M07 Knig9404 Ism C07 PDF

NEWTONS THIRD LAW
Conceptual Questions
7.1. If you were to throw the rocks in the opposite direction you wanted to go, you would be pushed by the rocks in
the right direction. Throwing the rocks requires a force to accelerate them (Newtons second law). So you exert a
force on the rock in one direction and the rock exerts an equal force on you in the opposite direction (Newtons third
law). