ?
The area of a triangle : j x base x height ... (Formula)
:lxIB.2x7.5
Ans. The
:68.25 sq cm
area of the triangle :68.25
...
(Textbook page 39)
l. If the side of an equilateral
(Substituting the val
triangle is 12 cm, what is its area?

:12 cm, area: ?
Solution : The side of an equilateral triangle

't'hc area of an equilateral
tr
triangle:f triO"l2 ... (Formula)
sq cm.
v _ 12xlZ
_ ^/-1
+
,.. (Substituting
Q. 3. The sides of a right-angled triangre forming the right angle

16 cm and 8 cm. What is its area ?
solution : The sides forming the right angle are 16 cm and g cm.
The area of a right-angled triangle : j x the product of the lengths
:jx16x8
:64
...
sides forming the right angle.

:64
:36rfi
Ans. The area of the equilateral
height:
sq cm.
125 sq cffi,
base
has an area
rr.6
sq cm.
:225t/3
'l'he urea
rf its height is 2.9 cm, what
Solution : The area of the triangle : 11.6 cm, height : 2.9 cm, base
The area of a triangle : j x base x height ... (Formula)
.'. 11.6: I x base x 2.9

... (Substituting
11.6 x 2
: ZS : base .'. base: 8 cm.
_...
Aroa of a rhombus
base ?
Ans. The base of the triangle:8 cm.
sq cm.
-4 :{(side)2 ... (Formula)

t;
:V,'"30x30
Ann. The area of the equilateral
triangle:j x base x height
.'. 125:|x25 xheight

125 x2
:. 25 : height .'. height: 10 cm
Ans. The height of the triangle : 1.0 cm.
Q. 5. A triangle
triangle:36\F
Thc area of an equilateral triangle
:25
The area of a
sqcm
of the triangle :
the value)
What will be the area of an equilateral triangle of side 3Q cm?

Folution : The side of an equilateral triangle:30 cm, area:?
Q. 4. A certain triangle has an area 125 sq cm. rf its base is 25 cm,

is its height ?
Solution : The area
Lz
t.
sq cm
Ans. The area of the given right-angled triangle
the v
sq cm
triangle:225\fr
sq cm.
of a rhombur
:1 r product of the lengths of the diagonals.
l.
'fhe diagonals of a rhombus are 84 cm and 42 cmking. What is the

lren of the rhombus ?
tlolution : The length of the diagonals are 84 cm and 42 crn, are?: ?

:1 product of the lengths of the diagonals
"
... (Formula)
: ! x 84 x 42 ... (Substituting the values)
'l'lre urea of a rhombur
1764 sq cm
Anr. The area of the rhombus
:1764
sq cm.
Vm
a. 2. The area of a rhombus is 1280 sq cm. If
one of its
64 cm long, what is the length of the other diagonal ?
Solution : The area of the rhombus : l28O sq cm, the length
diagonal : 64 cm, the length of the other diagonal : x (Say)
The area of a rhombur:
...
1280
"
1280
:I
**
product of the lengths of the di

(
...
x 64 x x
x2
64 :x
(Substituting the v
"'x-40cm
Ans. The length of the other diagonal:40 cm.
Q. 3. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are
12 cm and 18
What is the area of the rhombus ?
Solution : The diagonals are of lengths 12 cm and 18 crn, are?:
The area of a rhombu, : j t product of the lengths of the di
:!x12x18
:108
432 sq cm. If one of the diagonals

length of 24 cm, find the length of the other diagonal.
Solution : The area of the rhombus :432 sq cm, the length of
cm, the length of the other diagonal
The area of a rhombur
:1
...
(Substituting the v
one of its diagonals is
long, what is the length of the other diagonal ?

Solution: The area of the rhombus:702 sg cm, the length of
.'. 702:I
cm, the length of the other diagonal
x 54 x x
:26 cm.
rcg l'M (or seg RT) is the height a

ttf lltc ltrrpczium.
'l'he nrcu ol' a trapezium : 1 x the sum of the lengths of the parallel sides
x height
'flte nrcu ol trapezium PQRS : j x t/@S) + /(QR)l x l(PM).
..' tl(PM): l(RT)l
tl
(Textbook paee 42)
Eolullorr : The lengths of the parallel sides of the trapezium are

ltt:H,7 ctn and bz:5.3 cm. h:4.5 cm, zrl?:?
lltr. rrttl of a lrapezium

tlro sum of the lengths of theparallel sides
. (1t.7+5.3)x4.5
" 14 x 4.5:3I.5 sq cm
...
x height ... (Formula)
Altr. 'l'lrc area of the trapezium:31.5 sq cm.
l,
Q. 5. The area of a rhombus is 702 sq cm. If
:i
ttl'n trapezium
"
Ans. The length of the other diagonal:36 cm.
The area of a rhombur
'lre lcngths of the other diagonal
Itt llrc ligure. n PQRS is a trapezium

!n wlrich side PS ll side QR and
reg l'M t side QR. seg RT r line PS.
f lltfyl1 lor /(RT)] is the distance between
llte lrlrullcl sides of the trapezium.
:54
At-en
x (Say)
x product of the lengths of the di
.'. 432:| x 24 x x
:36 cm
x-*432x2
24
"'
diagonal
I'
'f
e, l, 'l'ltr lcngths of the parallel sides of a trapezium are 8.7 cm and

l,J em. lf the perpendicular distance between them is 4.5 cm' what is
llr urert'!
L08 sq cm.
Q. 4. The area of a rhombus is

diagonal :24
Ailr,
(Substituting the
sq cm
Ans. The area of the rhombus
702x2
54 -:26cm
...
4t
AREA
-r (Say)
product of the lengths of the di
...
'f'hc area of a trapezium is 262.5 sq cm and the perpendicular

rlirllnct between its parallel sides is 15 cm. What is the sum of its
pnnrllel sides ?
t*rlullon : A (trapezium):262.5 sq cm, h:15 cm.
A { tr rrlrczium I : I the sum of the lengths of parallel sides x height
"
... (Formula)
:12
x the sum of the lengths of parallel sides x 15
162.-5
(Substituting the v
'
rltc sum of the lengths of parallel
sides:'e#:35
Atn. 'l'hc sum of the lengths of parallel
sides
:35
cm.
cm
VIII
0. 3. If
the area of a trapezium with parallel sides of lengths 30 cm

23 cm respectively is 265 sq cm, what is its height ?
Solution : A (trapezium) : 265 sq cm, the lengths of parallel sides 30
and 23 cm, height: ?
A (trapeziuml :1 x the sum of the lengths of parallel sides x
265:iG0+23)xheight
height
'#:
...
... height:
I'l['
triangle:
rcnrilrcrirneter (s) of the
'l'he nrerr ttl' the triangle
:
:
+39 +
22
120
56: _:60
cm
60(60
- 2s)(60 - 39X60 - s6)
60x35x21x4
12x5 x5 x7 x7 x3 x4
:^/12x12x5x5x7x7
:15x5x7:42Asqcm
Anr. 'l'hc
Q. 4. The area of a trapezium is 84.5 sq cm and its height is 6.5

one of its parallel sides is 15.2 cm long, what is the lengtli of the
area
of the triangle :420 sq cm.
l,
side ?
Solution : A (trapezium) :84.5 sq cm, height:6.5 cm, length of one

the parallel sides: I5.2 cm,length of the other parallel side:,r
A (trapezium):1* the sum of the lengths of parallel sides x hei
llow nuch will it cost to have a triangular field weeded at the rate
of lk 2 por square metre, if the length of the field's sides are 11 m,
0l
ltr und 60 m ?
Hglullrln : Here, a:
ttts
tl
m,
b:61 m and c :60
renriperimeter (s) of the triangular
84.5:IxQ5.Z*x)x6.5
:L5.2+x .'.26:I5.2+x .':15.2-tx:26

6.5
.'. x:26-I5.2 .'. .x:10.8
field:
m.
* b* c
2
:uu: 1l +612+60: 132

z
84.5 x 2
'l'lr$ rrlcrl o1'the triangular
Ans. The length of the other parallel side: 10.8 cm.
field:
:
s(s-a)(s-bXs-c)
66(66
1X66
/66x55x5x6
61)(66
60)
:"/6x11x11x5x5x6
:6 x 11 x 5:330 sq m
c.
l'lrr, t'rst
.l'
weeding
f:"riffi : Rs 660
Aru. 'l'ho expenditure is Rs 660.
a*b*c
2
A(AABC)
s(s-aXs -b)(s-c)
(Substituting the
Ans. The height of the trapezium: L0 cm.
In AABC, /(BC) : a. I(AC): b, I(AB):

The perimeter of AABC : a * b I c
The semiperimeter (s) of AABC
a*b+c
25
1o cm
8. Another formula for the area of a triangle
43
AREA
:./s(s -
a)(s
bXs
This formula for finding the area of a triangle, when the lengths
sides are given, is known as Heron's formula.
ll'the lengths of the sides of a triangular plot of land are 20 m,2l

nt ntul 13 m, what is its area?
Flolttllort : Here, a :20 m, b :2I m, c: 13 m
t.
c)
of
d
a. 1. If the sides of a triangle
'lrc scruiperimeter (s) of the
a*b*c
triangle:
z
_20+21 +
22
are 25 cm, 39 cm and 56 cmo what is
area of this triangle?

Solution : Here, a :25 cm, b :39 cm and c : 56 cm.
l'lrc ru't:t of the triangular
field:
13
:54 :27
s(s-aXs-b)(s-c)
27(27 -20)(27 -21)(27
-13)
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VItr
A(APQS)
9x3x7x3x2x7x2
9x9x7x7x2x2
plot:
,
../s(s = axs
b)(s
c)
A(APQS) + (ASQR)
(180 + 390) se
The area of the quadrilateral
"(i)"(t) " (t)
plot:570
sq m.
sq m.
rcmiPerimeter (s) of AGHF
e+b
?4+so+sz 136
,T*
r:68m
{AGHF) :"u/s(s -a)(s -bXs-c)
x!- *P- rP2222
3 xP-
68(68
:,fi *E*t:{r,
Ans. The area of the equilateral triangle
68x34x18x16
2x34x34x 18 x 16
34x34x36x16
:fO'.
is the map of a plot of land. Using the gi
area.
- 34X68 - s0)(68 - s2)
t ttilru
aomiperimeter (s),
of aEHF
tr
A(AEHF):
66,''
Solution : The area of the quadrilateral plot PQRS

: zraa of right-angled -APQS * area of ASQR.
In right-angled APQS, PQ:9 m and PS :40 m.
:'lY
r20
:- 20+52+48
---bu
11
a,
tn:570
;if +,
'
measures, find its
13 rn.
G Urlng the measures given in the

{ilrcr ffnd the area of n EFGH.
lOlutlon : Area of ! EFGH
rA(AGHF) + A(AEffi')
L AGnr, l(GH) :a:34 ttt,
:
{EF) = b:50 m, /(HF) s/- J/ 1aY
-fu
a. 5. In the figure,F PQnS
:
:
Tbr area of plot PQRS
lU,
_3p
ST:
:)x6Ox13:390sqm
whose side is p.
Solution : Here, a: p, b: p, c : p
The semiperimeter (s) of equilateral triangle
The area of the equilateral triangle
ASQR, base QR:60 rn, height
A(ASQR):jbasexheight
126 sq m.
Q. 4. Use Heron's formula to find the area of an equilateral
_a*b*c _p*p*p
222
:]x/(PQ)xl(PS)
:tx9x40:180sqm
:9 x7 x2:126 sqm
Ans. The area of the triangular
: ! x theproduct of the lengths of the sides forming the right angle
s(s-aXs-bXs-c)
60(60
60 x 40
20X60
s2X60
x8 x12
5x12x40x8x12
48)
:40 x 12:480
tl
:
:
ll
sq m
A(AGHF) + A(AEHF)
(816 + 480) Se m: 1296 sq m
Ans. The area of tr EFGH: 1296 sq m.
A(
EFGH)
(2) By Pythagoras' theorem,

t/(Aql'z: t/(Bc)12 + tl(AB)l'
.'. /(AC): l3 cm
(3) In AABC, /(BC) : a:5 cm, /(AC) :
The semiperimeter (s) of AABC
A-^*--T*-*----*
H(l rirl crn
t erlret'livcly.
'l'lro rrrcu ol' a rectangle: I x b :5 x 4:20 sq cm
'l'lrt. nrcu ol'the coloured portion: A(AABC) A(rectangle)
:
Anr, 'l'lrc
area
i lAll('l)
is a parallelogram.
llnee All :20

169
13 cm, /(AB)
: c :12
:*#
cm, height EF
* l(l x 15:300 sq cm.

Itr AliAB, base AB :20
Itr.lgltt IiF :
,r,r,,,
'rca
cm
A(AABC), by Heron's formula
:^/I5x10x2x3
.,600
:30
20) sq cm:60 sq cm
15 cm.
base x height
cm,
: i :T ; Tgjl'
:
:
sq cm
A( n ABCD)
(300
A(aEAB)
150) Se cm: 150 sq cm
dl lrr tlrc given figure, the shaded region isT

A(JNli.
(3) 30 sq cm.
Q. 8. In
each of the figures given, find the area of the coloured
'l'lrc base NE of this triangle is 18 cm.

'l'hc height of this triangle : the breadth of the
Solution
rrr'lirrtgle.
(1) Each side of the given triangle is 8 cm.
Ir:
.'.
the given triangle is an equilateral triangle.

The area of an equilateral
triangle
:4,rro"r,:.frx8x8
4',---''
\ta
sq cm
Ans. The area of the coloured portion
Arrr. 'l'he area of the shaded region: 150 sq cm.
sq cm
Ans. (1) 30 sq cm (2) 13 cm
:I6.,fr
20cm
15 cm.
of AEAB
s(s-a)(s-bXs-c)
'l'lre lrr:a of the shadei r"gion

13X15
(80
of the coloured portion:60 sq cm.
'l'lte uret of a parallelogram
:tl#!:+:r5
1s(l5 -s)(15
cm,
'l'lre length and the breadth of the rectangle are 5 cm and 4
Jl
144:
AC:20
-1,:o"s
: j x the product of the t

B 5 c*
angle
+ (0D2 :25
lll'
huse
.- 8 cm.
=_]ltnscxhcight
(5)2
nltlt',
lrclglrt
The area of a righ-angled triangle

lengths of the sides forming a right
lrr
'l'lte nrcrr ol' a triangle
Q. 7. (1) From the measures given in the figure, find the +

area of AABC.
l\
(2) Usingfothagoras'theorem,findthelengthofsideAC. I \
(3) Find the area of AABC using Heron,s formula. _ I \
Solution : (1) In AABC, mLB:90".
I- I \
.'. AABC is a right-angled triangle
:lx5x12:30sqcm
47
AREA
:rcrQ
sq cm.
o
cl
12 cm.
rtc rtrea or A QNE
: i :T : H-j1., sq cm
Ans. The area of the shaded region:108 sq cm.

8cm
18cm
I'III{
The Circumference and Area of a Circle

(Textbook pages 47 to
1. Circurnference of a circle
ktfutltrn : I ltorrnula : c :2nrl
lll
The relation between circumference and diameter.

The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is
circumference
-n
diameter
If the circumference, diameter and radius of a circle are denoted by
letters c, d and r respectively, then we have,
"'
:2x22x8:352cm
lll
ffi
.'. , - n x2r:2nr
d:6.3 m
Circumference (c):
r.-7.7
o'5:
352 cm.
cm
: znr
:2 xLl x73
:2 x22 x 1.1 :48.4 cm
('ircumference
: 48.4 cm.
Aru.
I
lore, r
2.8 m
: znr
:2 x! x2.8
:2 x 22 x 0.4: 17.6 m
Atu. ('ircumference =17.6 m.

Ftonr the given circumference, find radius and diameter of the
lll
d:35
Hete,
Clrele
Here,
cm
Circumferen ce (c): vf,
l;'*:22
('ircumf'erence
C'lrt'rttrrlbrcnce
l,
(1) 3.5 cm (2) 6.3 m (3) 0.14 m.

Solution: [Formula : c:nd.f
Ans. circumfe.J
lrt
diameters
below:
Ant.
Cln'ttrttl'cren ce
(rextbook page 49)
Q. 1. Find the circumference of the circles from their
(l)
(ll
c:nd
Now, diameter:2 x radius. i.e., d:2r

[The value of n is raken to be ! or 3.I4]
:Znr
:2x21-x56
This constant number is denoted by the Greek letter n (pie).
A:n
tlcre,r-56cm
C'lrctttrtl'e rcrr ce
number.
CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA OF A CIRCLE
(2)
l9tl cm
616
cm
(3) 72.6 m.
Eolutkrn':
llore. r.': 198 cm
C'll'curnt'erence: nd
lll
11 cm
(2) Here,
:
t' t63
22-:
nj
:? * 6.3:22 x 0.9: 19.8 m

t.r
: v4
:?, O.l4:22 x 0.02:0.44 m
Ans. Circumference : 0.44 m.
Circumference (c)
Q. 2. Find the circumference of the circres from their radii given

(1) 56 cm (2) 7.7 cm (3) 2.8 m.
198
x7 :9x7:63cm
22
31.5 cm
Ans. Diameter:63 cml radius :31.5 cm.
Ans. Circumference: l9.g m.

(3) Here, d:0.14 m
d:
1e6:?| x d
I llcrc, c :616
cm
('ilcrrmference: nd
," 616:?"d
, tl 196 :98
'' ;: ,
.'. d:-
616
cm
Ans. Diameler:196 cml radius

I l) llcre, c
xj :28x7:196cm
:72.6 m
('ircumference: nd
:98
cm.
d:
... 72.6:2; x d
,:t:d
23.1
72.6 x 7
,I,IItI: (,IR('TIMI,'I':RENCE AND AREA OF
VIII
23.1
m; radius
51
__r--
l r:x
Wrlle llte propcr values in the blanks in the following table
l,
:11.55m
Ans. Diameter
:3.3x7:23]m
A CIRCLE
Rudlus
lrl
11.55 m.
Q. 4. What is the cost of fencing a circular place of radius 7.7 m,

three rounds of wire, if the cost of the wire is Rs 50 per metre
solution : To find the length of wire fencing around the circular p
we have to find the circumference of the circular place.
The radius of the circular place :7.'7 m
Circumferen ce
:Znr
Hnlttlkrrr
lltlllrc. t 42cm.
cl-)t' 2x42cm:84cm
r - 2nr = 2 x + x 42 :2 x 22 x 6 :264 cm
Art rr nr' :T x 42 x 42:22 x 6 x 42:5544 sq cm
:2xTx7.j
:2x22 x l.l:48.4m
The length of the wire required for three rounds of fencing

: 3 x circumference
:3
48.4
m:145.2
Arn. l)iameter:84 cml circumference: 264 cm; area:5544 sq cm.
The cost is Rs 50 per metre

.'. the cost of wtre 145.2 m in length:Rs 50
Ans. The cost of wire : Rs 7260.
x 145.2:Rs
r/: 9.8 m
rl
9.8
, : :-:4.9 m
22
9.8 :22 x I.4 :30.8 m
t, - nd :?,
:T
x 4.9 x 4.9:22 x 0.7 x 4.9:75.46 sqm
Arcrr - nr'
l,ll I lclc,
7260
Q. 5. The bus has wheels of diameter 0.7 m. How many times must
wheel of the bus rotate for covering the distance of 22 km
two towns ?
solution : The distance covered by the wheel of the bus in 1 rotat
: circumference of the wheel
: Ttd:! x 0.7 :2.2 m
The distance between the two
towns: Z2km:22 x
1000
Atu.
tlt
wheel:
distance
circumference
22000
ZZ
:10000
Area of a circle
lf r is the radius of a circle, then area of a circle
:4.9 m; circumference:30.8 m; area = 75.46 sq m.
c:44m
t' 2nr .'.44:2x'lxr
llerc.
.l
lr:re, area:616 sq cm
/\rea: nr2 .' . fir2 : 616
f
- 616 x7 : 196
' rz:
22
d :2r:2 x 14 cm:28
Ans. The wheel will rotate 10,000 times.
2.
Radius
nr2.
44 x7
' r:-:7
2 x22
il'2r:2x7:14m
Arca: nr' :T x7 x7 :22 x7 : 154 sq m
Ans. Radius :7 mi diameter:14 m; area:154 sq m.
m:
To cover a distance of 22000 m,

the rotations by the
.'. 2| x 12 :616
r:14
cm
cm
c:nd:Tr28:22x4:88cm
Ans. Radius : 14 cm; diameter:28
cm; circumference = 88 cm.
<,
'I'TII' CIRCUMFERENCEAND AREA OF A CIRCLE
VIII
o. 2. The radii of some circles

(1) 28 cm (2) s.6
Solution :
(l)
are given below. Find their area

(3) 7.7 m (4) 6.3 m (5) 35 cm.
llert, A ,= 3850 sq m
At'ett rrl' t circle: nr2
Here, r:28 cm
Area of a circle : nr2 : I x ZB x 28 : 2464 sq cm.
Ans. Area of the circle :2464 sq cm.
(2) Here, r 5.6 m

=
Area of a circle :ftr2:!
x 5.6 x 5.6:98.56
Ans. Area of the circle :98.56 sq m.
(3) Here,
r:7.7
sq m.
l{l
(A:
.'. 1386 :! x 12
.'. r-3 x7:21 cm
12:
22
x7 :63
d:2r:2
.'. r-
:j
rz
.'. 12:
10.5 m
d:2r:2
x lO.5 cm:ZI
Ans. Diameter:21 cm.
.94:!
^ 301.84 x 7
' ,2:
12
22
Atn. Diameter:19.6 m.
flll
llero,
A:24.64 sqm
,"
circle: nrz
24.64:2| x r2
- 24.64 x
. 12:
22
il .2r:2x2.8
x 2I cm:42 cm.
cm:5.6
m.
Arrs. Diameter:5.6 m.
{, 'l'ltc circumference of a circle is 96.8 m. Find its area.

Bnlulkrn : Here, c :96.8 m
r'-
}nr
tXr.U
-2 x? x r
Arcrt trl' a
-:i
circle:
15.4
:2.zxi:15.4m
,-96'8x7
2 x22
nr2
x I5.4:22 x 2.2 x 15.4:745.36 sq m
Arn. Area of the circle :745.36 sq m.
(2) Here, A: 346.5 sq cm

Area of a circle: nr2
346.5
:175 x7 :1225
.', r:
il-2r:2x9.8m:19'6m.
x7:9 x7 x7
Ans. Diameter:42 cm.
.'.
22
,', r:2.8m
area of the circle)

1386
3850 x 7
9.8 m
sq cm.
(1) Here, A:1386 sq cm

Area of a circle: nr2
301
Arcn of a
Q. 3. Find the diameter of each of the following circles, given their

(1) 1386 sq cm (2) 346.5 sq cm (3) 3850 sq m (4) 301.84
(5) 24.64 sq m.
Solution
lletc. A:301.84 sq m
Arett trl' a circle: nrz
,',
r:6.3
(5) Here, r:35 cm

Area of a circle:ftrz:f x35 x 35:3850
Ans. Area of the circle :3850 sq cm.
12
35m
x 35 m:70 m.
Alu. l)iameter:70 m.
f1
.'.
d ::2r:2
m
Area of a circle :7812 :! x 6.3 x 6.3 : 124.74 sqm.
Ans. Area of the circle :124.74 sqm.
:2] x r2
,'r'
Area of a circle :7tr2 :! x 7.7 x 7.7 :186.34 sq m.

Ans. Area of the circle : 186.34 sq m.
(4) Here,
.lll50
cm.
346.5 x
22
:75.75 x 7 :110.25
5, ln the figure, /(AB): L4 cm. If

llrt' diameters AM and MB of the
Ir,nricircles are equal, what is the
Iolrtl area of the shaded Parts?
tioltrtion : The semicircles have the same diameter.
'
lhe two semicircles together make a circle.
/rAll):
14 cm and
AM: MB
.'. l(AM) :7
cm.
AM is the diameter.
d7
'.. r:;:;ZL
VIII
cm.
Now, the area of the shaded region
lhe area of a circle with radius 1 cm.

2
_ --2
.ra11
aLtt
:7*r"r:38.5
sq cm
Ans. The area of the shaded region :3g.5 sq cm.
Q. 6. The radius of the circular lid of a tank is 1.4 m. How

will it cost to paint both the sides of 100 such tids at the rate of
persqm?
Solution : The surface area of the circular lid
area of a circle with radius 1.4 m
:7Tr2
:!
x l.a x 1.4:6.16
sq m
.'.
the total surface area of the upper and rower part of the
circular
:2 x 6.16 : 12.32 sq m
.'. total surface area of 100 lids :12.32 x 100: 1232 sqm
Expenditure for painting at the rate of Rs 20 per sq m
: rate X area
:Rs
20
| |Fir,.rlsrics
Hc$ rllt|il, Scrlres
Hrrmr.rrrrrl irrlormation collected for a specific purpose is called raw

dgla, I'rt'lr rrurrrhcr in this raw data is called a score.
Itlr, l'lrc rrurnber of books read by 30 students in a month from a
t; lulrl lllrr rrly rrrc as given below :
J 1 fr.'1, 1,'/, 4, 4, 6, 2, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 3,2, 5, 4, 4, Z.
Irr tlrlrl.xirnrlllc, the numerical information is the raw data and each of
lh:= rrrrrrrlrt'r's is the score.
FI
crlttrtrcy,
ltryglglg f3!!g_:
ltr llrc rrrw rlata given above, the frequency of score 2is 4. When the
.l strrlres is large, we make use of tally marks to determine the
nurnlrr,r
lterlrrr,nly
ol the various
scores.
llrt, lrct;rrcncy of a score is shown by drawing tally marks against it. If

llrs lrcrlrrcrrcy of a score is 1, the tally mark 'l' is drawn against it. Tally
rrrrrrhr, 'll', 'lll' and 'llll' indicate the frequencies,2,3 and 4 respectively.
I llllr,', rrlrr rnarked in a bunch of five for ease in counting. The fifth tally is
rtrrulr.(l rlirrgonally across the earlier four. Thus, five and six tallies are
nrrrrlnl rrs [-l.fland ffi | respectively.
llre' lrcrlucncy table of the above raw data is shown below :
Scorg..,
x 1232:Rs 24640
Ans. The expenditure : Rs 24,640.
ilil
ilr
r0
il-il $u
N-[ ilil
ilt
.,)
,l
l.
tfertUoot< pages 56 to 58)
'l'lrr: marks obtained by 25 students
in a Science
test are given
lrr,krw : (Marks out of 30)
t4 1 t2 t7 20 1l 10 10 16 21
t) 27 18 20 19 7 29 16 15 20
hirrg this data, answer the following questions

55
28
22
25
27
t3
NAVNEET MATIM,MATICS DIGEST : STANDARD YITT
57
STATISTICS
(l ) what are the lowest marks obtained?

(2) How many students have obtained this lowest score?
(3) How many students have obtained 20 marks?
(4) What is the frequency of the scorc 27 ?
(5) How many students have scored more than 20 marks?
Ans. (1) The lowest marks obtained is 7.
(2) 2 students have obtained the lowest score.
(3) Students obtaining 20 marks are 3.
(4) The frequency of socre 27 is 2.
(5) 7 students have scored more than 20 marks.
Fhr hol$ts in centimetres of 30 children in a class are

!SW' Prctcnt the data in a frequency table :
l3t 137 130 13s t37 r40 135 t37 r32 135
Itr 135 l3l t39 t40 r40 138 136 137 135
lgl lll 130 r34 135 t4o 138 r37 t36 l3r
Ag,
.
.,.11:.,:1t.1:.:..
:.....
HLeffi1;|r'r;
gnr,ird#[ffi
l::i:i;:,lt:,il!.:fr iif;K;:.riiiiltrilili;ttiiii#it
ii#frlfi$Nffi;i
W
2
130
il
131
lil
t32
r33
t34
il
135
N-[
Prepare a frequency table of the above data.
136
Ans.
t37
il
il-ll
il
Q. 2. Some peas were shelled and the number of peas in each pod
recorded.
2324563344
3445564455
6633423426
given
138
il
2
5
t39
140
l$tt
N:30
t,
Obrorve the given frequency table and write the answers to the
hllowlng questions :
Q. 3. The ages (in years) of 40 children in a class are given

Prepare a frequency table for this data
t2 13 11 12 t4 13 t2
12 13 12 12 11 t4 12
t2 t3 11 12 13 12 13
Ans.
L2
i, 11 t4 t3
13
13
t3
11
t2
13
12 12 14
t2 11 12
l*r$
11
Nl.t
t2
lll.t tN.t il-il il
t3
il-il
T4
ilil
nI
ilt
l7
13
N:40
froquencY
{I
lll
I1l
t.l)
l5l
lhl
Al)out how
llow many
lkrw many
llow many
lhrw many
lkrw many
Arur.
l)
32
ffiWi$
-1
N_
many families does the table give data?

families have 3 members?
families have 5 members?
families have the maximum number of members?
families have less than 4 members?

families have more than 5 members?
(l+3 +5 +7 +7 +5 +4)
(s)e(1+3+s)
(2)s (3)7 (4)4
(6) e(s+4).
NAVNEET MATITEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD
a. 6. The blood groups of persons

donation camp are as follows
vm
STATISTICS
who had donated blood at a
AABOBABABAAA
A B O O O B OABAAB
OAOBABAOOB
fr:
hkt,
1r
hequoncy table of the ages of 40 students in a class is given
Flnrl tholr mean age
Use this information to complete the table below and

following questions :
Sum
of (x x "f)
N
480
40
:12
Ans. The mean of the ages
of the students: 12 years.
(1) Which blood group had the smallest number of donors?

(2) Which blood group had the most donors?
(3) How many donors were of the .B, blood group?
(4) What was the total number of donors at the camp?
tr Fno rocord of daily rainfall (in centimetres) in Walwa village in
f,rrt t5 days of September is given below.

_1,1, f ,s, 4.0,3.0,0.5, 5.0, 5.5, 4.0,2.5,3.5,6.0, 0.5, 0.5, 4.5,
1.5.
Flnd ttre nrean rainfall for these 15 days.
Ans.
iffiflfiIffi
A
$tt
lllJ
AB
(2)
lt
$il ilil
(3)
l0
7
ilil
AB
(1)
$tJ
(4)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
N:30
2.5
30.
3. Mean:
It
I
1.5
0.0
3.0
0.0
lt
's-.
3.0
3.5
3.5
4.0
8.0
3.0
4.5
4.5
The average of the given score is known as the mean of the

scores.
5.0
5.0
Mean is donoted by -r (Read as.r bar)
5.5
5.5
6.0
6.0
15
45.0
The sumof (.rxf)

- --":
N
-
[Note : The correct symbol for mean is
N:
NAVNEET MATHEMATTCS.DIGEST : STANDARD
Sumof
VIII
STATISTICS
(xxf)
fth&n
l_-
45.
lllo of drtveri
ir' (r)
t,11,t,
15
Ans. Mean of the rainfall
:3
cm.
1
Q. 3. The money earned (in rupees) by each of the 40 scouts in the

Kamai project is given below
s610789
87651010978
s796101010108
6ll
1--EL
30
S,
. ; _Sum of (xxf)
rN
306
40
:7.65
Ans. Mean earning Rs 7.65.
Q. 4. The number of drivers fined for breaking traffic rules on each

in June at a certain square is as follows :
20323130211223r
010432t23323442
From this data, make a frequency table and find the mean.
18
24
4^
ilt
t2
N:30
60
Make a frequency table for this data and find the mean.
Solution :
|il
of (x x/)
ll{ ilt
78910
$t{
N]
3"
6510
|il
Meuo=2drivers.
tr
VARIATION AND PROPORTION
1. Rc
17
Ex. If the cost of 4 mangoes is Rs 60, what is the cost of 6 ma
,', llrc nlmplest form of these ratios are equal'

Aff, 't'ho numbers 39,26, 57,38 are in proportion.
In this example, the number of mangoes increases, hence their

also increase.
I EnO ngmbers in each of the following groups are in proportion,

fu f the vnlue of the variable in each group?
lll 6r:, 10, 15 (2) p,9,8,6 (3) 25,35,35,m.
l*ilnn.:
lll Tne nulnhers 6, x,1o,15 are in proportion.
Here, there is direct variation between the number of
their cost.
Ex. In the group of numbers 4,8, 13, and 26, the simplest form of
4 : 8 is I :Z.The simplestformof theratio 13 :26isl: 2. The si
form of the two ratios 4 : 8 and 13 : 26 are equal.
.'.
the numbers 4, 8, 13 and 26 are in proportion. a, b, c, d
proportion means
a: b andc: d
ffi
arcequal ratios. r.e.
l:9,.
bd
lfextUookpage62)
Q. 1. In which of the following sets are the numbers in

(l) 28,16,21,12 (2) 12,32,15,35 (3) 39,26,57,39.
Solutions :
(1) In the set, 28,16,21,12,
57 t9x3
' lx-38: tg*z'=?:3r2

z
'
'
St
6
"' i*
'f
l()
1.5
Thr Rumbers 25,35,35, m
ffi
-7
*H, n -
49.
.'. the simplest form of both the ratios are equal.

Ans. The numbers 28, 16, 2I, 12 are in proportion.
(2) In the set, 12,32,15n 35,
12 4x3 3
12:32:-:
32 4x8 -:3:8
8 - 15 5x3 3
15:35:-:
.'.
x:9
"'
P:
12'
'FP=12'
.$
10
* m numbers p,9,8,6 are in proportion.

8x9
,1,, , 0_l
px6-8x9
.'.
go
" 6
1:-I
"15 m
: 16
12 3x4-
6x15
-9'
28 4x7 7 :4
16 4x4 --i
4
21
3x7
7
- l2:-:2l:
-'1 '
28
.'.6x15:10x-r
.'.
.,.
i
25
are
in proportion.
xm:35 x35
x 7 ... (Dividing both the sides by 25)
.'. m:49
There ln direct variation between the sale of books and the

of
Gffinlrulon received for the sale. The table below gives the values
Hne mlcn and some commissions. Write the rernaining values and
F0f,Plote the tabte
-'t'1
35 5x7 '7-'''
.'. the simplest form of there ratios are not equal.

Ans. The numbers 12,32, 15, 35 are not in proportion.
(3) In the set, 39r 26, 57r 38,
13 x 3
39
:1:,,,
:26:2:
-26 L3x2-2-''o
lOlUtkrn
: Here, there is direct variation between the s,ale and the
gottuttittsion.
sale
is constant.
('0lllmlsslon
r|r 5400 5,
l0 l'80
1
l,nt ,t he the variable for each blank.
NAYNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD
x
825
and
x
125
x
-:5;
--5.
-:5
250
.'. X: _ :50;
x:5 x 125:625
-t
Then,
VARIA'I'ION AND PROPORTION
VIII
250
and
825
*: S :
2. Direct Variation and Direct Proportion :

In the concepts of direct variation and direct propertion,
that the ratios are equal. Hence, direct proportion is often
term direct variation.
Writing direct proportion in symbols
tYlrcn
v-lll, I
ll*w,
y-*r
165.
,'
lll
t t1
;, 12, r/:
l.! A x lt'l
used
directly
t,
lnr 'l'lre
I
constant
r 'r
.'. c:kd
lll
r/
l
Jlt
28,
\fltetr
as
x. When the value ofy is 20.
value of .r is 4.
(2) p q 4. Whenp is 12, the value of q is 18.
(3) c oc d. When c :28. d:21.
(4\ m u-n. When n :7.5. n:10.
Solutions :
(1) There is direct variation between y and x.
.'. y cc x
.'. y:kx
... (k is a constant.)
lsp- ;q.
J
t
5;
the equation of variation is
,,
-28 -!
^-2r-3'
x2l
'!rr, erlrrirtion
of variation is
c:
3d.
of variation is 1; tne equation of variation

3'
is
.l
1J
as
a
2
.-- l.
each example, find the constant of proportionality and write
(1) The quantityy varies directly
18
d:21
Atte, 'l'lrc constant
(Textbook page 65)
12
_-
of variation is
k (k is a constant), then y ocx OR
equation of variation
t = t'r'
if y x x,then I : k (kis a constant).

x
0. In
is
18
I'he erltttttiort ol' variation
the symbolic form.
If l-:
5.
,'. P-:kq
lVltett
: t (t is a constant), then
and x. y ocx (read as y varies
llte ruttnlttttl ol' variation is
the
Using symbols, the concept of direct variation is written as
is direct variation between
k:l:?:t
x4
.'.
tle erlttntlurt ttl' variation is y :5".

l$f, 'l'lrc cOn$lt|nt of variation is 5; the equation of variation
'l - lr,
When one quantity changes, another related quantity also

Using the variables x andy, we can say that when the variable;r
the related variable y also changes.
If of the two related variables y and x,l
4.
. m: lcn ... (k is a constant. )

Wlrcrr lr:7.5, n:10
7.5 75t | 75
'/.5:k x l0
.'. kl0: l0 l0:100:U'/5'
s11
'
rt
.'
'l'lrrr cquation of variation is
m:0.75
n.
Alrs. The constant of variation is 0.75; the equation of variation is
,,t
0.75 n.
Muthematics Digest : Std.
VIII tr059il
3. Inverse variation, inverse propoftion
Klll (fextfook
Ex. If 40 workers complete a certain work in 5 days, how

will 25 workers take to complete the same work?
In this example, the number of workers iS reduced.
tllmplr ffnd the constant

d vrt{atlon :
complete the same work, more days are required. This is an

inverse variation. In this variation, the product of the number of
and the days required remains constant.
wn.n J :
!,
15,
page 68)
of proportionality and write the
x:14'
* $, wn.n w :24, z:2.5.

| * *, When r: 5.5, s :4.4.
(Textbook page 66)
o.
67
VARIATION AND PROPORTION
NAYI\EET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STAI{DARD VIII
Complete the following table showing an instance of inverse

tion. The table shows the number of workers carrying out a
the number of days they take to do it.
t=JI
! x x:k
/- 15, x:14.
,'.
1l x
14
: /c .'. 210: k
Th6 constant of proportionality is 2101'the equatlon of variation
l}210.
Solution : The given table shows the inverse variation.

.'. the product of the number of workers and days remains con
30x4:I20,20x6-1.20
.'. the constant of variation is 120.
-l
rt', il9
.'.
x:
x: 120
.'.
x:!:9
l0
x24:!20
.'.
x:ff:t
10 x
120
8:120
-:
Zxw:k
... (kisaconstant.)
Itkn " -24. z:2.5.

k:60
lt, t,.! x 24: k
".
Jil, The constant of proportionality is 60; the equation
E ltv - 60.
Let x be the variable for each blank.

Then, x x
.'.
tt
st
I ,* !,
tYhon t
Ans.
.'. s x t:k
... (k is a constant')
:5.5, s:4.4-
i,4,4x5.5:k
k:24.2
Ant. The constant of proportionality

Terdation is st:24.2.
4. Expressing inverse variation in symbols
When .r x y
Here,
k (constant), there is inverse variation between .r
k is the constant of variation and
variation.
xxy-k
is
the
is
24.2; the equation of
I tl*ty crates, each of which can hold 36 mangoes, are required to

crates, each of which
Fh a ecrtain number of mangoes. How many
ig non 48 mangoes, will be required for the same number of
The staternent 'y varies inversely as x' is symbolically written as
of variation
'y
between the number of

rnd the number of mangoes in each crate ?
ril3Oer? what kind of proportion is there
tillht
of
ldgtlOn ! Here, there is inverse variation between the number
Sgtrcs in the crate and the number of crates required'
NAVNEET MATIMMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD
VIII
flderrrluct
Let the number of mangoes in each crate be x and the number
--:=.
be y.
Then x oc
(Textbook page 69)
...
(Inverse variation)
.'. xxy:k
... (ftisaconstant.)
When x:36, y:60
.'.36x60:k
.'. k:2t60.
The constant of variation (k) is 2160.

The equation of variation is
Now, substitute
48 x y
" YY
x:48
xy:2169.
in the equation xy:2160.
6z - 2ab * b2
la I h)(a-b):az -b2
l{l (l' I 5)2 :x2 l-lox +25.
(11
r
'
trr
h12
(1)
{la,
I bfrnd urlng formulae :

ffi
g-:lt,
t2l
(4+p)2 (3) (s +m)(S-m)
ku'- rt'
:2160
lll
rl' o
2160
4g
t)
:45
"'
Ans. 45 crates
t''mptutu tho following statements by fitling in the blanks :

5 t|t ta t lt12:sz-l2ab-fbz
are required.
There is inverese proportion between the number of crates

number of mangoes.
@)2
+2(4) x
:16*8p-+p'
Flt-ov+?:
Ans.
D tg+ nt(S-m)
(4\
t" = l1l' -m2
(m)2
=2t
L6
(6)2
Ans. 36
'
6(l +2)2
(.50)2 + 2(50) x (2) + (2)2
2704
-2500+200+4
Anr. 2704.
p2
*9nn'* 1.
f, Flrrrl lhe values using formulae :

(lt ll' (D 982 Q) $2 () 32x28
-
+ 2rl)" (;) . (;)'
:36*-*12
51''
@)
+8p *p2.
nn'
lll
.:)'.
/
l\2
+\6
)
n2.
fululkrnn:
(e
Q) @+p)2
(,y)r 2(y) x (3t + (3)2

=
=yr- 6y*9
Su
tll
(5) 77x83.
i?)e82
i :(1oo-2)2
i : (100)2 - 2(100) x (2) + Q)2

i :10000-400+4
i :9604
i|T:' ?991:
69
Q) $2
:
:
(60)2
+ 2,f0) x (3) +
(3)'z
:3600+360+g
:3969
(5) 77 x
(30 + 2)(30
(30)2
_ Q)'
:900 -
-2)
*tl +' l0r I 9.
lll tr
= 896
Ans. 3969.
:
:
tlt tl l)(r1 tt'l) ==q2tt(-3)+8)lq+(-3) x8:Q2*5q-24

lf,' ;r t tq 24.
lll tr lltr et:xz+t(-1)a1-9)l:r+(-1)x(-9): x2 -rlx+9
(4) 32 x28
:(60 +r2
(80)2
3X80
6400
2. Expansion of (x -l a)(x I b)
lll
* b)
:x2 +xb*ax*ab
a)(x -f b):161* + b) + a(x
This formula can be written in words as follows
first unequal term)(equal term
(equal term)2
formula to multiply
(1) (p + 4)@ + 7)
(4) (x - lX.r - 9)
(7) (10 + m)(t + m)
(ro) ('n
.:)(--:)
Solutions
(l)
(p +
second unequal
(the product of unequal
il,*ffinel$C,r,,if I tre*tuook
1.. Use the
(2)
(s)
(8)
r)
(3) (q
8Xy + 6)
(6) (m
(e + n)(n
3)
ol) (e _p)(s-p)
-3)(q +
* 5)(m
(e) (11+yXy
(12)
(?.x
$(p +7)
I llp -128.
(2) (b +2)(b- 1) : b2 +[2 + (- l)]b* 2 x ( - 1) :
Ans. p2
Ans.
D2
+b-2.
b2
+ b -2
9)
11
(- 9):v'
,i)( --:)
=*'r
i,( -:))-.?"(-l):*'
nr'
lllt tq
pr()
lll
l$p
llt
l,
lll
+2v -99
514
39
t4
.T,
- p)
- (u)'r + t(-p) +(-p)l
x 9 *(
- p) x (-p) :81 -
t8p
p2
*p2.
t,lr t7)(2x+3)
- (2r)2 + (7 + 3'l x 2x *7
Aru.
: p2 + (4 + 7)p + 4 x 7.: p2 + l.lp +28
11Xv
ll0t (n
+ 7)(2x
yr I I I I +(-9)ly+
l' t lv 99.
Anr,
(v
--
lru,
page 72)
(b + 2)(b
(y
l9 lnltl 3):(n+9Xn-3)
=nr I l() I ( - 3)ln+9 x (- 3):n' *6n-27
lF'
(sum of the unequal terms) x (equal term)
Q.
30.
lit, lt' I 611 27.

lfl tl I t vtlv 9) :
:x2*ax*bx*ab
:x2 *(a*b)x*ab
(equal term
t(-s)+6lv+(-8) x 6:vz -2v-48
l?l tttl I rrrXl I m)-10 x 1+(10 *l)mIm2:IO+tlm+m2

Itr' lo I lln +m2.
6391
Ans. 639L.
(x
nt n
tlnt,
+ 3)
G)' :
Hxr, t rr) :y2 +
*f, tr lv 4tl.
lS lm I tl(rr 6):m2+[5+ (-6)]m*5 x(-6):m2-m-30
896.
83
(80
7I
IDENTITIES
VIII
4x2
*20x *21
tu' l20x*21.
Wrlle 5 examples of the form (x + a'l@ *
(r' I lX.r +7)
l{l (6
plp
-p)
(2) (m -3)Qn
(s)
+e\
(".;X,-l)
D) and use the
(3) (s +YXY
formula to
4)
IDENTITIES
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII
Solution
(1) (x+ lXx +7) - x2 + (I *7)x * I x 7 : x2 + 8x + 7.

(2) (m -3)(m+ 9) : *t + (- 3 + 9)m+ ( - 3) x 9 : m2 * 6rn
(3) (5 + y)(y - 4) : (y + s) O - 4):y2 + (5 - $y + 5 x ( - 4) :y2 + y
(D (6 - p)(3 - p) : ( * p -r 6)( - p + 3) : ( = p)' + (6 + 3) x ( - p)
=p'- 9p + 18.
r', (, .i)Q
-I):,'.
3. Expansion of (a +b + b\2
(] -
I), .'u"
(I):o'
*'uo
:
:
:
:
... lsubstituting x for (b +
-=14rt' I
= lhrr I vt
ff|
rl
|fur r
= l Jr,fr
*2ax * x2
a2 *2a(b -f c) + (b + c)2
... lsusbtituting
a2 *Zab +2ac + b2 +2bc * cz
a2 * b2 + c2 +2ab + ZQc * 2ca
(b +
c) for x]
&
+ ( - 4n)' + 2 x (2p) xm
m2
-36b
* 2 x m x (-4n) I
(-4n)
x (2p)
I2m
* 6mb.
.lr)2
5q)'
\u t 4b -3c)'
-(
.5a)2
+ (4D2 +
126x
-10xy
* 90y.
(-3c)' *2 x (-
5a) x 4b
x (-3c)
+2
x 4b
*2x(-3c)
(-5a)
-.!5cr + l6b2 *9c2 -40ab -24bc'f30ca.
la2 + 4b2 + 9c2 + 4ab * l2bc * 6ca

(2) (4x -5y * z)2:l6xz *25y2 *lz2 -40xy -l}yzi-&zx
(3) (31 *7m-3n)2:912 +49m2 +9n2 +421m-42mn-l8nl
:36p2 + l6q2 + 4912 48pq -l 56qr 84rp.
(4) (6p - 4q
-
lll t'l/
2n -3nlz
* t,llf + (-2m)2 + (-3n)2
Q. 2. Use the formula to expand :

(1) (a+b+8)2
Q) @x *y -7)2
(4) (3b - 6 + m)2
(s) (p - 5q -3r)2
(7) ( - 5a * 4b -3c)' (S) (4/ -2m -3n\2.
9lr' | .16 *
- lt I I 4t)x2 * 25y', -
76)
-7r)2
ttt)
x5yx9
Ans.
(a + 2b + 3c)2
*8xy- t4Y-56x.
+(-3r)''t2xp x (-5q)+2 x (-5q)x(-3r)

*2x(-3r)xP
'25q2 * 9r2
- lUpq * 30qr - 6rP.
= p) |
(9 7r t .5y)2
=rl' I ( -7x)2 +(5y)' + 2 x9 x (-7x)'12 x (-7x) x 5y +2
l?t
lTextbook pages 7s
Q. 1. Fill in the blanks in the following expansions
(l)
49
4nl2
ttt lP 1r/
=l,r I (
This formula can be expressed in words as follows :

(first term * second term * third term)2
: (flrst term)2 * (second term)2 + (third term)2 *
2 x (first term) x (second term) * 2 x (second term) x (thfud term)
2 x (third term) x (first term).
l$B':ffi
xy x (-7) +2x(-7)x(4x)
,=4,,]1ttt)l,#I!y::?y:-!!:y--..-----.
=
c)l
a2
ti:
y'i ( -7)'+2x4xxy-12
6t rrl h I tttt2
- tlr,lr I ( 6)2 +m2 +2x3b x (-6) +2x(-6)xm*Zxmx3b
(a+b+c)2
:(a*x)2
lll t{rtv 1f
t(tt) + 4mz +9n2
-12 x 4l x
(-2m)'12 x (-2m) x
*2 x (-3n) x 4t
-r6tm-tr2mn-ro:;t")
Hlrnplily :
rlt tl I nt +n)2 +Q -m +n)2 (2) (2x +y *z)2 -(2^x
tJt tp t 3q!r)'-@-3q+r)2
rdr t\u 6b - 5c)2 + (7a * 6b - 5c)2
J.
(3) (2p
(6) (9
+m
-7x-t
5y
+y -z)2
Ans.
(l) (a+b +8)2

:a2 *b2 +82 *2 x a x b *2x
a2
b2
+ 64 + Zab +
b x 8 *2 x 8 x a
l6b + l6a.
tl I rrr l-tr)z +(t-m*n)2
t I nf + nz + 2lm + 2mn + 2nt + 12 + mz * n2 - Zlm - Zmn * Znl

Ans. 212 * 2m2 + 2n2 + 4nl.
- )lt l,2mz + 2n2 + 4nl
I
IDENTITIES
NA\'|IEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD Vm
74
(2) (2x+y +d2
-(2x+y-z)2
*4ry *Zyz* zx) - (4x2 +y2 * z2 +4ry -2yz4x2 + yz + zz + 4xy * 2yz * 4zx - 4*t - y' - z2 - 4ry * 2yz *
Ans. 4yz *
:4yz*8u
:
:
(4x2 +y2 + z2
(3) (p *3q*i2
-(p-3q*r)2
:1pf +9q2 +r2 +6pq+6qr+Zrp)-1p2

:p2 +9q2 +12 *6pq*6qr*2rp-p2
Izpq
IZqr
+9q2 +r2
-6pq-6qr*
-9q'-rt *6pq*6qr!ns. l2pq -f
(4) (7a - 6b - 5c)z + (7a * 6b - 5c)2

:49a2 +36b2 *25c2 -84ab*60bc-70ca*49a2 +36b2 +25c
84ab
60bc
il
tlru tho I'rtrmula to exPand

lll tp I 5)r (2) (8+c)3
Expansion
4. Expansion_(a +D)3
-;rrl3xpzx5+3 xpx52+53
=;rr f l5p2 +75p* 125
::
(a + b)3
a3
3a2b
+ 3ab2 +
b3
In words,
(first term * second term)3
: (first term)3 * 3 x (first term)2 x (second term) *
3 x (first term) x (second term)2
(a*b)t :a3 *3azb +3ab2 +b3
: a3 +b3 +3a2b*3ab2
:e3 *b3 +3ab(a+b)
*qy)'.
lll (t t,'lr
-llr l-3x82xc+3x8
= 512 * l92c *24c2 + c3
(.h
Ans. P3 *15P2 -175P
*125'
xc2+c3
Ans. 512 +l;gzc +24c2 +c3.
F4)3
+3 x (3n\2 x 4 +3 x 3nx42 +43

ltns. 2iln3 *108n2 -llMn *64'
-27nt * 108n2 *144n*@
(3n)3
{lt (6lZq)t
* 6:r * 3 x 62 x 2q*3 x 6 x 12q72 + (2d3
*216+216q+72q2
{t)
(4.r
*
16l
Ans' 2L6+216q+TLq' +&qt:
+lqt
*y)3
*3x(4x)2 xY*3x4xxY2 +Y3

64xt * 41x2y + 12ry2 + y3 Ans. 6413 +
(4x)3
flm*4n\3
*3 x (7m)2 x4n*3 xTmx

- 343m3 * 588mzn * 336mnz * 64n3
.17m)3
(8) (px
Fhdonr:
lll tp t str
(1) (x *2y *32)2:f +4y2 +922 +Axy +l2yz+6zx

(2) Qn*n-I)z:m2 *n2 +12 *bnn-2nl-2lm
(3) (2a + 3b + 4c)2 : k2 + 9b2 + l6cz + lzab * 24bc * ltua
@) (3x - 2y - z)2 : 9x2 + 4y2 + z2 - t2,xl * 4yz - 6zt
(5) ( - 2a+3b -5c)':&2 +9b2 +25c2 -l2ab -30bc *20ca'
(4) (6-t2q)u
(3) (3n + 4)3
llt t* tJ)t 6) Qrn+4n\3 (7) (* . i)'
:98a2 +72b2 *50c2 -I40ca

Ans. 98a2 +72b2 *50c2 -l40ca.
Q. 4. Prepare 5 examples of the form (a*b*c)2 and expand
using the formula.
Ans. Examples of the form (a *b * c)2 t
(1) (r +2y +32)2 Q\ @ * n -t)2 (3) (2n +3b + k)2
(a) (3x -2y-z)2 (5) (-2a+3b-sc\2.
Ans, 343m3
-f
588m2n '1336mn2
AEv''zt
1y71y] 1tt t
(4n)2 +(4n)3
64n3 '
o (s'+|)'
*
(second
:(5x)3*3x(5"x)2x
/1\3
*r rt" " (l)' * (.2,)
15
75
:I25x5- *T*'^+?"+S
l25x'
75^ 15 + 1
+Tr'+ Zt
NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDAR.D
(8) (p* * qy)'
:
:
*3
+ 3 x px *Yty, + qty,
p3x3 I 3p2x2qy I 3pxq2y2 + qtyt
Ans. p3x3 * 3p2x2qy -l3pxq2y2 + qty3.
p3x3
IDENTITIES
VIII
tlt ilil
I lllll | | )t
:- lt}(ll t I x 3002 x
x p2x2 x qy
*3
x 300 x 1.2 +I3

| :27270901
/{l(|(l(xx) F 270000 + 900 +

=f
AHl, lTlTlrnll.
Q. 2. Use the formula to find the values :

(1) s33 Q) t023 Q) 443 @) 6t3 (t 1043 (6) 3013 Q)
Solutions :
(1)
533
(50 + 3)3
:503 +3 x 502 x 3 *3 x 50 x 32 +33

: 125000 +22500 + 1350 *27 :148877
ltf
1lll t
t,rlllt | 5)'l
: ltll)t I .l x 5002 x 5 +3 x 500 x 52 +53

:128787625
-: l,f I()()(XXX) + 3750000 + 37500 * I25
l|u, ll$787rt25.
5 cxumples of the cube of the sum of two terms and use the
J, Wtllp
Ans. 148877.
lUrnrmln lo t'xPand :
Q)
1023
llt tl
:(100+2)3
:1003+3 x 1002 x2-13 x 100x 22+23
lru'
llt t: r tt'
1000000 + 60000
lH,
1200
* 8:
1061208
Ans. 1061208.
@)
443
ltiu" r,xittnples of the cube of the sum of two terms :

r,r)' (2) (r+3)3 (3) (2m+D3 @) (-r+3v)3 (5) (2'p+3s)''
(40 + 4)3
:403 * 3 x 402 x 4 *3 x 40 x 42 + 43
: 64000 + 19200 + 1920 * 64 : 85184
613
:8m3 *I2m2n+6mn2 +n3.
l{l rr t lv)t-rt *3xx2*3y-t3xxx1zy)2+(3i3

:x3 r9x2y *27xyz +27y3.
ltt
(.'/,
(60 + 1)3
:603 + 3 x 602 x 1 *3 x 60 x 12 + 13
: 216000 + 10800 + 180 + I : 226981
Ans.226981.
13x22xa*3x2xa2+a3
lll tr t f)t:x3 *3xx2 x3*3 xxx32+33

:x3 * 9x2 +27x+27.
lll t:u I rr)r : (2m)3 +3 x (2m)2 x n *3 x 2m x nz + n3
Ans. 85184.
(4)
,-23
.'tl+lLa+6a2 +a3.
t t,l)3: (Zp)t +3 x (2p)2 x3q*3 x2p x(3q)'+(3q)3

: 8p3 + 36p2q * 54pq2 + 27 q3.
, Etltaltlkxt of (a -b)3
lrr l,lt
a3
3q2b
+ 3ab2 =
bJ
... ( 1)
llt rvrrrrls
lllrql lclttt - second term)3
= r lltst tcrm)3 - 3 x (first term)2 x (second term) *
3 x (first term) x (second term)2 - (second term)3
I rr l,l' -= u3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3
:
(t
1043
:
:
:
(100 + 4)3
1003+3 x 1002 x 4 *3x 100 x 42 +43

1000000 + 120000 + 4800 * 64:1124864
Ans. 1124864.
:u3 -b3 -3a2b l3ab2

:u3 -b3 -3ab(a-b)
... (2)
NAVNEET MATIMMATICS DIGJST : STAI\DARD VITI
IDENTITIES
(Textbook page 80)
a.
formula to expand :
1.. Use the
(1) (x - 7)3 (2)

(5)
(3r-y)3
Solutions
(1
(6)
*y)3
(3) (32 -
(4) (8
5)3
(2-7D3 (T (6rrr1)'
\
-3
5z)3
(E\ (am -bn)u.
| -s6m, +2n -*.
(1) (x-7)3
:x3 -3xx2 x7 *3 xxx72 -'73

:x3 -2rx2 *1,47x-343
Ans. .r3 -21x2 r-l47x -343.
-3 x(am)2 xbn*3 x amx(bn)2 -(bn)3

- 3az mz bn I 3am.b2 n2 - b3 n3
(2) (1-y)3
-fu2m2bn*kmb2n2 -h3n3
y3
+n)3+ (m-n)u
(3) (3n-5)3
:27n3
Ans. 27n3
(4)
(8
13n)3
3 x (3,n)2 x 5 * 3 x 3n x 52
-l35nz *225n-I25
135n2
-f
225n
53
125.
-5n)3
600n2
-125n3.
(3.r)3
-3
(2) (y -r)'- (y +r)'

(4) (h - 9)' - (2a +D"
1t!.+3mri2 +n3 +m3 -fu+3mn2 -n3
t2mt *6mn2
hns +6mn2.
-r)t - (y +r)'
i 03 - 3y2x * 3yx2 - x3)- (yt + 3y2x * 3yx2 + x3)
- y3 - 3y2x t 3E_- t"- y3 - 3y2x - 3yx2 - x3
- - 6Y2x -2x3
(y
(5) (3x-y)3
-p)1+(2+p)t
+3c)3 -Ga-3d3.
Eoil !
fr+n)t +(m-d3
-d+
:83 -3 x 82 x'5n*3 x 8 x 15n\2 -(5n)3

:512-960n*6ffin2 -125n3
Ans. 512 -960n
'f*: x6mx(i)'-(i)'
| -g6m'+zn-*
:13-3x12 xy*3 xIxy2_

:I -3y +3y' -y3
Ans. 1-3y*3yt'!t.
x (6m\2
x (3x)2 x y i3 x 3x x y'
:21x3 -27x2y +9ry'

-y'
!ns. 27x3 -27x2y +9ry'- yt.
- y'
*m. -
6yzx
-?-x3.
(6) (2-7D3
:23
:8
x 22 x 7b * 3 x 2 x (7D2
-84b +294b2 -343b3
-3
Ans. 8 -8& +2g&2 -34gb3.
Qblt t
= 8 - !2p + 6pt
= 16 -l l2p2
Anr.
16
+1b".
- pt * 8'l l2p + 6p2 + p3
NAVIYEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STA.NDARD VJII
IDENTITTES
(4) (2a-g)3
-(Za+g)3
.=(2a)3 -3 x (2a)2 x 9 *3 x2a x92
-93
(2a)2
3
x
x 9 * 3 x 2a x 92
- IQa)3 *
:8a3 - t0ga2 + 4g6a - 72g
-(ga3 + rogaz + 4g6a +729)
:8a3 l0ga2 * 4g6a
ga3
r}gaz _ 4g6a _ 729
-216a2
'
l)3
-3x1002x1*3x100x P _13
.*
30000 +
{g-
30001 :970299
n02ee.
- 21tu2 *t4sg.
Ans.
(5)
- W-
145g
* 3c)3 = (5a - 3c)t

: 15a)3 * 3 x (5a)2 x 3c *
- 4)3
-3 x 1102 x4*3 x 110 x 42 -43
.(5a
3 x 5a x (3c)2
* (3c)3
- [(5a)3 -3 x (5e)2 x 3c * 3 x 5a x (3c)z _

:125a3 t225a2c * l35ac2 *27c3
-(125a3 -Z25a2c
I
:125a3
*U!t"*I35ac2
:450a2c
l35ac2
14s200 + 5-?99
64
145264: 1191016
*27c3 -l25az *Z25a2c-l
- 3)3
-3 x20O2 x 3 *3
54c3
x 200 x 32'33
-360000 +54oo-27
- 360027 :7645i373
Ans. 450a'c +54c3.
Q. 3. Use the formula to find the values :
0) 473
(2)
s83
(3)
993
(4)
1063 ($ 1973 6\.2w3.
Solutions :
G)
473
: (5O * 3)3
,, :509-3 x 502 x 3 +3 x 50 x 32 -33
- 125000 -22500 + 1350 -27
:;A;-
22527
1)3
Itor
2102
9261000
hf**
x I * 3 x 2lo x
-132300+630- l
9261630
132301
12
13
:9129329
)12932e
+ilizg
thc left hand side of an equation remains equal to the right hand
Ans. 103823.
(2)
010-
any values of the variables, the equation is called an identity.
583
.:
(60
(Textbook page 82)
_ 2)3
:603 -3 x602 xZ*3 x 60 x 22

-23
:zlgggg _21600+?g_8
:216720-21608:l95tt2
Ans. 195112.
that the following equations are not identities :
fl '-3:17
Q) 3a(a-2):k2
-tu+10
:%
(4) t2n+(2re-3)':4m2
lt tn *Z)(r+ 5) : 3n - t6 + n2 (6) at tb3 :Sah
*'y + 3xy2 :vt -rt.
sr *b2
+2n +9
lubntituting n :2,
-3:17
: (2 - 2)(2+ s) : 0(7) : s
IHS = 3(2) - 16 + Q)2 : 6 - 16 * 4 : - 6
:2,
LHS:5x2-3:10 -3:7
Substituting y
LHS
RHS: 17
... LHS +
,., LHS #
.'.
,',
RHS
the given equation is not an identity.
[Note : Except for 4, the equation is not true for any other
the variable.l
:2,
LHS:3x2(2-2):6x0:0
RHS : 3 x 22 * 6 x 2 * I0 : 12 -
10
LHS
10
RHS:2x0:O
... LHS +
and b
7,
3(0Xl)
:0
RHS
* 3ry'
:.tr3
- )3
.r: I and ): -
= 3(1)2(
1)
1,
+ 3(1X - l)'z
: -3 +3 :0
=(1)3 -(-.1)3 : 1 -(- 1) = | * :2
:2b
b:0,
5b + b2
- 18 -5(0) + (0)2 :
UIS=(0)3+(1)3:0+l:l
Substituting
.'.
12
lubatituting a
,',
RHS
(3) 13 -
al *b3:3ab
r,, LHS +
Substituting a
LHS
RHS
the given equation is not an identify.
IHS
(2) 3a(a-Z):3a2 -6a+10
.'.
.'.
IDENTITIES
(n -ZX" + 5) : 3n -'l'6 + n2
Ans.
(1) 5y
VIII
3(1X-
1)
+3(1X1)
1.
18
-0 +0 :
18
RHS
any three identities :
: 4m2 + 2m -l 9
Substituting m: - I,
LHS : r2(- r) +12(- 1\ 312
(4) I2m + (2m - 3)'
= -12+(-2-3)21
: -12+(-5)t : - 12 -125 :
RHS : 4('- l)' +2(- I) +'g
LHS + RHS
le + b)2 : a2 *2ab * b2
(e + b\(a - b): a2 - b2
& + a)(x + b) : x2 + @ + b)x * ab
(a - b)2 : a2 -2ab + b2
la+b*c)2:a2 +b2 +c2 +2ab+Zbc+2ca
(g + a)s
13
:4x7-Z+g:4*7:ll
."
LHS + RHS
.'.
e! + 3a2b + 3abz +
b3
(a -b)3:a3 -3a2b +3ab2 -b3'.
EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

I
*!l*3x
=l,r
(Textbook page 83)
Q. L. Solve the following equations

(1)
r+1:6
a
(s)
5:7
Solutions
(2)
(6)
x+4:3
(3)
x-3:5
2x:8
(4\
(2)
.'; X:6 - |
.' . X:5
x+4:3
.'- x:3-4
(3).r-3:5
.'. x:5 *3
.'. X: -I
.'. -f :8
Ans.
Ans.
(4)
x:5.
2x:8
,:,
(5)
X:4
Ans. x:4.
.r- -1.
...
Ans.
1r*3:3x-3
l-6
.x:
(3)
x:3
Ans. x:3.
(2) 3x
-'
,rr
t";n
-2: -7
.'. 3x: -7 +2
.'. 3x: - 5
, , r - -;
Ans.
,'
*7 :
x: - -.
3
,'
. x:2
Ans.
.'. 6:x
x:6
.'.
(3)
"
?e
3x+1
?i +3
-:
_3
(7) - :3
r-l
flll llm -l
2m *3
5
3v*5
(1s) -:2
3Jr:t
x:2.
r+
:
+l--f
* l5=2(I-x)
*-t 5 =2-2x
ltt>
}:2-5
3
3
i-:-l
tzl5x-4:2
.!x
.'.5x-4:2x2x
.'. 5x - 4:4x
.'. 5x-4x:4
.', X:4
Ans.
x:4.
(4\5a- l
3a
x*l
(8) _:_
''r-1
x+2
(12)
6
5
7
-3 t
zx+l 5
(16)
x
' '3x-2
-:-
15
*1
Q. 3. Solve the following equations :
(1).r+5:3x
(2) 7x :20 - x
(3) 6(r-1):5(r+1)
(4) 2x *3:3(r-1).
.r: 1.1,
.'. 4x - 15 -7
.'. 4x:8
Ans.
:,
4x+7:15.
(3) 4x
.'. 3 + 3:3x-2x
the following equations
a:21.
Ans.
(Textbook page 85)
20
,', a:7 x3
.'. a:Zt
i .'. ;r:11
more equations with a single variable :
i (6) 5a: -20
;:7
J
*ll-3(x-1)
x:8.
i.'. 6x-5x:5+6
x:T205
:.*:,
(l)Zx-5:1
.'.2x:l*5
.'.2x:6
.'.
t,
",
Q. 2. Solve the following equations :

(l) 2r-5:1 (2) 3x-2- -7
Solutions
X:-
l-t't
5a: -20.
i .'. o" -6:5x*5
.'.8x:20
'l
i(r)eo-1):5(x+1)
-x
.'.7x*x:20
=1r
(1)x*1:6
Ans.
(2) 7x:2O
(3)
2r(.
3x+1:-l
.'. 2x: -3 (3x+ 1)

.'. 2x: -9x -3
.'. 2x +9x: -3
.'. 11x - -3
" &-
.1
Ans. x
lt
3
86
EQUATIONS
NAVNEET MATTTEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VItr
5a
-7
(4}-:2
3ct
.'. 5a-7:2x3a
.'. 5a -7 :6a
- l:A
." a= -7
Ans. a: -7.
4x
27i
.'
. 29m:27 .'. 7n: *29i
-------j---------l-
Al:: 1:
(7)x- - :3
3x 15
(91
" bc+1 :4
.'.2x+3:3(x-L)
.'.2x+3:3x-3
.'.
: 6(x - l)
.'. 5x*5:6x-6
.'. 5x-6x: -6-5
-x: -ll
.'.3x*5:
.'. be -3x: *3-3
-X: -6
.'. ir:6
Ans. x:6.
x- I
5(x
:)
1)
.'. x:11
3v*5
3
-7y: t
.'. 3(3Y+5):5(3-7Y)
.'. 9y * 15: 15 - 35Y
.'. 9Y + 35Y: 15 - 1t
.'. 44Y:g
-21-lo
.t.
y:
Ans. Y :6.
31
+l 5
=29
(17)
8-3v
sv
4
18
(18) -2v :j
y_+
+z: n
i l) : 5(3x -2) .'. 17(8-3Y):1(5Y+2)i
.'. 3(r8-2Y):40-4)
*9:15r-10 .'. 136 - 51Y: 5Y +2 .'. 54-6Y:4Y-16
-6Y-4Y: -16-54
- l5x: - 10-9
-5lY-5Y:2-1,36i
r*19
- 10Y: -79
-56Y: -134
134 67
19
. .._-7
t"
"'loy:70
,, y-t
56-28
3
Ans. y =7.
ffi
19
Ans. y :
tg.
I
.'.3x*5:8x
.'.
(15)
,T3l
t-T'
- l:
(8)x*l -:; 6
+3
4 x-L
n: zx - r
= -31
_10
2x
3m:
27i
Ans. lrr:
29i
-.
ONE VARIABLE
=til) = - 3(m+7)
5m= -3m-21
+2:2(x
4x *2:?-x
4x-2x: 2x: - IO
4x
45m-27:I6m
45m-l6m:27
114\
+75
-=-
x-4
9(5m-3):8(2m)
-7:6a-5a
-n -3
(6) *2. :2
5m-3 _8
(5) _:
2mq
tI\
I
I
I
3x
-8x:28
- 5x:23
jt:;:
23
'y:--
Ans. x - 11.
Ans.
23
x: -=-.
5l
Problems:
(Textbook page 8E)
5x*4
(l0l
' '2x+l :2
(tt\ llm-l
2m-13
.'.5x*4:2(2x*I)
.'. 5.r* 4:4x*2
.'.5x-4x:2-4
lIm-l:2(2m*3\,
.'.2(x-t2):71,
-:2
Ilm- I:4m * 6 .'.2x+4:7xlIm- 4m:6 +
.'. 2x-'lx: -2
.', X: -2
7m:7
Ans. x
- -2.
.'. m: I
Ans.
m:1.
-5x: -25
.'. 5x:25
.'. .f:5
Ans.
r:5.
Poorva is older than Durva by 6 years. The ratio of Poorva's age to

Dgrva's age three years hence, will be 4 : 3. What is Poorva's age
Hlryr
&lutlon : Let Durva's
present age be .r years.
?orva is older than Durva by 6 years.

,', Poorya's present age is (x*6) years
Thrce years hence'Eurya's age will be
lgorva's
* 3) Years
age will be (x * 6 + 3) :
(.x
(x
9) years.
ThE ratio of Poorva's age to Durya's age
x+9 _4
" r+3
.'.
will
be 4 : 3.
3(x+9):4(x+3) .'. 3x*27:4x*12
EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VITI

.'
- 4x:
-x:-15
3x
12
.'. x=15
Poorva's present
Itlvc years agolltt' tge of the younger brother was (x - 5) years

(x + 4 - 5) : (x - 1) years'
nrrrl the age of the elder brother was
-27
age: (x * 6) years
(15 + 6) years
:2I
years.
Ans. Poorva's age today is 21 years.
lirrrrn the given conditi
Q. 2. The difference between two natural numbers is72.lf we get
- 5) :5(x - 1)
,',7x-35:5x-5
,', 7x-5x: -5 +35
,',2x:30 .'. x:15
the greater number is
x*72.
From the given condition,
xj:4
172
.'
. x *72:4x
Q,
.'. x:24
Ans. The required numbers ne 24 and 96.
Q. 3. The ratio of the difference obtained by subtracting
from
number, to the sum of twice the same number and 5 is 13 : 15.

is the number ?
Solution : Let the required number be x.
The number obtained by subtracting

number
:3x -
2 from
three
The number obtained by adding 5 to twice the number
on,=::
2x+5
:2x
.'.
'fne numerator of a fraction is 3 less than its denominator' If the
numeratoristripledandthedenominatorisincreasedby2'thevalue
fraction ?
of the fraction obtained is j. wtrat was the original
be x'
f{olution : Let the numerator of the original fraction
'l'ltc numerator is smaller than the denominator by 3'
,'. the denominator: (x + 3)
x
,'.
the original fraction is
+:.
"
Now, the new numerator is three times

rtnd the denominator is increased by 2'
x:
times
,',
-15.
15
x-T:t
t9
Ans. The required number is 5.
Q. 4. The difference between the ages of two brothers today is 4

Five years ago, the ratio of their ages was 5 : 7. Find the age of
younger brother.
Solution : Let the present age of the younger brother be x years.
Then, the present age of the elder brother : (-r * 4) years.
the new denominator
irrrrn the given condition,

,'
.'. 15(3x -2): l3(2x + 5)

.'. 45x - 30 : 26x -165
.' . 45x
-26x:65 + 30
.'. l9x:95
l.
2.
From the given conditi
7(x
years'
Ans. The present age of the younger brother is 15
.'. 4x:x*72
.'.4x-x:72
.'.3x:72
.'. x*72:24+72:96
.'
dividing the greater number by the smaller number, find the

Solution : Let the smaller of the two numbers be x.
The difference between the numbers is 72.
.'.
on,=:5"
X- I I
3x x
2:
x'13 1 2 :
3x
5
3x1
-: ,
I(x -15)
.'.6x:x-l 5 .'. 6x-x:5

rrrrd.x*3:l*3:4
Ans. The original fraction is
.'
. 5x:5
.'.
x:
(r. The denominator of a fraction is greater than its numerator by 3'

lf 3 is subtracted frorn the numerator and 2 added to the denominator, the value of the fraction we get is f. fina the original fraction.
Solution : Let the numerator of the original fraction be -r'
'l'hen, its denominator is x * 3.
.'.
the original fraction
it
#.
3 is subtracted from the numerator.
NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST: STANDARD
.'.
VIII
the new numrator is -r 3. 2 is added to the denominator.

.'. ..the new denominator is x * 3 * 2 x * 5.
+::
'x15
From the given condition,
.'. 5(r - 3) : 1(-r *

.'. 5.r - 15 :.r * 5
.'. 5x - x:5 + 15
.'.4x:2O
.'.
Write the values :
$,
,/ffi
(2)
'$*
5)
l, Find the suare roots by division method

(l) lose (2\ te36 (3) 10316.
x:5
and-r*3:5*3:8
TeT6
Ans. The original fraction is f .

I
189
189
Q. 7. Sandpep has Rs 50 more thal,flre amount with Gayatri. If

of themis given Rs 15, the ratio,between their amounts will be
How much money did Gayatri have to begin with?
Solution.: Let Gayatri have Rs
'19: :: I
'.x*15
.'. l(r + 65) :3(x *

;. x*65:3x*45
*7-x: -20
?-x:2O
,.r/toss: rs.
*rs.
J6o-:u
-1
20
204
+4
208
008
00
816
816
000
+ 15) and
Find the approximate values of the square roots of the following
numbers up to two decimal Places :
(l) et.32t6 (2) 7.6se.
!.
15)
.'. x-3x:45-65
.'.
+4
+0
.x.
Then, Sandeep has Rs (x * 50).

If Rs 15 are given to both, Gayatri would have Rs (x
Sandeep would have Rs (-r * 50 + 15): (x + 55)
From the given conditiorr,
+4 -16
336
336
000
10816
+1
84
000
t04
(3)
44
(z',)
.'. .r:10
(t)
9r.321600
81
10 32
9 25
01 o7
Ans. Gayatri had Rs 10.
+z
47
+7
546
+6
l6
9525
119100
5527
+7
1t4636
9l
L2
Jrn
2.7 67
7.6T 9-o o 6
(2)
9.5 5 6
5534
004464
-4
3 6s
-30 29
3690
327
041400
38689
o27
tl
!/7 56, :2.767...
t6:9.556...
Ans. Approximate value of $-SSS

up to two deciinal Places :2.77.
lnr. Approximate value of

.FtlztOup to two decimal
91
92
a. 4. Classify the following numbers

numbers :
(1)
2.1s
g ,F g,F.x
VIII
as rational numbers
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE -
or i
(4) 4.812316s9...
Q. 5. Divide
seg
7. In the parallelogram ABCD, m LA :(8r + 8)", rnLC : (9x - 7)".

Find the measure of each angle of this paralleloiram.
Solution : The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
.'. LA= LC
Ans. Rationd numbers : (1) 2.18

\F%
Irrational numbers : (\ ,f tO @) 4.gtl3t61g,.,
.'. mLA:mLC
... (1)
,'.
+ 8)' : (9x -7)"
.'. 8x* 8:9x-7
.'. 8.x-9x: -7 -8
- x: - 15 .'. x:'1,5
,'. mLA: (8x * 8)' : (8 x 15 * 8)': (120 * 8)o :
(8x
AB of length 7.5 cm into 6 congruent parts.
Ans.
AC, seg CD, seg DE, seg EF, seg FG

and seg GB are the 6 congruent
pa.rts of seg AB.
seg
From (1),
123".
mLC:128".
The adjacent angles of a parallelograrn are supplementary.

.'. mLA+ mLB: l80o
.'. 128*mLB:180
Also,
mLD:mLB
-.'. mLB:180- 128 .'. mLB:52"

... (Opfosite angles of a parallelogram.)
.'. mLD:52"
mLA:128"; mLB:52"; mLC:128"i mLD:52.
Ans.
8.
PQRS, ,(PQ) :6 cm, /(PS) = 9 cm, find

the tengths of seg QR and seg SR.
Solution : The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.
.'. ses PQ = seg SR .'. l(PQ): l(SR)
/(PQ) : 6 cm
. .. ( Given)
.'. /(SR): 6 cm
Similarly, seg PS = seg QR
.'. /(PS): l(QR)
l(PS):9 cm
... (Given)
.'. /(QR):9 cm
If in the parallelogram
Ans. /(QR):9 cmi /(SR;:6
Q. 6. Draw seg PQ of length 9 cm and divide it in the ratio 3 z 2.

Ans.
Point T divides seg PQ

in the ratio 3 : 2.
i.e., /(PT) : /(TQ) :3 :2,
P. ./
"-.
Q. 9. The radius of a circle is 17 cm. Find the length of a chord which is

at a distance of I cm from the centre of the circle.
Solution: In the figure, P is the centre of a
circle with radius PQ: 17 cm.
Seg PM t chord QR. l(PM):8 cm.
In right-angled APQM, by futhagoras' theorem,
t(QM)1'? + t/(PM)12: tl(PQ)1'z
g9'l*"
.'. tl(QM)l'*82:I'72
.'. t/(QM)]'z : r72 -82 :289 -64:225
.'. /(QM): 15 cm.
The perpendicular from the centre to its chord bisects the chord.
. ' /(QR):2/(QM) :2 x 15:30 cm
Ans. The length of the chord:30 cm.
f'
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST
: STANDARD
VIII
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE -
0. 10. If in a circle with centre O, Chord pe chord

AB
=
lzLAOB:70o, find the measure of lpOe.
centre.
scg
Chord AB subtends ZAOB aat the

centre O.
..
.'. IPOQ = LAOB ... mLyOq: aLAOB

ruLAOB:70" ... (Given)
:. mLPOq:7}"
of rength 16 cm is at a
of 8 cm from the centre. Find the radius
of this circle.
Solution : Let chord AB of length 16 cm
be at a
Ans. The area of n ABCD
The perpendicular from the centre

of a circle to its
chord bisects the chord.
.'.
the semiperimerer (s.y:

'
A(AABC) by Heron's formula

s(s-a)(s -b)(s-c)
24(24
18)(24_
lt(Z
4 x 6 x 6 x 9 x 9 :2
A(AABC):108
AHDC and ADFC are equilateral

:12 cmtfind the area of
H
Solution : AHDC and ADFC are equilateral
15 cm long, what
cm, /(CA)
:b:15
18+ 15+ 15
-:T:z+cm
triangles.
.'. both the equilateral triangles

.'. A(AHDC) : A(ADFC)
are having side 12 cm in length.
'fhe area of an equilateral triangle
:{
:T./:t
'l'he area
of
HDFC
Ans. The area of
/(HC)
12 cm.
...
Ora"l,
r;
cm
-48 _ nn
Side CD is common to both the
x t2 x t2:36"",6
(Formula)
sq cm
A(AHDC) + A(ADFC)
G6^,[3 +36\/E) sq cm
D HDFC :72.,/a sq cm.
:72.,fr
sq cm.
Q. 15. rf the circumference of a circle is 88 cm, find its radius and area.
Solution : The circumference of the circle:8g cm
'fhe circumference of a ctrcle :2nr
... (Formula)
15)
x6 x 9:
sq cm.
If
triangles.
24x6x9x9
Ans.
14.
:24 sqcm.
|l HDFC.
theorem,
cm.
a:lg
a*b*c2
q.
(Subsritutingrhevalues)
triangles and /(HC)
Q. 12. If the sides of AABC are lg cm, 15 cm and
and/(AB):c:15cm.
...
:1rx16x3:24sqcm
of 8 cm from the centre p of a circle.

Seg PMr chord AB. /(AB):16
cm, /(pM):g sm.
its area?
Solution : Let in AABC /(BC):
!ABCDisatrapezium.
.- j x t/(AB) + /(CD)l x /(BM)

:i"@*12)x3
distance
: nM
(Given)
of the parallel side AB and CD are 4 cm and lZ cm

lospectively.
'l'he distance between the parallel sides, /(BM) :3
cm.
Area of a trapezium
: I x the sum of the lengths of parallel sides x height ... (Formula)
Q' 1r' rn a circre with centre p, a chord
Ans. The radius of the circle
seg CD,
'f'he lengths
Ans. mLpOe:70o.
.'. /(AM) :jl1an; :) x t6:8 cm

.'. in right-anged ApAM, by pythagoras,
U(PA)lr: [/(AM)]2 + t/1pM)1,
: g2 * g2 :64 * 64: l2g
BM
/(AB):4 cm, /(BM):3 cm,

/(CD): 12 cm.
or-.--..--.--.-.--,,
l'ind the area of n ABCD.
"Solution: In IABCD, seg AB ll seg CD ...
= chordAB ... (Given)

Chord PQ subtends lpoe at the centre
O.
ChordPQ
AB jl seg CD,
13. Seg
Solution : In a circle, congruent chords

subtend congruent angles at
10g sq cm
.'.88:2x!xr
88x7
". 2x22-'
...
.'. r-14cm
NAVI\EET MATI{EMATICS EIGEST ! STAIIDARD VIII
The area of a
circle:nr2
:? x
Ans. The radius
... (Formula)
... (Substituting
x 14
:22 x 2 x 14: 616 sq cm
14
14 cm; The
MISCELLANEOUS'EXERCISE -
Solution
rhe val
i;.,?..,
Xl
area:616 sq cm.
Q. 16. The diameter of a greater circle is 126 cm and that of a

circle is
(ii)
ll2
cm. Find the difference between their (i)
areas.
Solution : The diametet @) of the greater circle
.'.
radius
<r):t:ry#:63
The diameter (dr) of the smaller
'.'.' radius
--'----
cm.
Znr,
$:
The difference between their circumference
25
12
300
30
1E0
35
L40
N:30
780
ll_"_:::11i:
780
xxf _
-/$
30
::i*t.:lTr !T:T:
*i1_il:*
21, 17, x, 100, 57, 48, 47, 20, 0, 4,
-Znr,
=2n(r1_
x!62 "
If
12)
sa1
:44
c;m'
-:*:":2?
:n(rrz _ rz2)
= n(rt * rr)(r, - r")
: !62 + s6)(63 -s6)

:? x lt9 x7 :261,g sq cm.
Ans. (i) M cm, (ii) 2613 sq cm.
0. 17. The table below
160
19:
18. The number of runs scored in a match by each player of a cricket
team is given below.
b^\:L-712
:56 Cm'
\'z' 2
Z
orr"
the sum of
N
cm
The difference between their areas
20
126 cm.
cm.
circle:
shoivs the contributions of 30 families

housing colony for the celebration of a festival. tr'rom this data,
the average contribution.
the mean score is 30, find the value of .r.

Solution : The total runs scored by 11 players
:21 I
.'. N-
-l x+ 100 + 57 + 48 + 47 +20 +0 + 4 +2 :316

11 (No. cif players)
316+x
Total runs scored
Mean:
.'. 30:
No. of players
11
13
,'.316*x:30x11
316
Ans. The value of x is 14.
x: 330 .'. x:330 -
316:14
19. There is direct variation between m andn. When nt:25rn:15.

Find the constant of variation and write the equation of variation.
... (Given)
Solution zme.n
... (k is,a constant.)
,'. m:kn
'
_r-
n
25
,
,,
-;=-L
.'.
55
k-5andm:kn
l5
-L
...
.'.
*:j,
Ans. The constant of variation

lAiavneet Mathematics Digest : Std.
5;
and equation of variation i
VIII IE059il
5
m:-n.
3
yU
NAVNEETMATHEMATICSDIGEST:STANDARDVuI
MISCELLANEOI-IS EXERCISE'-
Q. 20. J yaries in inverse proportion tox. Whenx :12,!:15. Find

cons-tant of variation and write the equation of variation.
...
Solution : y o61
x
k
' . v -x
.. x!:k
.'.
12
.'. k -
15
180 and
:4x2-4x2x'-2I
:4x2 8x-2I
Ans. 4r2 -8x-21.
(Given)
x!
:k
.'. ry :
180
Ans. The constant of variation:180; the equation of variation : ry
Q. Zf. Expand using the formulae
(r) (h+3b+3)2 (z)
- n)3
(4) Qw
Solutions
(l)
(2a
(x+toXr-n)
(3)
(sr.*)'
:9x2 +4y2 +22 +I2xy-l4yz-l6zx- (4x2 +4y2 +22 -8ry+4yz:4zx)

:9x2 + 4y2 + z2 + W^+ 4yz + fu1- 4x2 - 4y2 - z2 + W - +1, + g
:5x2 * 20xy -f I\zx
Ans. 5r2 *20ry +1rDzx
23. Use formulae to find the values
Ans.
(t)
+3b +3)2
zx3x
h2 +9h2 +9 +lLab +tW +l?a,
- l1) :x2+ t(10) + (_ x-II0

=x2
Ans. .r2 -x - 110.
(2) (x+
22. Simplify:
(3x +2y +z)2
-1zx -2y -z)2
Ans. (3x -l2y * z)2 - (L\ - 2y - z)2
(t) (2eo2 ; Q) Q0s\2.
(s) {zx + 3)(2x

-7).
: (2a)2 + GDz+ (3)2 * 2 x 2a x 3b * 2 x 3)b x 3 I

: 4a2 +gbz +g + l\ab + 1.gb + tza
Ans.
(5) (2x + 3)(2x -7)

: (h)2 + [3 + ( - 7)] x 2x -r (3) x ( - 7)
(t is a constant.)
:k
10X"t
(2eq2
:(3OO _ 4)2
:3oo2 -2 x 300 x4+42
:90000
:87616
11)l,r* l0 x ( _ l1)
2400
v*7
(200
5)2
:2002+2xz}ox5+52
:40000 + 2000 +25
16
:4202s
24. Solve the equations
tt)';:L+r
(2) (205)2
Q)
2p+3
p
-S
_7
10
Solutions :
. (,1)'
:27x3
Lns.
*9x*1"-1' x 'Zlx'
27x3+9r+1+-L.
x 27x3'
(4) (2m-n)3
:(2m)3
-3 x(2m)2 xn+3 x2mxn2 -(n)3
:8m3
-lLmzn*6mn2 -n3
Ans. 8zr3 - t2m2n * 6rnn2 - n3.
[,
(1)
v*7
:.:1+Y
.'. y *7 :3(l *y)

.'. y *7 :3 *31
," Y -3Y:3 -7
-2y: -4
i. 2Y:4 ). Y:2
Ans. y :2 is the solution of
the equation
2o*3
(2t'
" p-5 :
7
10
.'. 1,0(2P+3):7(P-5>
.'. ZOP * 30: 7P -.35
-7p - - 35 .-. l3P: -65
.'. p- -65
.^ :-5
.'.
2Op
30
'IJ
Ans. P
: -5 is the solution of
the equation.
NAIT'{EET MATITEMATICS DIGEST

: STANDARD Vru
a. 25. The denominator of a fraction is greater than

the
by 5. If 2 is added to both the numerator

and the denomi
value of the fraction obtained is
f . finA the orignal ,;";;;;.
Solution : Let the numerator of the
original fraction be -r.
Then, its denominator is .r + 5.
.'.
the original fraction
is "
.r*5
If 2 is added to both the numerator and

the denominal0r, the numera
the new fraction
and the denominator:.r*5
:x*2
+2:x
From the given condition. " * 2: I

'x_t7
,'.
73
43
(1) 33:3x3 x3:27.

(2) 7'+7 x7 x7,:343..
(3) 43:4x4.x4-64..
@) 93 :9 x9 x9 =729.
(5) 113:11 x 11 x 11 :1331.
(6) 153:15 x 15 x 15:3375.
27 is rhe cube of 3.
343 is the cube of 7.
64 is the cube of 4,
The Cube of an Integer :
4 pens and 5 notebooks is Rs gg.
find the cost of on. n"o
ur,o
Solution : Let the cost of a pen be

Rs x.
Then, the cost of a notebook is
Rs (x * 5).
To find the cube of an integer, we take the number three times and find
the product.
e.g., (1) L33':13
x 13 x 13:2797
(z) (-13)3:1 -"t;;; a-';;x
13)
: t'6e x - 13) :
positive
We notice that the cube of a positive riumber is

of a negative number is negative.
The cost of 4 pens at Rs x each :

Rs 4x..
The cost of 5 notebooks at Rs (.r
+ 5) each: Rs 5(.r + 5)
From the given condition, 4x* 5(.r
5) : gg
.'.4x*5;*25:gg
.'. 9x - 88 - 25
.'. 9x:63
(Textbook page 92)
3'
is Rs 5 more than that of a pen.

The cc
notebook.
5 x 5 x'5 : 53. Here 5 is the base, 3 is the index (power) and 53 is the
index form.
5 x 5 x 5 :I25.Therefore, 125 is the cube of 5 or 5 cubed.
The,cube of a number is also the third power of the number.
Ans.
I
Ans. The original fraction : I
I
(rextbook pages e2 to e5)
Evaluate the following and write which nurnber is the cube of which
other number :
(l)
(D
(3)
(5) 113 (6) 153.
@) 9'
the original fraction is
Q' 26' The cost of a notebook
RoOtS
+7.
.'.2(x+2):x+7
.'.2.x+4:x*7
.'. 2x-x:7 -4
.'. r:3 and.r*5:3*5:g
CubeS and Cube
Find the values of :

(1) 63 (2) ( - t3
Ans. The cost of one pen is Rs 7; andthe

cost of one notebook is Rs
(3)
- 10)3 @) 143 (s)
(l)6t:6x6x6:216
(2) (-5): :(-5) x (-5) x (-s) : -12s
(3) (- 10;: -(- 10)'x (- 10) x (- 10) : -1000
(4) (lq3 : 14 x 14 x t4:2744
(5) ( - I2)3 : (- 12) x (- lD x ( - 12) : -1728.
-zrst.
and the cube
(Textbook page 92)
Ans.
and"r*5:7*5:12
(-12\3.
CI]BES AND CUBE ROOTS
3. Perfect Cubes:
The cube of any integer is called a perfect cube. e.g.,
53:125. Here,
4. Cube Roots
27 and,I25 areperfect
:5x5x5x3x9
:5x5x5x3x3x3
:, fu75:5x3:r.5.
(-3)3-
cubes.
...
103
(Test for divisibitty by 3)
(Textbook page 95)
The cube of the number 5 is 125. So, rhe cube root

of 125 is 5.
The cube root of a number is indicated by the symbol ,{-,.
For example, cube root
of
125 is
1. Write the cubes of natural numbers from 1 to 10:
125
of - 125 is writren u { - nS.

Symbolically ./rzs ir read as 6the cube root of the number
Cube root
125
2. Find the cube roots of the following numbers

(t) -72e (2) 8000 Q) 27M (4) 68se.
Q. 1. Write in symbols :
(1) The cube root of 64 is 4: (2) The cube rbot of
1000 is
(3) The cube root of I is r. (4) The cube root- g000 of
is
Ln". e) le4:
(2)
1000
_
I
- 10 (3)
(4) .04ooo: zo.
t/
Solutions
(1)
i/-t -
729.Letus first find cube rootof729.

729:9 x 8l
'
:9x9x9
...
{Tzt:s
Q. 2. Write in words :
@ -sn= -B
@ :/t12s- -s.
Q)
ffi:r
Ans. (1) The cube root of rhe number

-512 is _
(2) The cube root of the number I is 1.
(3) The cube root of the number729 is9.
(4) The cube root,of the number
-729 is -9.
(3)
1,,,
g.
(3) 2744:4x686
:4 x2 x 343
5. To find the cube root ofa perfect cube :

(1) Find the factors of the given number. (use the test
for divisib.
(2) Group the factors in such a way that each group contains
the
:4x2x7 x49
:2x2x2x7 x7 x7
.'. {zl++:2.x7:14
factor thrice
(3) Take one factor from each of these groups.
(4) The product of these factors is the cube root of the given
For example
3375
ans.
(4) 6859:19 x
= 5 x 675 ... (Test for the divisibitity by 5)

:5x5x135
:5x5 x5x27
!nM:14.
361
=19x19x19
.'. {aast'ts
,...
1*
/-ug-r?:1-?:
t04
VIII
ld
[ndiCeS
(Textbook page 96)
1. Fill in the blanks in the following statements :

Ans. (1) axaxaxax6yq-6@
(2) a^ xan :o@
(3) (axb)':a@xb@
(4) (a*):q@
(5) a':-q':offi (if m> n)
(6) ao:
(7) a-.
Q. 3. Of which numbers are the foltowing numbers cubes?

(t) 40e6 (2) 4et3 (3) ss32 (4) _21n.
Solutions
:4x4x256
:4x4x4x64
:4x4x4x4x16
:4x4x4x4x4x4
. 4096 43 x 43 :-@l[s :
__
a@.
Q. 2. Simplify:
(l) 5a x 53
6) 3-4
(1) 4096:4x1024
..
Q)
(2) 78 -73
('
47o
(:). " (?)"
G)
(;)"
(4) (rr x 4)2 (5)
",
Ans.
(1)
54
53:
54+3
(;)'
oo)
[(;)']'
I
-e-n--3o
57
16a
Ans. The number 4096 is the cube of the number 16.
(2\ 4913:I7 x l7 x
(3)
17
:4 x 1458
:4 x2 x729
:2x2x2x9x8l
:2x2x2x9x9x9
:. stzz --z-t* gr : 12 9t' :
5832
><
l. Fractional Index :
49J means square root of
lg.
Ans. The number 5832 is the cube of the number
1g.
Let us first find the cube root of 2197,
:13 x 13 x 13
_2197:(_13)3
.'.2t97:t33
Ans. The number (- 2lg7) is the cube of the number ( l3).
-
49.
Sqyare root of 49 is written as

_t
(4) -2197.
2197
:(;I'':(;)''
(s)
643 means cube root of
u@ or 491.
64.
1
Cube root of 64 is written
u"
{U
or
641.
ln general, the nth root of a number a is shown by the index 1

n
(23)s
NAVI{EET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD VIII
Ans.
(Textbook page 99)
111*1
Q. 1. Write the meaning of the followins

-o index numbers :
1
"t
1
I
1
1
1
(1) 362 @) n
G) nt G) 20i 6) 2s64 (6) ri (D t0;
(1)
184
x 18s: 18a
Ans.
5+4
18 20
(5)xt Lxto-x7
1_1 s-3
:73 s :7 Is
2
:1820
r11
(6) (xY)t -*i
1_ I
to
to-1
nt5
_1 11
(4) (9 x 5)o :90 , 56
11
t
11
(3) (4t)n :1412" s - 4rc
(1) The meaning of 36t : Square rootof36.

-l
(2) The meaning of 271 : Cube root of 27.
(2) 73 -75
*Yi
_ - 70 :y7O
-L
11
t t
Q.
-t 2. Evaluate:
(t)
42 .
I1"
125'
(6) 10003 Q) 22st
Ans.
Q)
la
-1
(S) 5123
-,rt:2
(a) 15r-
(t
(6) loooi =
(7) zWi
(s) 51?5:
-L
11L
(15) (13 -15)7 :137 +L57.
,fiooo: lo
:1B:15
if :1
(9)
100t: .u/i6: t0
3. Rules of indiees
-.-----^_--_-
-1
(4)
Q) qt
(2) t25i = {6:5
(3) l?:.16:1
1111
(9) p2 x p;:pt+t:p
11L
(11) (7 x 9)s: 7E x9E
1111
(13) xE i x-l:xE-i
3
11*8
_- 88 _-88
_1
tt 11 (5) 1002
(9) @2 (tu) 646
_1
(3)
{fr,:g
&ir:
(10) 646
rffi:t
: ffi:2
You have studied the rules of indices in Std. VII.

(Textbook page
Q. Simplify:
11rl
(1) 18a x lgs
(6)
(tt)
(rv)'
_7s
e)
' 't 7i
t
gi;i
(zy
11
(7 x 9); (12)
(3)
_1 _t
(r42)e
-1 -l
(E) (ms1t
l1
(mny es) J8 : r11
lffi)
l1
(4) (9 x 5)6 (5) x7 -i

11
(9)
pi x pl
(Io) mi x
1r
(14) x2
+r2
(15) (13+15)
11
0 glrz:rt" z:rE
(8)
11
@tf :ma"i:mt
lllt2
(10)
*1 * *1 :*1*
(t2)
(mn)n
(14)
1 I 11
x2+x2:.xz 2-xo:l
_t_ll
:rnv
:mj
x nP
Construction of Quadrilaterals
CONSTRUCTION OF QUADRILATERALS
(Textbook pages 101 to
To construct a quadrilateral, the measures of five

essential
should be given.
Construction
To construct a quadrilateral, given the lengths

of four sides and
diagonal.
IDEFG in which ,(DE):3.5 cm, /(EF)=Z.S

t(FG) : 1.7 cm, r(DG)
=2.5 cm, ,(DF,):3.5 cm.
[Analysis : Suppose n DEFG is the required D
2.5 cm
quadrilateral. Here, the lengths of the three
sides
of ADEF are known. So, by the SSS construction E
method, we can construct ADEF. The lengths of :
Q; Construct
the side DG and FG are known. So, we can locate
2. One side and one diagonal of
point G.l
Steps
of Construction
(1) Draw a rough figure of
2.5 cm
Rough figure
Ans.
DEFG show_
(u
ing the given measurements.

(2) Draw seg EF of length 2.5 cm.
(3) Complete ADEF using the given

measures of side ED and diagonal DF.
(4) Now,' complete ADFG using. the
meaurements of sides DG and FG.
q'/
Draw quadrilaterals of the following measures :

Q. 1. In n DEFG, /(DE) :5 cm, /(EF) :6 cm, r(FG)
cm, /(DF) :9 cm.
Rough figure
108
:7 cm, /(DG) :
a rhombus ABCD are 4.5 cm and 5.5
cm respectively.
Explanation : n ABCD is a rhombus. Therefore, all its four sides are
congruent.
.'. l(AB): /(BC): l(CD): /(DA):4.5

AC:5.5 cm.
Diagonal
Ans.
cm.
110
NAVNEET MATIIEMA,TICS DIGEST : STANDARD
a. 3. ln parallelogram
,(PQ) :3.5
vItr
CONSTRUCTION'OX' QUADRILATEMI"S
PQRS,
cm, ,(QR)
:4.5
(Textbook page 105)
cm, ,(PR)
:6.5
cm.
Expl4nation : The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.
.'. /(PO: /GS):3.5 cm and /(QR): /(PS):4.5 cm.
/(PR):6.5 cm
Draw quadrilaterals of the following measures :

1. In n DEFG, t(EF) :3'5 cm, t(DE) :5'5 cm, l(DF)
,(DG)
:5
cm, t@G)
:8
z's
cm, t(LD)
:5
cm.
Ans.
/"F
,U)
5.5 cm
Rough figure
4.5 cm
Rough figure
'
4.5 cm
[Note : ParallelogramPQRs can a]so be constructed by constructing A
and APSR with common base seg pR.l
Construction 2
To construct a quadrilateral, given the lengths of three sides and

diagonals.
Q.
Construct
,(AC)
:4
ABCD suct that /(AB)
cm,, t(BD) :4.5
Steps of Construction
:3
cr& l(BC)
Z.S cm,
: 3.5
In n GOLD' /(OD):16
,(GD):4 cm, /(GL) :6 cltt,
cm.
2.
-s
(1) Draw a rough figure of n ABCD showing

grven measurements.
the i
(2) Draw seg BC of length 2.5 cm.

(3) With B as cdntre and radius AB :3 cm draw
B 2.5cm
an arc.
(4) With C as centre and radius CA

draw another arc intersecting the
arc at the point A.
(5) Complete
t(CD)
:4
cm,
previous
ABCD using the lengths of
seg BD and seg CD.
(6) Draw seg AD.
n ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
Rough figure
n:t:
cm, /(OL)
,'l
:7.5
crlr
ttz
NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : S.IANDARD VIII
Q. 3.
In n PLAY,
,(PA):8.5
cm,
/(PL)
:4.5
t(Ly):7.5
cmo
,(LA)
:6.5
cm, /(py)
113
CONSTRUCTION OF QUADRILATERALS
.i!49n,::::--,:
S.S
:,r:.r.,riiist:rri:lr,r,,,rrr,ri,rr,,f.!i :
,rffilUSgIW$4;
cm.
(Textbook page 106)
Draw quadrilaterals of the following measures
Ans.
l. In IDEFG, /(DE):4.S cnr /(EF):6.5 cmi mLD:65",

mLE:100o, mLF:60o.
rl
4.5 cm
4.5 cm
Construction 3
To construct a quadrilaterar, given the rengths of two

adjacent
and the meaures of three angles.
Q.2.
In IMTSN, t(MT):4 cf,r ,(TS):5 cm, mLM:50o,
mLT:ll0"rmLS:70".
NS
Q. Construct IABCD in which /(AB):5.4 cm, /(BC) :3.4

m LA : 70, m LB: 60", m LC : llo".
Steps of Construction
(1) Draw a rough figure
of n ABCD
showing the given measurements.

(2) Draw seg AB of length 5.4 cm.
(3) At the point B, draw ray BN making
M4cmT
Rough figure
ZABN:60o.
(4) With B
as a centre and
4cm
radius 3.4 cm draw an

arc intersecting ray BN
a. 3.
in point C.
mLY:95", mLZ:85".
(5) At the point A, draw
ray AM
making
IBAM:70o.
(6) At the point C, draw
IBCD:
n 4PCD
In IXYZW, I(XY):S.S ch: t(XW):3 cD mLX:70o,
110o intersecting ray
5.4 cm
AM in point D.
is the required quadrilateral.
Explanation : From the rough figure, measure

of LW should be given.
(Angles at the end of the given segment XW)
In n XYZW,
mLx + mLY + mLZ + mLW : 360o.
.'. 70 + 95 + 85 + mLW:360.
85"
95'
70"
5.5 crn
Rough figure
ltf
NAVITTEET.
MATTEMATICS DIGEST
.'. 250.1-mLW =360

.'. mLW:360-250
:.
STANDARD
VIII
.'. mLW:110o.
'-Ans.
CONSTRUCTION OF QUADRII"ATERALS
Draw quadrilaterals of the follorqng measures i

1. In ITYRE, /(TY):3.5 cm, /(YB)-g crtrr /(RE1:4.5 Cilt
mLY:60o, mLR:120".
5cm
Construction 4
In tl ABCD, /(AB) = 6.5 cil,
mLB:75, mLC:85o.
Steps of Construcjion
,(BC)
(1) Draw ."g nC of tenj*r 4.5
(2) ltthe
5cm
Rough figure
To con$truct a quadrilateral, given the measures of three

of its
and the two included angles.
Q.
cm.'
points B and C, draw rays BM'
and CN on the same side
of
BC
:4.5 cm, t(CD):4
2.
In IKING, /(KI)=3.f cmo t(IN):5.5
mLN:75", rnLI:115o.
cm, /(NG)=S
cm,
1:
il
is
b'/
making angles of 75o and 85" respect-
ively.
(3) With
as centre and radius
Ans.
6.5 cm, draw an arc intersecting

ray BM in the point A
5.5 cm
(4) With C as centre and radius

4 cm, draw an arc intersecting
ray CN in the point D.
(5) Draw seg AD.
3. In trRDTc, ,(RD):6 cm,

mLD :100", mLT: 90o.
Ans.
ABCD is the required
quadrilateral.
4;5 cm
,/(DT)-4
em,
/(TG):l
cnr
THE ARC OF A CIRCLE
Semicircle : Seg RT is the diameter of the

circle with centre O. The diameter RT divides
Q. Write the names of the arcs formed by the

points A, B and C on the circle.
Ans. Arc AXB, arc BYC, arc CZA.
2. Intercepted arc
(Textbook page 109)

:
In the figure, the end point N of the arc NTS

lies on the side ON of ISON, and the end
point S lies on the side OS.
.'. I-SON intercepts arc NTS.

Similarly,
/NDS
the circle into two arcs of equal measures.

Arc RXT and arc RYT are called semicircles,
or semicircular arcs.
intercepts arc NTS.
In the figure, seg SD and seg TN are diameters.

Name those minor arcs, major arcs and semicircular arcs whose end points are also the end
points of these diameters
x
Ans. Minor arcs : arc SYN, arc NMD, arcDZT
and arc TXS.
Major arcs : arc SMT, arc TYD, arc DXN,

0. I. In the figure, name the angles which
ILMT
and
ZLNT
Semicircular arcs : arc SZD, mc SYD, arc T)OI and arc TZN.
Central angle :
intercept the arc LXT.

Ans.
arc
NZS.
intercept the arc LXT.
Q. 2. Observe the figure and name the
angles
which intercept arcs and name the arc that each

angle intercepts.
Ans. LAOB intercepts arc.AXB.

LBOC intercepts arc BYC.
LCOA intercepts arc CZA.
3. Minor arc and mojor arc
Chord AB, not a diameter, of a circle with

centre O, divides the circle into two parts arc AXB and arc AYB.
Arc AXB is the minor arc and arc AYB is the

major arc.
116
An angle having the eentre of the circle as its

vertex is called a central angle.
In the figure, IPOQ is the central angle.
Measure of an arc :
(1) The measure of a minor arc :
The measure of the minor arc is equal to
the.measure of its central angle.
In the figure, m(arc AXB) : zLAOB.
zLAOB: 100o. .'. m(arc AXB) : 100'.
(2) The measure of a major arc :
The measure of a major arc : 360o - the measure of the corresponding minor arc.
In the figure, m(arc AYB) : 360" -m(arc AXB):360 - 100:260
.'. m(wc AYB) :269".
(3) The measure of a semicircular arc :
A
The measure of a semicircular arc is 180"
In'the figure, arc AXB and arc AYB are semicircular arcs.
.'. m(arc AXB) : 180' and ru(arc AYB) : 180'.
VIII
The measure of a minor arc is equal to the measure of the corresponding

central angle.
(Textbook page 111)
Q. 1. If the measure of a central angle is 120o, find the measure of
.'. m(minor arc PXT):ryLPOT: l00o ... tFror6-(1)l

.'. m(minor arc TYN) : nLTON: 80o ... lFrom (4)]
.'. ru(minor arc NZC) : zICON: 100o ... tFrom (3)l
.'. z(minor arc CWP) :wLPOC:8}" ... [From (2)]
corresponding minor arc and that of the major arc

this minor arc.
Solution : The measure of a minor arc is'equal to the measure of
corresponding central angle.
The measure of the central angle
is
:350
.'. m(minor arc):129o.

rz (majOr arc
PZT): 360o -
m (major
m (major arc CXN)
:360
160o.
(corresponding minor arc)
- 160:200o
rn
Ans. The measure of the central angle : 160oi

the measure of the maior arc :200'.
Q. 3. In the figure, seg PN and seg TC are the

diameters of the circle. Write the measures
of the arcs formed by the endpoints of these
diameters and explain your answer.
Solution : Seg CT is the diameter of the circle.
mLpot:100' ... (Given)
... (1)
MLPOT +MLPOC:180O
... (Angles in a linear pair)
-tmLPoc:1800
100"
.'.
... (Given : nLPOT:100')
.'. mLpoc: 180 .'. ruLPOC:80"

nLCON:nLPOT
.'. zLCON:100o
mtTON:nLPOC
.'. zLTON:80o
1oo
...(2)
... (Vertically opposite angles)
... lFrom (1)]
... (Vertically opposite angles)
... [From (2)]
:::3_;,.''":ril*ff,fri"'arc
ryN)
360o
m(corresponding minor arc NZC)
:360 - 100 ... lFrom (7)]

:260o.
Ans. Minor arcs : (1) m(minor arc PXT).= l00o (2) zz(minor arc
TYN) :80" (3) m(minor arc NZC) : 100o (l) m(minor arc CWP) :80o
Major arcs : (1) n(major arc PYC) : 280o (2) m(major arcPZT) :269o
(3) m(major arc TWN) :280o (4) m(major arc CXN) =260".
corresponding central angle.
360'
[From (5)]
:280o.
major arc.
Solution : The measure of a minor arc is equal to the measure of
rz(corresponding minor arc PXT)
:260".
arc rwN)
measures of the corresponding central angle and the
arc )
minor arc CWP)
- 80 ... lFrom (8)]
:360_ 100 ...
Q. 2. The measure of the minor arc of a circle is 160.. Hence, find
m(major
... (s)
... (6)
... (7)
... (8)
:280o.
m(major arc) :360o
n(minor arc): 166o ... (Given)

.'. measure of the corresponding central angle :
* z(corresponding
Now, m (major arc PYC) :360o
120o ... (Given)
- m(corresponding minor arc)

:360 - 120:240"
Ans. rn (minor arc) :120"; m(major arc):249o
ttg
TIIE ARC OF A CIRCLE
l,
The inscribed angle :

In the figure, O is the cenfe of the circle. M and S, the
end points of arc MTS, are on the sides of IMTS and
the vertex T of IMTS is on the arc MTS.IMTS is an
angle inscribed in the arc MTS.
p.trffi
(rextbook page
u2)
1. Observe the given figure and filt in the

blanks :
LPM.L is inscribed in the arc
and LTNL
is inscribed in arc ......... .
Ans. Z PML is ipscribed in the arc PML (or arc
PTL) and I-TNL is inscribed in arc TNL (or arc
TPL or arc TML).
12fr
NAVNEET MATflDMATICS DTGEST : STANDARD
yIIr
Q' 2. Draw a circle. show an arc LMN on this circre. rnscribe lL

. it. How many more angles can you inscribe in this arc ?
Ans. The figure shows arc LMN on the
circle. Infinite angles can be inscribed in the
TIIE ARC OF A CIRCLE
.'.
mLApB
:|
m(rc AXB)
:jx180'
...
[From (1)]
.'. zLAPB:90"
...
(2)
...
(3)
arc LMN.
(2) Arc PYB is the intercepted arc by inscribed IPAB.
6. Relation between the inscribed angle and intercepted arc

:
The measure of the inscribed angle is harf the measure
of the
intercepted by it.
In the figure, I-APB is inscribed in arc ApB.
zLAPB:55o.
The inscribed LA9B intercepts arc AXB.

IAOB is the corresponding central angle
arc AXB.
.'. zLAOB:m(arcAXB)
mLAOg:110o ... m(arc AXB):116o.
aLAPB:l
l-ApB
ffil$j| (Textbook page 114)
Solution
angle is 120.. Find the measure of the
.-. mLABp:|m@rc AZp)

.'. 50o :| m(nc AZp)
... [From (3)]
.'. 50" x2:m(arc AZP)
.'. m(nc AZP) : 196'.
(2) m(arc PYB) = $go
Ans. (1) mLAPn:90"
AZP;:199".
The measure of the central angle : the measure of the intercepted

The measure of the central angle : l20o ... (Given)
.'. the measure of the arc it intercepts :120"
Ans. The measure of the intercepted arc:120.
The cyclic quadrilateral

The vertices B, S, N and
L of n BSNL
are on the
circle.
Such a quadrilateral is called a cyclic quadrilateral.
Q. 2. In the figure, arc AXB is a semicircle.

zLPAB:4O". Find the values of (l) mLApB
Q) m(arc PYB) (3) m(arc AZp).
Solution
(3) In AAPB, %LPAB + %LAPB -t mLABp: 180o

.'. 40 + 90 * wLABP: 180 ... lGiven and from (2)]
Arc AZP is the intercepted arc by inscribed LABP.

is half the
m@rc AXB).
Q. 1. The measure of a central

it intercepts.
40o)
.'. 130 *%LABP:180

.'. zLABP: 180 - 130
.'. mLABP:50o.
of
This explains that the measure of the inscribed

of intercepted arc AXB.
... mLpAB:)m@rcpyB)
.'. 40o : ! m@rc PYB) ... (Given : nLPAB:
.'. 40o x2:m(arcPYB)
.'. m(arc PYB) :39'.
[A quadrilateral is
said to be cyclic,
if all its four
vertices lie on a circle.l

A
(1) Arc AXB,is a semicircular arc.

The measure of a semicircular arc is 1g0?.. (1)
The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to half
the measure of the intercepted ara.
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are

supplementary.
.'. in cyclic
quadrilateral BSNL,
mLB + mLN
180o and
mLS + mLL
180".
(3) m(arc
VIII
Joint Bar Graph

tbook page
0. t- In the figure, m LB :85" and m LC

Find, mLA and mLD.
ll5)
A joint bar graph makes comparison of two kinds of information easier.
You have studied this in previous standard.
lOSo .
Solution : The opposite angles of a cyclic quadri_

lateral are supplementary.
.'. mLA*mLC: lg0o

.'. mLA* 105:190 ...
.'. mLA: lgo - 105
.'. mLA:75o
Similarly, mLD -f mLB
t,
(Given :
":L::
y_: y_111:llg_v_h"' to draw such a graph.
Drawing a joint bar graph
Q. The number of male and female workers on a work in four villages

A, B, Co D under Employment guarantee scheme is given below.
Draw a joint bar graph indicating the data.
mLC:105o)
.',:,::.$1L:
tQ
Male
t0
60
80
70
Female
50
55
50
40
VillA'gq:
lgoo
.'. mLD * 85 : 180 ... [Given mLB:g5"]

.'. mLD: 180 - 85
.'. mLD:95"
Ans. rn LL : 7S"i m LD : 95".
Q' 2. The measures of the opposite
l,
.,.,
angres of a cyric quadrilateral
and 3x. What are the measures of these angles of

the quardrila
Solution:
The opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral
supplementary.
.'. r+3x:180o
.'. 4x:180o
lg0"
4
x:45o
3x:3 x 45o:
,'.'
135"
Ans. The measures
of the opposite angles of the given c
quadrilateral are 45" and l35o respectively.
Steps
(l)
for drawing the graph:
Draw X-axis and Y-axis on the graph paper.

t23
I24
VIII
(2) Take the villages on the X-axis and the number of workers on
Y-axis.
(3) Take a scale, I cm: 10 workers on the y-axis.

(4) Mark villages A, B, C, D on the X-axis keeping equal di
between them.
(5) Show males and females in each of the four villages using a
j cm from each of the joint bar of 1 cm width.
(6) Show the heights of each bar as per the scale taken for the y(7) Draw joint bar graph in this way for each of the villages.
(8) To show the two bars in the joint bar graph separately, colour
shade) the female's bar.
di3B,d!,,1 lrextnook
pages
tt9 &
120)
0. 1. Given below are the number of girls and boys in Stds V to

of a certain school. Draw a joint bar graph from this data.
sl&d
,,11:;:.:lL:.\{:
,.YT$T
,40
30
45
40
Girls
20
30
t5
15
Take the scale
?Xlr
Boyi
Ans.
VT
I cm:
10 boys/girls on the y-axis.
.IOINT BAR GRAPH
2. Children of four divisions of Std. VIII of a school, planted saplings

as shown below. Show this in a joint bar graph.
Divi,F,,,,|.p4,
Teak
30
Mango
25
Take the scale
Ans.
,,lC'.
ri,D
25
25
20
25
10
I cfil:5
saplings on the Y-axis.
126
NAVNEETMATHEMATICSDIGEST:STANDARDvm
JOINT BAR GRAPH
Q. 3. The number of men and women working under the

Guarantee scheme in four villages is given berow. Draw
lraph to depict this.
Villago,r
Pimpa!gaop
Lirnbgaon,,
a joint
Women
150
200
100
50
Men
200
100
200
350
Take the scale 1
cm:50
persons (women/men) on the y_axis.
t27
4. The number of Iiterate and illiterate women in four villages

given below. Show this information in a joint bar graph.
Viila$e,i
r.,$onake'r
Literate
500
550
600
450
Illiterate
150
150
200
100
.,,.,.,,Neiiarirl
ln this example can we take a scale of 1 cm: 10 women on the Y*axis?

'fhink about it and choose a proper scale.
Ans.
Ans.
l[the scale of 1 cm :
10 wqmen is taken, then the bar of maximum height

60 cm (representing 600 women) has to be drawn. This not possible on a
graph paper, we use generally.
COMPOUI{D INTEREST
tr
(4) Here, P: Rs 1,25,000; R: 12 p.c.p.a.; N :2 years

PxRxN 125000x12x2 :Rs
1.. Revision :
: PxRxN
100
:
Here, I simple interest; p:
(i)
(I)
(ii) Amount: Principal *
30000
100
A=p* I
R: rate; N:
A:P*I
principal;
Interest
number
:Rs
Rs (125000 + 30000)
155000
lry: liry9 ilg::l!l):T: 19'm9i "lryT ltl R: 1.:-lls9:

(5) Here, P: Rs 1,50,000; R: 10 p.c.p.a.; N :3 years=
of
PxRxN
150000x10x3 :Rs
45000
100
,r8,ffiffisii (Textbook page 121)
Q. L. USe the formulae to find the simple interest and amount
A : P * I : Rs (150000 +45000) :Rs 195000

Ans. Simple interest (I) : Rs 45,000; amount (A) :
Rs L'95'000.
Q. 2. If a certain sum of money earns an interest of Rs 3'630 in 3 years at

the rate of 11 p.c.p.a., what was the principal?
Solution :
Here
,
I:3630;
:L#9
Ans. Principal
(1) Here, P=Rs 9000;
PxRxN
R:10
p.c.p.a.;
9000x10x3
100
A: P * I:
Rs (9000 +
Ans. Simple interest (I)
(2) Here,
l_
P:Rs
15,000;
PxRxN
100
N:3
Rs 2700
p.c.p.a.;
15000x11x2 :
100
N:2
A: P * I:
100
Rs L8,300.
lgooo
+ 18000): Rs 68000
Ans. Simple interest (I): Rs 18'000; amount: Rs 68,000.
Rs (50000
... p
-19##
Rs nooo
Rs 11,000.
: PxRxN '. 13500: 45000xRx3

100
"'
PxRxN
100
.'. 10000 -
Px10xN
.'. PxN:100000
100
(1) Let the principal be Rs 25000.

100000
:
' : -:-:^-:=
25000
Then. N
4 years
!/Navneet Mathematics Digest : Std.
VtrI tE059il
-tl
x 100
:to
R- 13500
45goox3
Q. 4. What sum of money will have to be invested and for how many
years, in order to get simple interest of Rs 101000 at the rate of
10 p.c.p.a. ? (Write three pairs of values for P and N.)
Solution :
Here, I : Rs 10,000; R: 10 p.c.p.a.
years
Rs 3300
-r\r
:U,o-
P:?
Rs L1,700.
(3) Here, P: Rs 50,000; R:9 p.c.p.a.; N = 4 years

x R x N-5oooo x.9 x 4:Rs
100
years;
Ans. The rate of interest: 10 p.c.p.a.
A : P * I : Rs (15000 + 3300) : Rs 18300

Ans. Simple interest (I) : Rs 3300; amount (A)
. r" r-P
3630
100
Rs 2700 amount (A)
R:11
...
11p.c.p.a.,N:3
Q. 3. The simple interest on Rs 45,000 in 3 years is Rs 13,500. What is

the rate of interest?
Solution : Here, I: Rs 13,500; P: Rs 45,000; N:3 yeras; R: ?
years
2700): Rs 11700
R:
'
I}
NAVNEET MATImMATICS DTGEST : STANDARD
VIII
OMPOT]ND INTEREST
' N:gg:5
20000
Then,
Solution
10000
Ans. Three pairs of principal and period :

(1) Principal :'Rs 251000; period:4 years
(2) Principal: Rs 20,000; period:5 years
(3) Principal: Rs 10,000; period : 10 years.
:
The interest of the first year is added to the principal and the
is taken as the principal for the second year. The interest for the
year is added to the principal of that year and the amount
principal for the third year. Interest charged in this way is
compound interest.
Formula for finding the amount by compound interest
(ii)
r(r + r*ai A:
Compound interest
Amount calculated at compound
amount
principal
l0
N:
p.c.p.a.;
years
Ans. Amount: Rs 9680; compound interest: Rs 1680.
While calculating simple interest; the principal remains the

the entire period.
(i) A:
R:
/
R\N
/ 10\2I
A:Pl1+-l:800011+
\ 100/
1 100/
/ I \2: 8000 /ll\2 :
lt t 11 :
: 8000(t
8000 *
*m/
(r-J
"
r- 10r Rs 9680
Compound interest - A - P : Rs (9680 - 8000) : Rs 1680

t,11110:
rhen,' N:
ro years
2. Compound interest
(1) Here, P: Rs 8000;
years
131
(2) Here, P : Rs 6400; R : I2.5 p.c.p.a. ; N:2 years

R
:64oo1t*E\'
A: P(' +
\
roo/
'---/
Q. 1. Use the formula to find the amount and the compound
/g\2 :6400
*r/1\2:6400 " (',/
I s' 8 :Rs 8100
Compound interest - A - P: Rs (8100 - 6400) : Rs 1700
:6400 ('t
Ans. Amount: Rs E100 ; compound interest: Rs 1700.
(3) Here,
R:
= Rs 10,000;
/
o:r(1+
R\N :
*mi
10 p.c.p.a.;
N:2
Compound interest
(r/
years
10\2
* _,,l
100/
/ I \2: 10000 /rr\2 :
10000lt
10000lt
p.
(Textbook page 125)
roo
10000 x
- P: Rs (12100 -
R:
10 p.c.p.a.;
/
R\N:1s000(\1
/
A:P(1+
*
100/
:15ooo
(t.r1)':
N:3
15000
Rs 2100
Rs 2100.
years
10\3
*,)
r5ooo (r11)'
11 11t 11
Rs 19965
t0 " tO tO-:
Compound interest - A - P: Rs (19965 :
10-:Rs
f0-
10000)
Ans. Amount: Rs l2rIM; compound interest

(4) Here, P: Rs 15,000;
11* ll
Ans. Amount: Rs
15000)
191965; compound interest
Rs 4965
Rs 4965.
12100
(5) Here,
P: Rs 20,000; R:5
p.c.p.a.i N
YIII
COMPOT]ND INTEREST
3 years
: l2ooo (i*)' : 12ooo
n :p(r +3). : 2oooo(, *1\'

\ roo/
loo/
\'
:2oooo
:2oooo
(t . r1)':2oooo
(#)'
Q. 4. Bhakti borrowed Rs 40000 from a women's savings group to buy a

sewing machine. If the rate of compound interest is 5 p.c.p.a., what
,'JZO"420" n:Rs 23152.50

- A-
= Rs (23152.50- 20000)
Ans. Amount: Rs 23152.50; compound interest

(6) Here, P: Rs 16,000;
: e(r .#). :
16ooo
(t . *)'
: r6ooo .;
X:
l}ip.c.p.a.;
l6ooo(t
16000
N:
amount will she have to return at the end of 3 years

Rs 31
= Rs 3I
3 years
.ff)'
- p:
Rs (227g1,25
16000)
Rs 67g
Ans. lWount: Rs 22781.25; compound interest: Rs 67g1.25.
Q. 2. Ganesh deposited Rs 50,000 in a Nationarised Bank for 2 yea

9 p.c.p.a. compound interest. what amount wil Ganesh get
at the
of 2 years
Solution : Elere, P = Rs 50,000; R :9 p.c.p.a.i
: e(r .*)^ :
soooo(r
N:
#)'
R:
12ooo(t
.#)':
:4ooo(r *rr-1;':4ooo (t
/2t\3
21 21
years
.*)'
21
(#) :4ooo x';"';"'*:4630.s0
5. Shreya won a cash prize of Rs 1250 for standing first in the

Std. VII examination. She deposited that amount in a bank for
3 years at a rate of compound interest of 8 p.c.p.a. What is the
amount that she will receive from the bank at th_e end of the term?
P: Rs 1250; R: 8 p.c.p.a.; N:3 years

/
):3
R\N
/
8- \3
:1250 ll+-l
A:Pl / 1+-l:12501
l:1250
z5o 1+
*
*
(1
(t
r*-)
X)
\ loo/
27 27 27 :
- , /27\t
:1250(
: I :l25Ox:--:X-:-x
2s 2s 2s 1574.64
Solution : Here,
(Textbook page 128)
Q. 1. Fitl in the blanks :
set,
the amount that Attaf must pay back to the bank at the end of
Solution : Here,
Rs 12,000;
l0 p.c.p.a.; N 2 years
e:r(r .*I:
N:3
Ans. She will get ns fSZ+eC from the bank.
Altaf borrowed Rs 12,000

bank at a compoud rate of interest of l0 p.c.p.a. for 2 years.
P:
p.c.p.a.;
\2s/
2 yens
:50000 (1.0D2:50000 x 1.09 x 1.09:Rs 59405

Ans. Ganesh will get Rs 59,405 at the end of the period.
Q. 3. In order to buy a colour TV
n:r(r .*)
P: Rs 4000; R:5
Ans. Total amount payable: Rs 4630.50.
(;)'
'; f : *. zz7lt.2s
-
Solution : Here,
:4ooo
Compound interest
,I: *. t4szo
Ans. Altaf will have to pay Rs l4r520to the bank at the end of the period.
2I
Compound interesr
" ,L '
133
12ooo
(r
2 yea
.*"fr
I
".. Iffffi**rtok "--" ;]",T
*6**
W"'"f "-*1,_S*
'**.j [ ,-}ru* T,e#ffii
'" f
(1)
3000
(2)
1000
10
.*)'
(3)
25,000
T2
(4)
64,000
12+
-')
(s)
20,000
10.5
i]]1lllliilllll illlll'l
l,r,i;i
W.
ffi
I34
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGIOT : STANDARD
Solution
(l)
VIII
COMPOI,JI\D INTEREST
P: Rs 3000; R:5 p.c.p.a.; N :2

PxRxN 3000x5x2
t:
--Ioo-- : Rs 3oo
Here,
(4) Here, P:Rs 64,000; p.:l2i:12.5 p.c.p.a.; N:3 years

-T- PxRxN- 64000x12.5x3 : Rs 241000
100
100
years
-lbo--:
: r(r .
3ooo
#I
= 3ooo(1
e!\':
\20/
*)'
--p
Rs (3307.50
Difference between C.I. and S.I.
(2) Here,
P: Rs 1000; R:
sooo(r
*)'
*, 33o7.so
rtj,.*#:
20" 20
3ooo
Compound interest: A
:2
Rs 307.50
300)
(5) flere,
Rs 7
years
Rs 200
:r(r .
#). : looo(t .#)' : rooo(r .*)'
: looo (i*)': rooo,.1;,. jj:*, ,r,o
Compoundinterest:A-p
Rs (1210
Difference between C.I. and S.I.
(3) Here, P: Rs 25,000;
,t : PxRxN
-100-:
a
Rs (2lO -200)
12 p.c.p.a.;
N:3
:2sooo
f3)':25ooo
25000(t
Compound interest
Rs 10.
P:
Rs 20,000;
R:
10.5 p.c.p.a.;
N:2
Rs 3125.
years
PxRxN 20000x10.5x2
Rs 4200
- 100 : -- 100
-:
e : r(r .
20000(r .
=
*).
H)' : 20000 (r.ros),
t- :
:20000 x 7.221025:Rs 24420.50

Compound interest - A P: Rs (2M20.50- 20000) :
Difference betwben C.I. and S.L
Rs (442O.5O
Rs 4420.50
4200)
= Rs 220.50
for the same period and the same rate at compound interest, how
P: Rs 60,000; R:9 p.c.p.a.; N :3 years

PxRxN : 60000x9x3 :
Slmple rnterest (D : --mRs 16200
-* 100
#)'
90(x)
25000
(, .
*)'
Rs (35123.20_ 25000)
Rs
(t:-rl:320_
Rs 112fr.20.
Amount on the same principal at compound interest,
o:t(l
loo/
:6r
9000)
(l.09)3
)oo
)00 (l'09)3
loo/
:60000 x 1.295029:Rs 777OtJ4
Compound.interest
Rs 10123.20
Difference berween C.I. and S.L
Rs 2?t,l2S
much more interest would she have to pay?
years
: Rt 35123'20
^']25*425*?s
25
- p:
Solution : Here,
--100 -:'Rs
*I
sttzs
2.'Sunitabai borrowed Rs 60,000 at 9 p.c.p.a. simple interest for 3

years to have her house repaired. Had she borrowed the same sum
Rs 210
25000x12x3
-r(,r .
\25
'
R:
1000)
(|)' : 64000 ,. ;' ; * ! :*,
Compound interest = A - P: Rs (gII25- 64000)

Difference between C.I. and S.L : Rs (27125
:64ooo
('.*)'
-24000):
Rs (307.50
10 p.c.p.a.; N
,_P*RxN 1000xl0x2 :
.100
100
3000)
a:r(r .*) : o+ooo(r .#)':64ooo
- P:
(7770I.74
Difference between C.L and S.I.
60000)
Rs (17701.74
Rs
17701.74
16200)
Rs 1501.74
Ans. Sunitabai would have to pay Rs 1501,74 morc as intorcct.
136
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST:

STAITIDARD
VIII
COMPOUND INTEREST
Q. 3. Ambadas took a loan of Rs 96,000 at

compound interest
bank to drill a well in his field.
If the rate is 6.25 p.c.p.a., what a
will he have to pay to the bank, if
he returns the loan after 2
:
How much money would he have

saved had he been able to
the same amount at simple interest
for the ,u_" n""od ;;;;
rate?
Period
(N):2
years.
Today's price of the machine
" l:75oool/ t+
:P{/ 1+ R\N
\
r00/
:75000 I/ t
\2
- 4\2
'l
100/
/24\2
24
I :zsooo I 1 I :75ooo x:2sx12s

\ --2s/
\2s)
1
24
Rs 69120
Ans. The value"of the machine today:Rs 691120.
Compound inreresr
A_p
Rs I2375
lot--:Rs
12000
Rs (10g375 _ 96000)
x,l,t N-:-96000 x 6 .25 x 2

Simple interesr (D :
P
100
Difference between C.I. and S.I.:Rs

(tZZflS_ 12000):Rs 375
Ans. Ambadas will have to pay
Rs
simple interest : Rs 375.
lr0gr375 to the bank, Savi
Q. 3. A wholesale trader sold Rs 20 crore worth of cloth this year. If the

sale of cloth increases at a rate of 2Vo per year, how muchwill the sale
be after three years?
Solution : The sale of cloth today (P) : Rs 20,00,00,000;
Increase in the yearly sale (R) :27oi Period (N):3 years.
The sale of cloth after 3 years
R\N
/
:Pl1+-l:
:
:
100/
2oooooooo
/
2\3
/
200000000(1*roo-) :200000000 (t
:2oooooooo * 1, 1 r 1
f1)'
s0 50 s0
\sol
x 51 x 51 :Rs 212241600
Ans. The sale of cloth after 3 years :Rs
1600 x 51
lry.--]P
ryg_*l
:{
211221411600.
Q. 4. A car is valued at Rs 4,00,000. If its value falls at 2.5Vo per lear,

what wiII its value be aftef 3 years?
Solution : The value of the car today (P) : Rs 4,00,000;
The rate of depreciation every year (R) :2.5Vo;
As there is depreciation in the value, R : -2.5; Period (N):3 years.
z -r{r3
R\N:400000(t
/
/ 2.5\3
:400000(t
o
-
:r(t *r*-)
the viuage wiu be 1,38,e1s.
* * )
*)
/, -1\'
\ 40l
39x 39x-39
/39\3
:400000x1I :400000x
40 40 40
\40l
: Rs 370743.75
:400000
Q' 2' Two years ago Rajani purchased a machine

for Rs 75,000. rf i
value falls
by 4vo every year, what is the
value of the machine today
: The price (initial value) of rhe
machine (p) : Rs 75,000
_q,olulion
Yearly depreciation in its value (R) :4Vo;
As there is depreciation in value : _
R
4
l\3
+r-)
Ans. The value of the car after 3 years will be Rs 370743.75.
tr
POLYNOMIALS
1. Re'
(3) In the expression

.'
Q. Classify the following expression,

trinomials:
* _or,o*i,
! -2
m
binomials
(8) st.
-n*5;
the power
- I of the variable ru
is not a polynomial.
Are the following expressions polynomials
(t) zt'tu+a2
- -2, i:7m-'.
is negative.
2.
(9) t:
17
(7) 35+x3-
7x.
n3
2^
-Gn2+13 (3) t*,
sl
-*1 @ + ($
n-:
t2*$.
(7)
(s) s- sb2 +b4 (s)
ia3 -7a+te
Ans. (1), (2), (4), (6), (7), (8) and (9) are polynomials.
{o)
8y..
Q)
(3) and (5) are not polynomiatu.
2. Polynomials:
If the index of every variable in
an expression is a whore
number, then
expression is a polynomal.
For example, gxz + 5x 9
* irs a polynomial
y'+y -5
!i)
and
(ii)
m2
+m-t +13
a whore
urv ruue^
-_negative
---i------
----
_
of m
- rt or
to
Ans.(l)
rrrru.
\r.,
ll
I:
nomials or not
(r)
b2
-2s
:
1
e) yt * t8 _ 5y
Ans.
(l)
In rhe expression
b2
number.
.'.
,r,
b2
expressions are
_25,
1-2.
thepower 2 of the variable

b is a whole
25 is a polynomial.
1
fr}:
whole :y::j""
number.
.'.
yi + rs _ 5y, the power j of the

variable y is not 4
-1
y2
18
5y is not 4.polynomial.
erq
pqlyngll-xqlql
@)
a3*r"*l
Q. 4. Write any five expressions which are not polynomials.
1i
x1i
I
Q' 1' state, giving reason, whether ttre io'owing
ro/,'l
p-'
3*'+1,
J4
,Zrt13 (2) -, (:) *'+t*t-i
+.sl
Ans. (1)
-- -
tsl
Q. 3. Write any five expressions which are polynomials.
(l)-
are not polynomials.
--' a,l'ilffi
vv
:j:1,:",ii.":.;:tl
(i.e. not a whole number).
""rn*.
is nor
[Not" '
L
!2 ?t --rl11
(2) y2 *y-7
qe le!
G)
Z&+3
(4) mi _m-2 +7
pely_teqi3-ls.:
3. Classification of Polynomials :
(1) Monomial : A polynomial having only one term is called a monomial e.g., 5x;37; - J5*.
(2) Binomials : A polynomial having two terms is called a binomial.
e.g.3x*5;
-|f -t;t+n.
(3) Trinomial : A polynomial having three terms is called

e.g.,5x3 -3x2 +7; 15 * nt +nr: m2 +7m+ 5.
4. The degree of a polynomial
a trinominl.
The highest index of the variable
in a given
polynomial is called the
degree of the polynomial.

e.g., the degree of the polynomial
(1) x' +7x2 +5"r-9 is 3.

(2) 27:27x" .'. the degree of 2j is 0. The degree of a non-zero
constant monomial is zero. The d.egree of 0 is not defined.
I4O
Coefficient of a monomial :
of
The coefficient
(3)
29 itself
is
monomial
(I) l3m2
B Q) -'lx
is
is
29.
(Textbook page 134
& 135)
Q. 1. Write the coefficient and the degree of each of
monomials:
(D 23x3 (2) 13
$\-6n5
fcl
fr
(6) -ton2
(s)
(e)
(11)
15s3
(t1
-!t+
(n) 1Ee6 Q'
1y
48
(14)
(s) a2 ,;
(10)
5
-t7p
(1s)
Ans.
(1)
23x3
23
(2)
18
18
6ms
-6
(3)
l1
(4)
5"
(s)
(6)
a2
l0n2
11
-=
5
2
2
Q)
-13
9
(8)
4y
9'
2. Write the degree of the following polynomials
(1)6Q3-thp Q)8nr-25n*9 (3) x_tt*3xa (4)

(5) Sl (6) 2ns n3 I6
-7n2 (7) gas - 6t (S) fr* _xa
39m
(e) 0
Ans. The degree of the polynomials are as follows :

(1)3 (2)2 (3)4 (4).1 (s)0 (6)s (7) s (s)+ (9)cannot
determined.
-10
-13
7q"'
trtr
1. Revision
Q.
DISCOUNT AI{D COMMISSION
tr'ill in the blanks
1.
Q. 2. A shopkeeper gves t2% discount on the marked price of a TV

If TV set is sold for Rs 7480, what is its marked price ?
Solution : Let the marked price of the TV set be Rs x.
(1) A ratio with denominator 100

is called a percentage.
15
(2)
15 per
fr:
(4) g5Eo:2
100
(6)
20Vo
of 25000
cent:lS%o. e)
25000,
ffi
:*
100
Then, discou
xfr:ZO
Its selling
6Vo
l2Vo on Rs x
price:
Rs
x*
::n,
100
3.
25
* discount
marked price
set.
/ 3x\l:Rsl/25x-3x\l:Rs-22x
-Rsl
-^" \^ 25l-""
\ zs )-"" zs
But the selling price is given to be Rs 7480
3000
Q) 3Vo
of 100: 100.:
of 100
(3\ 6To
of I
:.
2bc
:748O
" ^-
7480 x 25
Rs 8500
22
25
Ans. The marked price of the TV set: Rs 8500.
3:60.
100
Q. 3. The marked price of a scooter is Rs 47,500. If the selling price is
" loo:3'
Rs 1[3,700, what is the percentage of discount given by the shopkeeper ?
Solution : The marked price of the scooter: Rs 475A0.

Its selling price : Rs 43700
Discount: marked price - selling price
6
11450:11'-+)U x
-:687.
@) 6aEo of 1610: 1610
I ffi: 9cO.
(3)
nl
sOOO
Ans. (1) 2 per centof 3000:3000 x

3Vo
64per cent
(5) 5 per cent of400:+OO
Q. 2. Find the values :

(l) 2 per cent of
(4) 60Eo of 1610.
(2)
:
:
marked price - discount

Rs (650 - 52): Rs 598
Ans. The selling price of the carpet: Rs 598.
The selling price
of
:Rs
2. Discount:
Percentage
(47500
of discount:
The difference between the marked price

and reduced price
price) is called discount.
Formulae : Discount: marked price _ selling

price.
I
Discount: marked price x p"r"ntug" of discount.
-43700):Rs
#ffi
3800
r too
\/
38oo
- 47500 x loo:8
Ans. The shopkeeper gave YVo discount.
_,,
Q. 4. A shopkeeper
0. 1._TT marked price of a carpet is Rs 650. If the shopkeeper
87o discount on the marked price,

what is. itS selling price ?
solution : The marked price of th" .urpt is
Rs 650. Discou nt gvo.
discount on the marked price: marked price
x rate of discount
"'
gives 87o discount on the marked price of a camera.
He sold a camera for Rs 460. What was its marked price?

Solution : Let the marked price of the camera be Rs x.
87o discount on the marked price.
.'.
discount:rrA:g:nr3.
100 100 "" 25 ,/
Selling
price:
marked price
/ 2x\
:ns (x-
discount
/25x -2x\
23x
(
rs):n' x,,l:*t rt
But the selling'price is given to be Rs 460.
144
NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST

: STANDARD
23x
:'
.'.
25:460
VIII
x:+eOxfi:20x25:500
Discount: marked price - selling price
Ans. The marked price of the camera was Rs 500.
Q. 5.
.'.
In the following table, from the information
example, find out the figures to
fill in the blanks
DISCOUNT AND COMMISSION
given in
3x
3x:20x-2720
"'
2Ox-3x:2720 .:
.'. ^:x-136
.'.
Selling price
Rs 30
Rs (250
30)
dlt"?"nt
234
1560
x 1oo:
marked price
-234):
too
15
.'.
discount : l57o
discount
Rs 1326.
The work of selling goods is often done by a person or organisation

other than the manufacturers. The remuneration received by the person or
organisation for this service is called a commission.
A person who brings buyers and sellers in contact with each other is
Discount: marked price selling price

.'. selling price : marked price _ discount
Rs 24.
marked price
Rs (1560
i00-:
selling price
discount:
Rs (160 - 136) :
(5) Percenrage of
Solution :
(1) Discount: marked price x percentage
of discount
t2
:23U
Rs 160
marked price : Rs 160
Discount: marked price
.'.
x:
L7x:2720
called a commission agent. The agent takes commission which is
Rs 220.
expressed as a percentage.
(2) Discount: marked pirce x percentage

of discount
:4800
.'.
selling price
(Textbook page 140)
,oo:
Rs 2gg
(3) Percenrage of discounl:
-marKed pnce ;
180
:1g00
x 100:
selling price
Solution : Let Sharadadevi paid Rs.r as commission.

Commission Rs 3 on price Rs 100.
Commission Rs x on price Rs 63,500
169
10
...
discount
_ discount
:Rs (1800- 1S0):Rs 1620.
marked price
(4) Let the marked price be Rs x.

Then ryvo discounr: Rs
;*
#;:
:lTVo
3 100
'
x 63500 "
3 x 63500
. ?__
100
100
x
r
..
x:
x:3
x 63500
lg05
She paid Rs 1905 as commission.
R,
ff
was
Rs 631500. She had to pay a commission of 3Vo. How much money

did Sharadadevi get for the buffalo?
iisgglnt-
.'.
0. L. Sharadadevi sold a buffalo through an agent. Its price
: "marked price _ discount

: Rs (4800 - 28S) : Rs 4512.
air.ount
Sharadadevi got Rs (63500

- 1905): Rs 61595
Ans. Sharadadevi got Rs 61,595.
146
NA\TI{EET MATHEMATICS DIGEST

: STANDAR-D
Q. 2. Vishwasrao bought a plot of land worth Rs
VIII
2150,000 through
estate agent. If the commission was paid

at 2.STorhow much did
pay the estate agent?
Solution : Let Vishwasrao paid Rs .r as commission

to the estate
Rs 2.5 commission on price Rs 100.
Rs.r commission on price Rs 2,50,000
. 2.5:_
.
,.
&-
100
250000
Rs
After giving commission, Nikita will receive
xx
h:Rs #
R'('-#):*'(+#):*.#
49x
2,5 x 250000
2Zo .'. commission on Rs .r:
Commission is
It is given that
100 x -r :2.5 x 250000
she recieved Rs 17150
:17150
' r-__17150 x 50 17500

49 -r
"' 50
Ans. The selling price of two-wheeler : Rs 17,500.
100
fns.
He paid Rs 6250 to the estate agent.
The middleman through whom grain, vegetables, fruits and.other

Solution : Commission : Rs (6630 _ 6500)
Let the percentage of commisssion be x.
Rs 130 commission on Rs 6500
farm produce is sold is also called a commission aggnt. The remuneration

he gets is called the commission. It is charged as a percentage.
Rs 130.
(Textbook page 142)
Rs -r commission on Rs 100
Q. 1. A dealer sold tea worth Rs 22,500 for a tea company. rf he got a

commission at the rate of l\vo, how much was his actual commission
?
solution : 187o commission means Rs lg commission on sale of Rs 100.
Let Rs .r commission on sale of Rs 22,500.
l0
:18
Th"rr.
'22500
x
.'. x:18
", # : *r rr1
.'. amount including commission : R. (,.
:
#)
\
The amount given is Rs 303000
...
commission
Rs
x 22500
100
.'.
100 x
x:
18
225O0
.'. r:4050
Ans. Actual commission : Rs 4050.

R*
lOIx
303000 x 100
:303000
_ ,c0000
.r':
100
101 - J\
Ans. The original price of the jeep : Rs 3,00,000.
lovo corwnission means Rs 10 commission on sale of Rs r00.

Let Rs x commission on sale of Rs 32400.
loo
Th"n.
'324ffi:
Solution : Let the selling price of the two_wheeler

be Rs
Q. 2. A dealer sold 24 rolls of cloth each of worth Rs 1350. what

commission did he get at the rate of ltVo ?
Solution : Total sale : Rs 1350 x 24:Rs 32400.
.'. x:10
.r.
lo
x
x 32400
100
.'.
100
x.r:
10
x 32400
.'. x:3240
Ans. The dealer got Rs 3240 as commission.
vru
a. 3. Use the given information and write the proper figures

blank spaces
The amount farmer would get

: total sale price - total commission
: Rs (8400 -252):
Rs 8148.
(3) Total sale price of onion

:rate x quintals of onion
: Rs 180 x 2l : Rs 3780
Total commission at ZSVo
: total sale price x rate of commission
Rs 3780 x
)<
7:
100
Rs 94.50

: Rs (3780 94.50)
: Rs 3685.50.
(4) Total
Solution :
(1) Total sale price of fenugreek
:rate x no. of bundles
:5 ffi x 500: Rs 2000

Total commission at 2Vo
Rs 2000
3:
" r00
Rs 40

: total sale price total commission
: Rs (2000 40) -: Rs 1960.
Q) Total
:
:
sale price
of grapes
rate x no. of cartons

Rs 70 x l2O:Rs 8400
Total commi ssion at 3Vo

Rs 8400
x;l:
100
Rs 2S2
sale price
of wheat
rate x quintals of wheat
Rs 850 x 30: Rs 2Sr500
Total commission at 1.52o
:
:
Rs 25500
* E:
100
Rs 3g2.50

: Rs (25500 - 382.50)
: Rs 25117.50.
(5) Total
:
:
sale price of pomegranate
rate x quintals of pomegranate

Rs 1450 x 16 : Rs 23,200
Total commission at 4Vo
Rs 23200 x
,05:
Rs 928

: Rs (23200 -g28):Rs 22,272.
trtr
1. Cylinder
VOLUME AND SURf,'ACE AREA
.'.2512:3.14x12xIZ.5
cylinder has two plane ends.

Each plane
bnd is circular in shape. Each
ofthes" i.
u
base of the cylinder. The remaining
"ui"O
surface of a
cylinder is curved. This surface
ls k rown
curved surface of the cylinder.

The area of
curved surface is called the curved
a,
the
,'.
.'. r:8
upper base and h is the height
2. Volume of a cylinder
The volume of a
cylinder:
,h"
"f
area
curved_
surFace
as the
Solution : Here,
Cylinder
";h;;.
h:
Q' 1' A cylinder has a base of radius
5 cnl and height of 21 cm.
V_
what
Solution : Here,
d:
cyrn#3l;[:T
14 cm
\/_o
The volume (V) of a cylinder
.'.
I 54000
cm:ffi:154
litre
Ans. The tank can hold 154 litres of water.
14cm
: 7 cm; h: l7
132 x7
." r:2"n:2lcm
The volume of a cylinder : nr2lt
:! x2t x2t x25
:34650 cu cm
Ans. The volume of the cylinder:34r650 cu cm.
Q. 6. what is the volume of iron required to make a 70 cm long rod of
diameter 2.1cm?
cu cm
Solution : Here, diameter
I2.5 c{ni
nr21
litres
: ZrEr
^ 22
tJz:zx
... 1.^
7 xr
"-
Q. 3. The volume of a cylinder is 2512 cu cm

and its height is 12.5
Find the radius of its base. (Take :3.14)
n
Solution : Here, volume : 2512 cu
cm; h:
The volurne of a cylinder
cm: I
--
-1:#
:2618
nr2h
:?r35x35x40
:154000 cu cm
Now, 1000 cu
154000 cu
cm
Circumference
: nr2h
22
:7x
/x7x17
Ans.
:70 cm ... r:!:,0 _"^:35

22
"-.
Q. 5. The circumference of the base of a cylinder is r32 cm and its

height is 25 cm. What is the volume of the cylinder?
solntion: Here, the circumference of the base :132 cm; h:25 cm;
\rY .r.jr
22
:7x5x5x2l
T: ::1g
cm; d
The volume of a cylindrical tank
nr2h
its volume ?
Solution : Here, r:5 cm; h:21cm;
The volume (V) of a cylinder :
nr2h
or tne
h:40
of the base x height
nr2 x
cylinder: g cm.
Q. 4. The height of a cylindrical tank is 40 cm and its aiu*"tu, i, io

How many litres of water can it hold? (1000 cu cm: 1 litre)
(Textbook page 146)
Ans.
2512
_-:64
3.14 x 12.5
cm
Ans. The radius of the base of the
surface area.
r is the radius of lower base.as well
. ::-
7"
r:
:2.1
cm;
... r:i:T:1.05
cm;
length h:70 cm, V: ?

The volume of the iron required: volume of the rod (i.e.
cylinder)
: nr2h
:?*1.05x1.05x70
Ans. 242s5 cu cm or iron ,.
*ii13'ljff*
the rod.
152
VIII
VOLUME AI\D SURFACE AREA
Q. 7. The radius of the base of a cylindrical tank is 0.4 m and its

is 0.8 m. How many litres of oil will the tank hold?
2. A cylinder has a height of L m and the circumference of its base is

176 cm. How many sq cm is its total surface areal
Solution : Here, circumference:176 cm; h:1 m : 100 cm; S, : l
1 litfe : 1000 cu cm)

Solution : Here, r:0.4m:40 cm, h:0.g m : g0 cm
The volume of a cylindrical tank : nr2h
'- (n:3.14,
:3.14 x 40 x 40 x
1000 cu
.'.
cm:
176 x7
.'. 176:2nr .'. 176:2 x T x r .'. r: x22 :28
2
The total surface area of a cylinder :2nr (h * r)
:2x 22_ x28(100+28)
g0
:401920 cu cm
1
litre
4olg2ocu cm
-=4or92o
:401.92 litres
1000
22
-2x-x28xI28
7
Ans. The tank can hold 401.92 litres of oil.
:22528
Q. 8. The radius of the
cylindrical wooden block is 5 cm and

volume is 1100 cu cm. How many discs_of radius 5 cm and
height 2
can be cut from this block of wood ?
Solution: Here, r:5 cm, V:1100 cu cm
The volume of the wooden block : nr2h
base of a
... 1100:?*5x5xh
- 1100x7
.'. h::=---=-_:
zzxJx5
.'.
3. A cylinder has a height of 15 cm and the radius of its base is 5 cm.

What is the area of its curved surface? (Take n :3.t4.)
Solution : Here, r: 5 cm; h: 15 cm, S" - ?
The curved surface area of a cylinder :2nrh
:2x3.I4x5x15:471
radius of the wooden disc
height of wooden block

the number of disc:
height of disc
I4
Ans. 7 discs can be prepared.
.'.8448:2x+x28(h+28)
.'. 8448 : r76(h + 28)
3. The surface area ofa cylinder :

(1) The curved surface area of a cylinder :2nrh
(2) The total surface area of a cylinder :2nr (h*r)
8448
.'. h+28:,=-
t76
.'. h+28:48
.'. h:48-28 ), h:20

is g cm and height 35 cm.
sqcm
Ans. The curved surface area of the cylinder:471 sq cm.

Q. 4. The total surface area of a cylinder is 8448 sq cm. If the radius of
its base is 28 cm, what is its height ?
Solution : Here, S, : 3448 sq cm; r :28 cm; h: ?
The total surface area of a cylinder :2nr(h * r)
:;:,
Q. 1. The radius of a cyrinder
sq cm
Ans. The total surface area of the cylinder :221528 sq cm.
14 cm
Now, the radius of the wooden block
cm
cm
Ans. The height of the cylinder:2O cm.
what is the
of its curved sur{ace?

Solution: Here, r:8 cm; h:35 cm,.S,:?
The curved surface area of the cylinder
:2nrh:2x+ x 8 x 35 :1760 sq cm
Ans. The curved surface area of the cylinder :1760 sq cm.
Q. 5. The radius of the base of a cylindrical column of a building is

25 cm and its height is 3.5 m. It costs Rs 15.50 per sq m to paint this
column. What will it cost to paint 10 such columns?
Solution : Here, h : 3.5
m; r : 25 cm :2
^:! 21004
^:
I54
NAYIYEET MATTftMATICS
DIGEST : STAITIDARD
VIII
VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA
The curved surface area of the

cylindrical column
:2nrh:z
:,f,i.i,tl
*?7 r!4"*!
1. Find the volume of the cone of height 7 cm and

Solution : Here, r:9 cm; h:7 cmtY:'l
The volume of a cone :! nr2h
:t
11
to
.'. the curved surface area of

Expenditure for painting l0
:
:
l0
such
columns:10
x#:55
sq
such columns at Rs 15.50 per

sq m
Rs 15.50 x 55
Q' 6'
The totar surface area of a

cyrinde r is 2464sq cm. The
height
the radius of the cyrinder are
equat. Find the radius of the
base or
cylinder.
Solution ; Here, total surface area :
2464 sq cm, h:r
The total surface area ofa cylinder :2nr
(h*r)
: x (Say)
.' ?1go:2x+xx(x*x) ...fn:r':*l

. 2464x7
:56 x 7
.'.
x:2x7:14
,
... x':
56x7
2 :28x7:4x7x7
The volume of a cone
r-
x area of the
:1l^nrzh.
base x height
the radius and
_
... t-2_924x3x7
-7x7
- nrn
.'. r:7cm
Ans. The radius of the base of the cone :7 cm.

base has a radius
:576 .'. h*24 cm

:!
nr2h
: I"? x7 x7 x24:1232 cu cm
h2
:252 -72 :625 -49
Ans. The volume of the cone-shaped figure:1232 cu cm.
cone has one circular flat surface

and one
the height of the cone.
height of a cone is 18 cm and its volume is 924 cu cm, find the
radius of its base.

Solution : Here. h : 18 cm; V :924 cu crr; r
The volume of a cone :! nr2h
.'. 924:!"? x12 x18
.'.
4. Cone:
curved surface.
In the figure, seg OA (ft) is the height,
seg AP (r) is radius of the
base and
seg OP (/) is the slant height
of rhe cone.
There is a right angle between
t}lLe
of 7 cm and its slant height is 25 cm.

Solution: Here, r:7 cm:, I:25 cm;Y:?
12+12:h2
... (Formula)
.'. 252:72 +h2 ... (Substituting the values)
Ans. The radius of the base of the

cylinder: 14 cm.
cu cm
Ans. The volume of the

cone - 594 cu cm.
=1"?
3. Find the volume of a cone-shaped figure, if its
. Z"n:xx2x
2x2
a base radius of 9 cm.
x9 x9 x7 :594
2. If
Rs 852.50
Ans. The expenditure for painting:

Rs g52.50.
.'.
(rexttook page t5o)
,I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
4. The volume of a cone is
462 cu cm and it height is 9 cm. Find the

radius of the base of the cone.
Solution: Here, Y:462cu cm; h:9 cm; r:?
The volume of a cone :! nrtl,
I 22
.'.462::X-=-xr'x9
3 7
.'. r2:'7 x7
.'. r:7
462x3x7
.'. 22x9 :rzI
cm
Ans. The radius of the base of the cone :7 cm.

Q. 5. The volume of a cone is 9856 cu cm.If the diameter of its base is 28
cm, what is its height and its slant height?
Solution : Here, V:9856 cu cm; d:28 cm
156
NAVNEET
tUArfrnUlrrCs
d28
... r:r:T:14
cm;
DIGEST : STANDARD VIII
h:?, r:?
:22 x 16:352
9856
nrzh
x3x7
71;10;10:h "' h-48 cm

Now, /2 : 12 + h2
... (Formula)
: r42 + 482_ ... isuu*il;,
.'. l-
:196 *2304:2599
3. The radius of the base of a cone is 9 cm and its height is 40 cm.

What is its curved surface area? What is its total surface area?
(n:3.74)
Solution : Here, r :9 cmi h: 40 cm; S" : ? S, :
12:r2 +h2
... (Formula)
the values)
50 cm
:4g
Ans. The height
cm,. the slant height

-c
:50
:92 +402
cm.
il;;;""a i,, o",rn;; i;

f:j1.""::T,:_g'i:.il;
"i,."*
the volume of the cone.
" Find
:l.lqj
Solution : Here,
r:
(zc
5 cm;
Ans. The volume
h:
nrr6: jx:.r+ x 5 x 5 x 12:314 cu

of the cone :314 cu cm.
surface area of
gl IP 11{ :gTg
tu
a cone: TErl
:
191_g.t.1 !on"
nr (t
* r)
of a,cone is t0 cm and the radius

of the ba
I7 cm.
^la::,,:lr.n:i*nr
What is its curved surface
Solution : Here,
/:
]!lcurveo
10
surrace area or
1600: 1691:
(41)2
4't cm
The total surface
cone:nrl
:3.14 x 9 x 41.: 1158.66 sq cm
:
area of a cone nr (l I r) :3.14 x 9 (41 + 9)
:3.14 x 9 x 50 :'141,3 sq cm
Ans. The curved surface area:115E.66 sq cm;

the total surface ara: 14tr3 sq cm.
Q. 4. The height of a cone-shaped tent is 10 m and the radius of its base
is 24 m. (i) What is its slant height? (ii) How much canvas is
required to make this tent? (n:3.I4)
Solution : Here, h: I0 trri r:24 m, I --,?
... (Formula)
Q) 12 : 12 + h2
:242 +102 ... (Substituting

:576 * 100:676: (26)2
:t
.'. l:26
*:-";':;3;1'.'n "'
(ii)
the values)
The canvas required for the conical tent
: the ctirved surface area of the tent

: nrl:3.I4 x 24 x 26: 1959.36 sq m
Ans. (i) The slant height :26 m;
(ii) The canvas required: 1959.36 sq m.
Sllution : Here, I :9
(i)
." t-
The curved surface area of a
u."ut---'
cflli l": Z
".;nrl"i"
The curved surface area of
a cone:
Ans.
g1
12 cm
:!
5. Surface area of a cone :

.--------tr'ormulae : (1) The curved
sq cm
Ans. (i) The curved surface arcii:198 sq cm. (ii) The total surface
area:352 sq cm.
!
...9856:I"?xt4x14xh
VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA
cm; r
The curved surface area
rea
of
:7
cm; S"
?; S,
of the cone: nrl

a cone
= ,lri*\'x
:; 22 x 7(9 +7)
9:
198 sq cm
Q. 5. How much metal sheet will be required to make a cone (hollow) of

height 4 m and base radius 3 m? (z:3.I4)
Solution: Here, h:4m; r:3 m
12:12 +h2
... (Formula)
:32 + 42
158
NAYNEET MATIIEMATTCS DIGEST :

STANDARD
16
:25 = (5)2 ... /:5
VOLT]ME AND ST]RFACE,AREA
VIII
(Textbobk page 154)
The curved surface area of the metallic

cone
: TErl:3.14 x3 x 5 :47.1 sq m
metal sheet wiu be required.
1. The radius of a sphere is 30 cm. What is the volume of thesPh.ere
_1i:: 1l:1 :1-_"_r

Q. 6. The slant height of an ice-cream cone is 12 cmand
its
surface area is 113.04 sq cm. What is
the radius of the base
ice-cream cone ? (n : 3.14)
solution :,Here,
12 cm, curved surface
r:
The curved surface area of a. corro: ftrl
area:
rr3.04 sq cm
Solution: Here, r:30 cm, V:?

The volume of a sphere :!nf
.1x
:
3.,14x30 x 30 x 30
13040 cu cm
Ans. The volume of the sphere: 1,13,040 cu cm.
.'. 113.04:3.l4xrx12
.
..;-:
2. The volume of a sphere is 360fi)z cu cm. What is its radius?
113.04
3.14 x tZ -icm
Ans. The radius of the base,:3 cm.
Solution : Here, V
The height of a cone-shaped paper hat

is 24 cm and the radi
the base is 7 cm. How m""n pap"r
will be
n""n"* ,0.-'
""nrr".*" r--r-ihats?
h:24
cm;
r:7 ci
..
. .J"
,il::
"-
6. Sphere:
Fon4ula : The volume of a sphere
:!
nr3
nr3
-?.7000
r: Jtrw:30
cm
Q. 3. 27 spheres (metallic) of radius 'F' arre melted and a new sphere is

formed. What is the radius of this new sphere?
Solution : The volume of a sphere with radius 7:f, nf
x7 xzs
rhe paper required for preparin,

llo"l
.'. the paper required for preparing l0 hats :550 x l0:5500
Ans. 5500 sq cm of paper will be required.
Ans. The radius of the sphere:30 cm.
cone:lttl
22
36000 x
:;
:!
r:
... 36oooz :!nf
...
!'. 12:rz+h2
... (Formula)
. :J2 qc4z
:49 * 576 :625 :252
.'. l-25 cm
The curved surface area of &
360002,
The volume of a sphere
Q' 7'
Solution : Here,
.'.
sq
the total volume of 27 sphere
s:27 ,! nrt
.J
...
(1)
...
(2)
This is the volume of the new sphere.
Let the radius of the new sphere be R

Then, the volume of the new sphere :!
From (1) and(2),
AA
nRt
:27 x
.'. Rt :2713
.'.
nR3
,nr3
... [Cancelli;^r1"from both the sides]
:3r
Ans. The radius of the ngw sphere
:3r.
160
NAYIIEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII
VOLUME AI\D STJRFACE AREA
7. Surface area ofa sphere :

---
Formula: The
' 12^:
:4nr2.
surface area of a sphere
x7
4 x22
616
.'
.r2
:49 .'. r:7
Ans. The radius of the sphere
Q' 1' Find
the surf'ace area of spheres of the foltowing

radii
(l) r : I sm
(4) r:2.8 cm
(2) r :10.5 cm (3) r: l0 cm

fl
(5) r:9.g m
(6) r: {2 n1.
Solution :
(1) Here,
r:7
Q. 3. If the surface area of a sphere is 314 sq cm' find its Yolume.

(Take
(2) tlere, r: 10.5 cm

The surface area of a sphere :4nr2
(3) Here,
r:
10 cm
The surface area
ofa
The surface area of a sphere
:4nr2
. 314:4 x 3.l4 x r'

.'. r:5 cm
'
:4nrz:4
cm
(4) Here,
r:2.8
Now, the volume of a sphere
: 1386 sq
"r,n"lolJ,j:il:;; :H
sphere
x 3.14 x 10 x 10: I
cm
15lo
:!33
cu cm
x 3.r+x 5 x 5 5 :
"
Ans. The volume of the sphere
Solution : Here,
d18
7:-:--9
'22
9.8 m
:4ftr2
cu cm.
d:
:3.I4)
18 cm
Cm
The volume of air in the balloon: the volume of the sphere

4a
?x
: 1207.36 sq m.
"
Ans. The surface area of the sphere
r:42 m
3t4
4 x 3.14
:!"f
area of the balloon? (Take z

9g.56 sq
cm.
r:
rZ:-:)5
Q. 4. The diameter of an inflated balloon (spherical) is 18 cm. How

many cubic centirnetres of air does it contain? What is the surface
The surface area of a sphere 4nr2 4 x

+x 2.g x 2.g
Ans. The surface area of the sphere: gi.SO
sq
(5) Here,
z:3.14)
Solution : Here, the surface are'?: 314 sq cm.
.'
*""
cm.
=7
Zl+l
cm
Ans. rhe surrace
cm
9.g x 9.g
-anr-
1207.36 sq
:!x3.Iax9x9x9
(6) Here,
:3052.08 cu cm
:4ftr2
The surface aiea of the balloon
the surface area of the sphere
:4nr2
4 x.3.14 x 9 x 9 : 1017.36 sq cm
Ans. The volume of air in the balloon:3052.08 cu cm;
the surface area of the balloon :1017.36 sq cm.
.'.616:4x?xr,
6/I.,lavneet Mathematics Digest : Std.
VIII lE059fl
,E
DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
I5m3
2bs
Q. Comptete the fo'or+i.r* .*r"_"oo
oriil*
,oil'btanks
(l)
(4)
+b2:2b3
+n2 e)
36x5 +4x3 (S)
Ana
Ans.
(l)
4na
.',43:5x8*3
'.'
15,m3
2b5 :
28xa
--,- -
:5m x 3m2l
b2 x 2b3l
=7x2
9-v--'.:
+l3m
4M2 -(-104)
5?nt3
-n2:4n2
(3) 20c2 + L5c:!c

(5) 40a2 -:(-10c) -
2yx5y-10y,
...
28xa+(-7xz):-&2
- 8yt * (-yt) :8J'
Q. 2. Divide:
m2
'.'
+5m:3m2
1-
4xz)l
:rl $r1
(3) 20c2:l5c
(6) (-33ya)+(-11y).
(2) 52m3
-l3m:4rnz
(4) 36x5
- 4x3 :9x2
(6) (-33yo)+(-11y):3J3.
.:
-h
Q. 3. Write five different pairs of dividends and divisors such that the
quotient in each case is 2r.
Solution : The degree ofthe quotient 2; is 1.
.'. the degree of the dividend must be 2 or more than 2 whole number.
x9tn2:9m4
.2. Division of polynomials

:
Also, the degree of the divisor must be less than that of the dividend by
Five different pairs of dividend and divisor :
Ex. 35rs -:7.r2

To divide, we must consider
35-rs : 7x2
35:7 x5and x5:x2xx3

.". 35.ts :7x2 x Sx3
'.
35-15
wtichpolynomial
+7x2:5x3
4. Dividing a binomial by a monomial
Ex. 1.
(27ms
9m3
-9mt)-3mz
-3m
z*tlfi*t -gr;
(1) 21b +7
-3b
(2) Z6Oz' , 6p:6p
(3) 5a3+a3-S
(4) -30n2
-3n:
,
-l0n
.''
t"'.'
x 3bl
36p2 :6p x 6pl
5a3:s3y51
t... -30n2:3nx(-l0z)l
I
27m5
2lb:7
-9m3
-9m3
+,
0
Explanation :
Divide 27ms by 3m2.
27m5 :3m2 x 9m3
.'. quotient 923

Subtract the product 3m2 x9m3 :27ms
from the dividend.
Divide the remainder -9m3 by 3m2
-9m3 :3m2 x (-3m)
Subtract the product 3m2
from the dividend.

Remainder 0.
(-3m):
-gm3
l.
164
NAVNEET MATIfiMATICS DIGEST

: STANDARD
vrn
DTVISION OF'POLYNOMIALS
(4)
2y
(s)
y2)2y3 +5y2
8a3
0 *5y2
0 -12a2
_5yt
-+ I2a2
0. 1. Fitl in the blanks in

Ans.
br:i
the division
+5
Remainder:0
-7b3 +3b5 +303 shown
(7')
3bs:3b3 xb2
3rlros -76t
3bs
0 -7b3
.'. 3b5:3b3:h2
-7b3 :ZO3 x 1-!1
-7b3 :3b3 : _ z3
b2
(4) 2y3 +
(7) 24ma
Ans.
(1)
Syt;
t'
-16m2;
n)n2
(2)
gn
(2)
+3
_n2
0 +3
Quotient: z
Remainder:3
p'-6;
p
(5) 8d3
-1h3; taz
(g) 24ma _16m2; gmz.
lF=
p?
0 -6
Quotient:p
Remainder
(3) 3r,
- -6
- tSr;
+t
(6) l8,b4
(S)
3m2
wtlz+rrf
r6m2
15,
- 15.r
- 15x
+
0
Quotient:.r - 5
Remainder: 0
+Tt
-2
-to*t
24ma
-16m2
+
0
Quotient:3m2
Remainder:0
Quotient:3m3 -2m
Remainder:0
-2
Q. 3. Divide:
(l)
-8p)+4p (2) (9c2 -2lc)-:3c (3) (7x3 *28x)+7x

(5) (t2b4 - 7b2\ -" 3b2 (6) (3dt + a3) -+ a3
@) 04 - 5y') * y',
0) $W1 +15p5)+3p4 (8) (8126 *20m4)-.8m3.
(12p3
.- Ans.
(3) x-5
Z*)-U' ^)
5X-
Remainder:0
Rernainder =.0
-1,6m2
- !6m2
*3;
Quotient:90'
O -16m2
Q' 2' Divide the binomiat by the monomiar. write the quotient
and
remainder
n2
24ma
-l; Remainder:0
... 3bs _76s : (3b3) x (b2 _ll + fOi.
Quotient
o + 13b3
_ l3b3
Quotient:4a-6
-2m
Bm)24m4
=7b3
+
-:-
(l)
3m3
+ r3b3
Quotient :2y
2b2)t8b4
tgb4
2yu
0 *.r
(6) su'z+|u
4a-6
2a ,$at _tn,
*5
(2) 3c -7
(1) 3p'-2
qpltzpt
-sp
]zP'
o -8p
3c)9c2
+4
7x)7x3 +28x
-zrc
x2
7x3
2"'
-8p
+
Quotient:3p2
Remainder:0
(3)
7*
0 *28x
-2lc
-2lc
+
28x
0
-2
Quotient:k
-7
Remainder:0
=xz +4
Remainder:0
Quotient
NAVNEET MATIffiMA"ICSDIGEST
: STANDARD VUI
(4)
y2
-5
v'zlf -iuz
(5) 4b'-4
3b2)72b4
_12b4
Quotient:y2 -S
Remainder:0
3a'+ t
^i-..a')3a'+a3
i
i-
Ja-
i
ia3
i-
o +a3
jo
Quotient
ro
-762
0 _7b2
--r 7b2
- 5v'
(7)
j
i
:4h2
IlL : JJ_
-z3r :: \<uurrt
Quotient:3a2+
- :.
Remainder:
d
i
Remainder:0
6p, + 5p
3pofitp,
-L8p'
'rfi;
llv'
y2) ttya
rryo
8m6
- llpt
0
-20ma
-r
-20m4
.0
Quotient:nt
Remainder:0
(6) a2 -2
no'lnFTzsa'
4y
13aa
-4v
Quotient
: tly2i
Remainder: -4y
.'. IIy4 - 4y
:y2 (ltyz\ + (- 4y)
(7)
+15p5
DrVISION OF P'OLYNOMIALS
I5y2
yu) r5y8
15yt
+10
Quotient
15yt
.'.
13aa
-26a? -13p?(a2 -2) +0
3m)27m5 -16m2
27ms
0 *t6m2
10y6
:+
loyu
l6m2
I5y2'1!O,;
Remainder=0
.'.
Quotient * az -2i Remainder:0
(8)
* 1oy6
-lm
-26a2
:26a2
+
Quotient :9ma
Remainder = 0
i.
10y6
y6(l$y2 + lo) + o
-**,
27rns -I6m2
:3m(9ma -* m)+0
5. Dividing.a poly-nomi?l by a mqnqmiel :
(1) 8n* 10
n'zltFl1fr
8n3
+lon2
*10n2
m-I
mt@ -,nt
!'
0 -m2
-r
-m2
'(Te*book
piiBe 161)
Q. 1. Divide. Write the quotient and remainder :

(l) (m3 +m2 +m)+m
(2) (2n2 -l2n *8\ +?m
(3) (10 -25a+5a21+5a
(4) (13 -8b2 +l?.b3) +4b
(6)
(zxa
6\ @4 -2p +9)*p'
-21x2 + 6) +7x2.
Ans.
(1)
m2
@ n-6
2"fr *tz"az
+m+I
ml#lvrza*
2n2
m3
+m2+m
m2
O +m
0+8
Quotient:n -6
Remainder:8
_m
0
Quotient:m2 +m
Remainder:0
-l2n*8
:+ lLn
+l
t68
NAVNEET MATTIEMAiUCS DIGEST,:

STANDARD
a-5
(3)
(4)
s"W:rso+i
3b2
4b) t2b3
Ja'
p2
p'zV:6+s
tol
Solution: x * 3
x+4)x2 *7x*12
x2 +4x
-21x2 +6
i;
Quotient:x2 -3
Remainder:6
x3
x2);
x2-x+l
x2l7;+7
_6y'
0 - 18y*7
)c4
- -+ 18v
t+?
.'. 6y' - tgy+7==3y(2y_6)+z
Ans. x2 *7x
t2
xt
remainder.
(Textbook pages 163 & 16zt)
Q. 1. Divide the polynomial by the binomial. Write your

form : Dividend = divisor x quotient
(l\ x2 -7x *12; x -3
(3) 54 - 12 +k2 - 5a3 + 6aa; a2 -l
(5) t2mz -fl, -17;3m -t2
(7) x3 -6x2 +llx -6; x -3
(1)
x-4
*-317:48
)^
x--5x
-+
-4x *
-*'+*t
_x3
+
o +x2
,
=3x + 12. Subtract this product
(x + 4)(x+ 3) + 0.
Ans.
(xa
+ 3; Remainder = 0
Dividend: divisor x quotient
=21x2
+
Q)
from the dividend. The remainder is 0.

Quotient :.r
0 -21x2 +6
-?,e+g
-t}y +l
Now, the dividend 3x-f12 is to be divided

by x * 4. Hence, divide 3x by x. We get 3.
(x + 4)
-- -3
o -zP +g
2v-6
product from the dividend.
3x*12
3x*12
7xa
-l$y +7;3y
Explanation:
Divide x2 in the dividend by x in the divisor.
We get x. (-r + 4) x x: x2 + 4x. Subtract this
x2
7x2)7xa
Study the following example : Divide x2 + 7x + 12 + x + 4
Remainder: 13
p'A
3y)6y,
0+ t,
Quotient :3b2 -?ft
Quotient=a -F
Remainder:10
6y,
t3
;8b'
--1-
0+10
(l)
6. Dividing a polynmial by a binomial
0 -Bb2 +13
Quotient:p2
Remainder:
-2b
-Bb,+
DWISION O[' POLYNOMIALS
t2b3
0 -25a+lO
-25a
+
(5)
vm
* remainder
2y3 +6y2 +l2y *8; y +l
(4) bo -W2; b2 + 1
(6).4n-4n2 +n5 -na; n3 -4
(8) a3 *8; a +2.
Q)
(2)
?+2
++y +g
y+1)2y3+6y2+lzy*8
_zv'Jzf
4y2
-4x*12
_4y2
+ l2y
+ 4y
0* 8y*8
_8yt8
xz
12
J.:
answer in the
-7x + 12
:l.r'iX"-4)+o
* l2y *8
:(y+DQy'*4y*S)+O
2yt + 6y'
170
NAVIYEET MATITEMAflCS DIGEST

: STA,NDARD
(3) 5a-12+3a2
-5at
(4)
q6o+
- t3
u2 + rlo+ @ls
First arrange the dividend in the

desce,nding order
:6a4
6a2
5a3
3a2
b2
b2
-but
---
*.5a _ 12
_ t3b2 +0
_ r3b2 _ t3
-5a+9
o'-l)6"o-W
6aa
vm
Ir
--"
-6a2
+
+9az
a56-12
-5a3
9a2
b4
DIVISION
: (b2
+ D@2 -t3) + rs
Ans.
(1)
x3
_xa
-6x2
+
-
-12
9a2
6x3,+
$,
-l-17
+-
5x
l1x
-6x-6
First arrange the dividend in
-6x-6
rri
:n5 -n4
-4nz +4n
n2
-n
gtu_17
-9m++
lrx2
descending order
l2m2 +8m
-4x3 +5x2
-4x3 +4x2
5x2
_IIx2
i rol
i rzt x3 -4x2 +x+6

i x-1)xa -5x3 + 5x2 +5x-6
x3
t------
3m+2)12*z
+IIx-6
-6x3 -6x2
++
-9
-f'
.'. 6aa - 5a3 + 3a2 + 5a 12 -3
:(a2-D(az-sa+9)+(-s)
(s)
0i
Quotient :.tr3
i
I
6x-6
6x2
+ llx
- 6;
Quotient:x3-4x2+x+6;
Remainder:0.
11
._ n4
.'. l2m2-m-17
:(3rn+2)(4m-3)+(_ff;
-+ ll'
.'.
n5
-na -4n2 +4n
t4n
*4n
(3)
-3xz -x-3
x-2)xa -5x3 +5x2 +5x-6
x4 *zx3
x3
x+3)xa -5x3 +
_ xa +3x3
-3x3 + 5x2
-3x3 + 6x2
+5x-6
++
-x2 +5x
'-x2 +2x
+
3x-6
3x-6
-x +3;
29x2
+ 5x
29x2
+87x'
-82x:6
-82x -246
++
+
Quotient:x3 -3x2
Remainder:0.
5x2
-8x3 +5x2
-8x3 -24x2
-L-
x2+5x
x2- x
+
6x--5
r________-l_
POLYIIOMIALS
Q. 2. Divide the potynomial xa-5r3 + 5x2 +5x -6 by each of the

following binomials. Write the quotient and the remainder :
(1) .r+t (2) x-l (3) x-2 (4) x+3 (s) x*3.
r+rffi
l2b2
OF.
240
i Quotient :x3 -8l2 +29x -E2;
172
(s)
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS
DIGEST: STANDARD
yIU
Factors of Polynomials
x3-2x2-x+2
*-:ffi
1. Revision
-x2 +5x
-x2 +3x
Ans.
2J_6
2r _6
-+
-x *2;
3m2 t 6mn
(2) 7a + t4b - 2tc
(3) 4x3 +?.xz +?"x +l
(4) x2 IZx * 5r + 35 ,
(5) x2 -9x + Llx -99
(6) x' *t3x- tlx-143
(7) x' -7x 8x + 56
(g) &2 -gb2
(D 4x2 *1.2xy +9t2.
-
(l)
+-
2x2
to 169)
(l)
*2x3 + 5x'
zx3 + 6x2
Quotient:.tr3 Remainder:0.
pa.ges 165
Q. 1. Factorise
(Textbook
t6mn
:3m(m*2n)
(2) 7a * l4b.-2lc
+2x2 +b + |
:2x2(?se+ 1)+ l(Zx+l)
(4) x' *7x
3m2
Q)
:7(a*2b-3ic)
* 5.r * 35
:x(x*7)+5(x+7)
: (x * 7)(-r + 5)
4x3
:(b+l)(2rc2 +D
6) x' -9x * lIx-99
(6) x2 -f l3x
:x(x-9)+11(r-9)
Il.x
143
:x(x* 13) - 1l(x+ 13)

: (x * 13Xx - 11)
:(x-9Xx+ll)
------- --- --.i--(7') xt
-7x -8.r * 56
i 1ty 4a2 -9b2
x(x-7)-8(.r-7)
i :(Za)2-(3b)2
:(r-7X.r-8)
i :ea+3b)(Za-3b)
-
(9)
4x2
+ lzxy +9y2
The first term 4x2:(2x)2; the third termgy2:(3y)2;

The middle term ILxy
x (2x) x (3y)
.'.
4x2
-2
+ I2xy t9y2 :(2x+3y)(2x +3y)
Study the following examples :

(1) Factorise z x' + 5x * 6.
Here, first term x third term
Factors of 6x2:
(I)
6x,
(2)
(-
6x), (
-x)
N2
x 6 = 6x2
(3) Zx,3x (4) ( - 2x), (-3x)
The third pur 2x and 3x gives the sum 5.r, which is the middle term.
Write 5r, the middle term of the given polynomial as (2x + 3x).
+5x+6
:x2 +2x*3x*6
:x(x]-2)+3(x+2)
x2
I
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS
DIGEST : SfANDARD
:(r+
VIII
FACTOR,S OF POLYNOMIALS
2)(x+3)
Ans. Thefactors of
(5) p2
x2_+5x*6:(x+ 2)(x+3).
-p-420
- 2tp*20p-420
(6) x2 *25x
- Ilx -
(8) xt
:p2
: p(p _ 2t) + 2O(p _ 2I)

: (p - 2l)(p + 20)
(2) Factorise
Solution :
(7')
+7x_ I0
:12x2+l5x_gr_10
:3x(4x+5)-2(4x+5)
: (4x * 5)(3x 2)
l2x2
Here, first term x third term
:l2x2x(-10):- 120x2
Now, - 120x2 :(i) ( l5-r) x (g.r)
(iiX l5"r) x ( 8x) are
the rwo pairs
In (i) ( - t5.r) + (8"r) _+ _7x
Ans. (4r +5X3x _2)
i (ii) ( t5"r) * ( _ 8x) ._+ 7y

i Of these, the sum in (ii) 7-ris the middle
i P*, of the given
(l) x2+?-x-6g
(4) k2
-?k
-120
_420
e)
(13)
Ans.
(l)
yt + 6J -
x2
135
(14) s2 _
+2x -63
:*r-.*r)-?x-63
g99 0$
(4
Y'il'-*
?,s
:x(x+gt-t(;g) i
:(.r+9)(x-7)
x2+
=:i#;Hr,
!@)kr_zk_nA
! : ot _ tri-* ,oo _ ,ro
4o
:x(x*8)-s(.r+B) j
- x2.* Bx -
5x
:q-+:ll9-12 j
:GD+rck_12)
:!!_!2)c+;;
: (,' - l2)0 + 6)
(12\ x2 -36x-t324
:x2 -!8x-l8x*324
: x(x - 18) - 18(-r - 18)
: (r - 18Xr - 18)
(14) s2 -2s -399
: si -2!s * 19s -* 399

: s(r 2t) + 19(s -27)
: (s - 21Xs + 19)
(15) x2 +36x+35
:x2+x*35.r*35
r,(x
1)
+ 35(x +
: (r * 1)(r + 35)
3ft + 35.
:rurrr\,-.
--------_-_':--_'_-:-1::._-:!-- ii
-0+flp_a)
t-t^^ t'
(3) x2
L -trx-+u
*3x-40
i )^^ ,irt ),
29)
y'+6y-135
:y2 +t5y*9y-135
:y(y+15)-9(y+15)
:(y+15Xy-9)
x2r3x--40
6) p2 _p
a; ;, *"lu i"rno
Q) x2-lDx-144 (g) x2*27x+72 (9)
x2_36x+203
(10) y2-6y-72
(tr) p2+27p_g0 (12) x2_36x+J24
(r
-6y-72
:y2-I2y+6y-72
:y(y - 12) +60 - 12)
:p2 +30p-3p-90
:p(p+30)-3(p+30)
:(p+30Xp-3)
polynomial.
* 24) + 3(x + 24)

* 24)(x +3)
x(x
(10) y2
(ll) p'+27p-90
e) ytl-Ty_u
- 29) - 7(x - Zg)(x -l)
x(x
(x
:x(x* 16)+9(x+ 16)

: (r * 16)(x +9)
:
:
18)
:x2 -29x-7x*203
:
:
r44
*27x*72
:x2l24x+3x*72
144
: x(x - 18) + 8(r :(r-lBXx+8)

(9) ,t -36xl-203
(13)
Q. 1. Find the factors
x'
:xz -I8x*8x*I44
lhr2 *7x _10
:x2 +I6x+9x+I44
Q. 2. Find the factors
1)
(2) 4p'-9p - 9
(3) 6x2 -25ry -gyt
G) 11x2 -l&x +7
(4) 5x2 +2lxy -20ry' (5) 3p'-l4p r15 (6) 6n2 -m -12
(7) 7x2 - Sxy -18y2 (8) 9r2 * 5ry - l4y2 O) +n2 +lgmn +l2n2
(10) 7p2 *l$pq-9q2 (11) 3r2 * 3r - 1260 (12) 5y2 -30y - 360
(13)
3x2
*3ry-1.26$y2
(14)
5y222
Ans.
(l)
llx2 - lsxlr*7--: IIx2 - IIx -7x
*7
:IIx(x-1)-7(x-I)
i
i
:qr1l\!b-7) .i
5yz
360.
e) +p'-9p -9
:4p2
r2p +3p
-9
:4p(p*3)+3(p-3)
=o--3)(YI?)
176
NAVIYEET MATTIEMATICS
DIGEST : STANDARD
(3)
6x2
-25xy -9rz
:6x2
-27xy *2ry _gnz
(4)
5x2
FACTORS OF POTYNOMIALS
+2txy-20yt
:5x2 +
:3xQ,x-9D+y1U*gr,
VII
25ry
- 4w -
2ov2
:5"r(-r+5y)* 4y(x+5y)
(Textbook page 168)
0.
Use the formula to find the factors :
(l\
(5)3p2-t4p+ts
_a_2
:!{-9p-5p+15
_r
:3p(p-3)-s(p-3)
:rn_a\/!- !\
i
i 6) 6m2-m_12
_^*z
ii
n *gm_
_
^
6m2 _9m
t,l
tv"'-L'
:-------i
3*em-3)+aem_3)t
!
*t2Sn3
27rn3
(2)
:g*?+r+ry_exy_14y2
-Jgi i :x(9x+t4y)-y(9x+t
-2!)y! 1?l
_vl
i : ex +t4y)(x
t'!-:*- -,t!
=\!:* renn+
(e) 4m2
p;
i;;;:
(10) :-;':
7p2 r .':t$pq
-9q2
:AtZZZ_?pq *eq.
:7P (P + 3q) 3q
:iln_.t-?,^t
(p + n.
3q)
- a^t_,,
(ll)
*3x-1260
:3(x2 +x-420)
3x2
(l)
27m3
125n3
* Qm *
:3lx(x+2t)-20(x*21)l
_.__.___..____:_._r..:___._.__.__:_
.j
:5Lv()
_12)+ee nn
:19 :
l?lQ
tz60y2 ieq syr4_ir.-_ruo

:3(x2*ry-420y2)
i :5(yrzr'lrr_1,
:3 (t
(13) 3x2+3ry*
:
:
+ 2J*y.,* 2gry
* a20y1i : s (yj!_%*
:3[x(x +21y)
-20y(x +zty)]i
:3(r+2ty)(x_2oy) j
Iglrfr:: s.: ! ?'
=
!: r
,)lr:.
__r!:rp
(3)
5n)(9a2
+ 5n) {(3m)2 -3m x 5n + (5n)2}
(3m
-limn
+25n2)
(p)3
(p
@q)3
+ 4q)(pt -
(p +
4pq
ad {@), - p x 4q + @q)z}
+ t6q2)
+216
(y)3
+ (6)3
(y + 6)(y2
(y + 6)
{rflt - y x 6 + (6)2}
6y + 36)
2a3 +250b3
- 2(a + 1.25b, : 2[(a)3 + (5b)3]

: Zl(a + 5b) {(a)2 - a x 5b + (sD'z}l
: 2(a I sb)(a2 - lnb + 25b2)
343 +512k3
(7)3
+ (8ft)3 : (7 + 8k){Q)2 *7 x 8k+ (8fr)r}
:(7 +W)(49-56r-+64k2)
8yz
72)
SLyz2z_9) + B(vz_g)l
:_r;;:-".,,::1":
y3
:
:
(5)
1__6.1
(2) pt -t 64q'
(4)
12) 5y2*30y_3OO
tu3 +250b3
Ans.
:1m'.+ 76mn+?yn+
!2.n1
:4m(m*4n)+3n(m*4n) !
(q
(5) 343 +512k3 (6) a3"1

+s43.
:13m)3 + (5n)3
:f*+2
p, +64qt (3) y,3 +216
a'+fi
:(o)'.(+)' :(o**){rr
:('* *)("-i.#)
-@) x
*.(*)'\
NAVNEET MATIIEMATTCS
DTGEST : $TAITIDARD
VIII
FACTORS OF POI,YNOMXALS
(7)
729b3
:
Q.
Use the
formula to find the factors
.r3-Ey3 Q) 125m3 *27m3

Q)
(5) 216-27q, (6) sl2s3 _343y3
(1)
64a3
e)
@ sf
_t
@)
lZgn, _CA
-4.
y"
Ans.
: q 1{-: s.Lq:1? *r2 + sr + sr + 2s)

- ZIQ
:
------
(8.r)3
-_(E"
-- -
-- - -
-:
---
* (7y)3: (8x:r
7y)(Gx2 + 56ry
7y){(sxl2
4gyt)
* 8* x 7y + (7y)2}
-64
(9b)3
(9b
4){(9D2
4r(tlh2 + 3tr + t6)
-,(4),
(9b
*9b x a x @)?\
MISCELLANEOUS E)(ERCISE - 2
Q. 1. Do
'-
as directed :
The measure of the major arc
a.
root of 729 (Write in
(1) Cube
Ans.
tu,,
symbols)
(2) 25 + x (Wiire the
degree of the
{-5n: -,
(4) (B)3
\J)
C*rrr"inrvoro*.1
- ---- - __1_
-512is -8
(Evatuate.)
-;* 4 (Write giving
1
-1
-:m
m
rea_
sons, whether this is polynomial
nol)
or
- I is not a positive integer.

I
m--*4isnotapol
-7
Ans.
-1
$J
Itt;:
yt yyi
23
tst (r;;+
144
(4) v2 s ;ai
11
1si*i:
rsur
-.._.----t-'--:---
raf:
?ll
f':"s-rr"s:"t -*i_*, _*
.-. 3
?)
(2)
(4) ms
:t
14 4
--m5:*i-i:*T
l4_4
10
t?
-:m-
- -.s a't' urcarure or lts

corresponding minor arc
and the measures of the
major are
corresponding to this
minor arc.
solution : The measure of the
minor arc : the measure
of the central angre
the measure of the corresponding
minor arc :360 - lO5:255"

Ans. The measure of the minor afc:105o; the measure of the major
arc :2550.
Solution : Radius of the circle:5 cm

.'. diameter of the circle :2r:2 x 5 cm: 10 cm
The chord AB is of length 10 cm.
.'. chord AB is the diameter of the circle.
The diameter of a circle divides it into two semicircles.
The measure of a semicircle is 180o.
Ans. The measure of each arc formed is 180".
Q. 5. One pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are

congruent. Write the measures of these angles.
2I
Gp9v
Solution : The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplernentary. Let the measure of each angle in the pair of opposite angles be x".
Q.z.
(1) (1s)3 x
360"
Q. 4. A chord AB of length 10 cm is drawn in a circle of radius 5 cm.

Write the measures of the arcs formed
polynomial.)
l05o
I80
Then, -r *.r
180 .' 2x:
.'. Jo 90o.
Ans. The measure of each angle of the pair of opposite angles is 90o.
Q. 6. n ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. Answer the

following questions
A
(1) Name the arc intercepted by LD.
(2) If mLB:65o, what is the measure of mLD?
(3) lf mLA:125", what is the measure of LC?
(4) Which angle is inscribed in arc BCD?
Ans. (1) Arc ABC is interceptedby LD.
(2) Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
2
.'. mLB*mLD:'180o
.'. 65 + mLD:180
.'. mLD:180-65
.'. mLD:115o
(3) As per (2), mLA + mLC:180"
.'. 125 * mLC: 180
.'. mLC: 180 - 125
.". mLC:55o.
.!1]l_9-ili1-:9*.:qi11:P9P:--....-.--..-----:.
NAVNEET MATHEMATICS
DIGEST : STANDARD
VIII
Q' 7'
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 2
ABCD is rhombus. rts one

side is 5 cm and one diagonat
r cm"
Construct n ABCD urd
m"ur,r"u
ength of another diagonal.
-.- Ans. ruornu* anco
is
il;;;
drawn
;:::::":""1
as per given measurements.
[AB
:5
AC is 6 cm.
diagonal
27
x
x 27
25 -:64
25
Compound interest
Simple interest
rt
cm,
diagonal BC: g cm.l

The length of the other
:40000
x27 x 27 :Rs 46656
- P:
Rs (46656- 40000)
PxRxN 40000x8x2 :
I- _: 100
100
Rs 6656.
Rs 6400
The difference in the interest: Rs (6656 - 6400) : Rs 256

Ans. The difference in the interest earned: Rs 256.
Q. 11. Given below is some data about the boys and girls of a certain
school who passed the S.S.C. exams
2002 2003 2004 2045
are 5.5 cm and o.s
l;ff"11j,:::f:i:::t:la1r!lgsram
"-. rre
C;;;;;r#ffiffi""##:
ansleoincluded by"these
siJes is 6s..
Ans.
',,:ffi,,1rDi#rSit it
65Vo
7OVo
80Vo
85Vo
64Vo
65Vo
787o
80Vo
Draw a joint bar graph showing the above data.

(Scale on Y-axis, I cm: l0vo.)
d
t1
+1'
Q' 9'-write aw three polynomiars of

the 3rd order
111_
l1l
'*: :
r*
? g !:,
?!::
each of which has
:!l: 1ll j{ I .io,
_n
ru. Ganesh denosifpd

pc ztA
Q. ro.
deposited Rs
nnn in
:-40,000
a bank at g p.c.p.a. compound
interest for 2 years. what
would b" d;ff";;rr.e in
il,|;J,"Tl,f
,1"Jffi:""r_",", r*in"
Solution : Here,
p:
Rs 40,000;
e:p(t*I\"
\ lool
:4oooo( t+a)'
\ 100/
:4oooo
" (r * *)'
R:
:4oooo x
,L"
g p.c.p.a.;
(#)
the interest earned,

pu"ioa but ror simpre
N:2
years
NA\T{EET MATTIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

VIII
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE-
Rs 2500, R:8 p.c.p.a.r N:2 years. Find the

com
interest and amount.
Solution : Here, P: Rs 2500; R g p.c.p.a.; :2
N
years.
=
a. 12.
(t .
1400'
Solution : The printed price of the camera: Rs
Its selling Price: Rs 1316'
pi."oun1-: printed price - selling price
*)'
:2500
Amount: Rs 2916
" (#)':
2500
*##r:
percentage of
Rs 2e16
A scooter
Rs 42000; VeglV depreciarion in irs value (R) :

10 p.c.p.a.i
As there is depreciaiion in value, R: _ l0;
(N): From April 2005 to April 2007 :2 years
::riod
The value of scooter in April 2007
:n('.*I
:42ooo r
# r ft:
orrx 8l
:42000 x
('-*)'
discount at SVo onRs
(1)
1x3
-3x2
x2
*6x-27)-(x-3)
+6
x-3)x3 -3xz +6x-2'7

-3x2
+
:Rs
x:
Rs
xx
-9
341020.
:n. (' -+;):R'
-3p? -3p *9
p+3v+of -r2p2 +0p*9
p3
-po
::100 Rs
--- a
!3P'
'-3pt - r2pt
-3p'++
20
marked price _ discount
*6x -27
(
Ans. x3 -3x2 + 6x - 27 : Qc -3Xr2 + 6) + -9)
(2) (po t2p'* 9) -: (P + 3)
5zo.
Selling price
Solution
6x-18
+
Q. 14. A customer bought a carpet at a discoun tof svo for Rs 760.

what
was its marked price.
solution : Let the marked price of the carpet be
Rs x. Discount
.'.
'
(*)'
Rs 34020
Ans. The value of scooter in April 2007
(ry#):*#
9pt
-3Pz +oP
-3p'-9p
++
But the selling price is given to be Rs 760.

19x
:' n:760
.'. x:760
x2!
t9
Ans. The marked price of the carpet:Rs g00.
.r
Rs 84
discount
t too
discount:ffi
:42ooo x
1316)
write your answer in the

Q. 16. Carry out the following division and
form, Dividend: divisor x quotient + remainder'
(1) (r3 -3x2+6x-27)-:(r-3) Q\ @n-lzp' *9)+(p+3)'
x3
-r#)
Ans. The shopkeePer gave 67o discount'
was bought in April2005 for Rs 42,000.

rf its varue
13'
lU%o every year, what will its value
be
in
April 2007 ?
\V
solution : Here, the cost price (initiar value) of
scooter in 2005 A
:42ooo(1
Rs (1400
it
84
2916.
(P)
sold
- 1400 x loo:6
Compound interest -. A p: Rs (2916 _2500):Rs

416
Ans. Compound interest: Rs 416; Amount: Rs
o'
185
If the shopkeeper
Q. 15. The printed price of a camera is Rs'1400'
for Rs 131.6, what was the discount per cent ?
e:e(r.*)
:2500
9p
*9
9p
*27
Rs 800
Ans. pa
- l\p'
-18
(P
+ 3)@3
- 3P2 -3p*9)+(-18)
NAVIYEET MATIffiMATICS
DIGEST : STANDARD
Q.
tl.
Factorise :
(l)
x2
-?,x -gg
'-
(4) l2B +?.r3.
(l)
x2
Q) 3pt -rop *zs
-2x-gg
VIIr
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE- 2
(3) 125x3 _2t6y3
3p'* top-25
:3pz * tsp * 5p
-2s
:x2 - ll,y*9x-9a
:x(x-il)+9(x*il)
: (,r - llXr + 9)
:I"Tx7
x7 x6:308cucm
The volume of the solid formed
volume of the cylinder
1540
volume of the cone
+ 308 : 1848 cu cm
Q. 20. I sold 125 quintals of potatoes through a commission agent at

Rs 1000 per quintal. ff I paid a commission of l..S%o, how much
money did I get on selling all the potatoes ?
Solution : The total price of 125 quintats of potatoes
:125 x 1000: Rs 125000.
l-;,*-"T,l1:rfr.llheres
melting
a solid metallic
"""r
or""air"i
sphere of radius g cm "_

?
Solution : The volume of
the solid metallic sphere
:!nf:!xnxgx8xgcucm
lnrt:!xnxl
xIx
*ii,r"",*i
l:i";;"
x8x
:"tTl*
h:
l0 cm.
Volume of a cylinder
For the cone:
R:7
r:7
125000
ffi:::
cm;
"'
x- 1.5 xt*125000 :Rs 1875
(3) (3x
+2)i
-8
(2) 6x'-l9x -7
(4) (2x - 3)3 + 125.
Ans.
: nr2h
:T*7x7xlO:1540cucm
"^;'H_j;";
1..5
Q. 21. Factorise :
(l) p' -2p -168
:5rZ
i, ,"_
its height is 10 cm. A
cone *tt
"ni
that of the base of the cylinder
frulgfri of 6 cm is
placed on it. What
""A "
is ttre votume
oi'roUa tf,.r,
formed?
: For the cytinder:
125000
:Rs (125000- 1875):Rs 123125

Ans. I got Rs 1,23,125.
4
;Xn
*.JTI:ly: "i*" 0",",i"'"ri"0""

ril;;;
100
Amount received after giving commission
Volume
,r#
cm
of the mer
_
-#-!r"xsx8x8
votu-@-3"'L^::oxd
1.50
.'. 100 x x:
t\::t^1:r-:"to roT*, formed from

".
the metailic sphere
Ans. 512 solid spheres wil

be
The rate of commission: I.57o

Commission Rs 1.50 on price Rs 100
Commission Rs x on price Rs 1,25,000
of radius g cm
The volume of solid sphere

of radius
o.
'
nRzH
Ans. The volume of the solid figure formed: L848 cu cm.
(3)
:!
Volume of a cone
A
C
(l) p' -2p -
ffi
168
:p2-I4p+t2p-168
: p(p - 14) + Iz(p - t4)
:(p 14)@ +12')
(2)
l9x
-7
-ZIx*2x-7
:3x(?-x
-7) + I(zx -7)
: (2x - 7X3r + 1)
6x2
:6x2
188
NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST :

STANDARD
(3r+2)3-8
(3)
-:
:
:
(a)3
(a
2)(a2
Q)3
... (Substituting
+
+ 4)
(3x *2
-Z)tex-t 2)2 +2(3x *2) + 4l
3x(9x'
a. 23. IIow
a for
3x
Za
canbemadebymeltingasolidmetalbrickoflength16cm'
12x
*2
for a
Solution z, For metallic brick ( cuboid ) : I : 16 cm, b

Volurne of metallic brick (cuboid): I x b x h
The shape of a coin is cYlindrical

For a coin-shaped solid: r:I cm,
(4) (2x-3)3 +tZs

: a3 + (5)3
Volume of each coin-shaped

... (Substituting
a for 2* _
solid:
tLx
*9 _ t}x+
:2(x *I)@x2
-2?.r +49)
... (Substituting Zx
containe";;r;*
radius 3 cm and height
:
For a cone: R :3 cm; H:r0
"-::
Volume of ice-cream in one cone
:20
cm;
h:60
nr2h
n x 20 x 20 x 60 cu cm
lnn2U
Number of cones that can be filled with

ice_cream
Volume
of
ice-cream
in cylindrical vessel
_
of
ice-cream
Ans. 800
cones.
in
cm
vessel
:*rrrx3x3xl0
:nx3xl0cucm
Volume
for a)
ice-cream ?
Solution z For the cylindrical vessel : r

Volume of ice-cream in this cylindrical
nx20x20x60
zx3x10
:800
_3
Number of coin-shaPed solids
rce-cream is fiIred to the brim in a

cyrindricar
20 cm and height 60 cm. How many
cones of
l0 cm can hold this
one
... lFrom
*nE
(t)
and (2)l
cm, h
l0 cm'
10
cu cm
thickness:h:0'2
9m'
nrzh
:-4.4 cu cm
t5 + 25)
Q' 22.
--'xlx1x0.2
7
-5a*25)
(2x +2)(4x2
tt
3)
: [(2x - 3 + s)]Iex _ 3), _ s(Zx _ 3) + Z5l

:
16 x'11
:1760
:3xx3(3x2 *6x*4)
:9x(3x2+6x+4)
:(a+5)(a2
many coin-shaped solids of 1 cm radius and 0.2 crh thickness
width 11 cm and height 10 cm ?
... (Substituting 3x
* 4 + 6x + 4 + 4)
:3x(9x2*l}x+12)
189
MISCELLANEOUSEXERCISE-2
VIII
,..(l)
Volume of metalic brick (cuboid)

Volume of one coin-shaPed solid
176o
l' 7 :
**:1769
7 4.4
Ans. 2800 coin-shaped solids can be made'
28oo
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BASED ON THE TEXTBOOK

NAVNEET MATHEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

Squares and Square Roots

11. Equations in One Variable

Ant. The square root of 289 is 17.

Ans. The square root of 2025 is 45.

14. Construction'of Quadrilaterals

16. Joint Bar Graphs

17. Compound Interest

19. Discount and Commission

20. Volume and Surface Area

22. Factors of Polynomials

Miscellaneous Exercise-2 (Textbook page 170)

Q. Find the square root by the division method

Miscellaneous Exerbise-1 (Textbookpage g9)

Ans. The squarc root of

I x 9:81 .'. 9 is the square root of 81.

tltc square root of 81 is 9

NAVNEET MATIIEMATICS DIGEST : STANDARD

SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS

(1) Every positive number has two square roots.

(4) The positive square root of,625.

Q. Write the square roots of each of the following numbers

Q, 3. lVrite the values of

(3) The negative square root of 625.

The gquare root of a number that is not a porfect squar.e :

a perfect square also has a square root. e.g., the

l. The sides forming the right angle of a right-angled triangle are

a. 1. Write the following numbers in words :

nttilibers are called non-perfect square numbers.

is read as the posirive square root of sixty_four.

Writing: The symbol

The square of an integer is called a perfect square number.

3. Writing and reading a squarO root

9,f,, the numbers 9, 25 and 169 are the squares of 3,

Ans. The square root of

(4) The positive square root of

(3) The negative square root of

(2) The negative

ll(Ac)1'z: u(AB)12 + t/(BC)],

: (5)' + Q)2 :25 * 49 :74

Anc. The length of the hypotenuse is J-l+

NAVNEET MATTIEMATICS DIGEST

SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS

Q. 2. Find the length of the diagonal of a rectangle of length

'l'he approximate value of the square root of a non-perfect square

ln the above example, we have calculated the square root of 30 up to

:io})z + e)2 :144 *

lhrrt digit and keep the remaining digits as

up to one decimal place will be 5.5.

denote that further there

infinite number of digits.

up to three decimal places

third, second and first decimal places

the value of the square root.

we continue the process

Hqurre root up to the

As 30 is not a perfect square, wo

;llncc by division method. Then write the approximate value of each

will get more decimal places, i

'l'lro approximate value of

up to two decimal places.

Ans. The length of the diagonal of the square is .",42g cm.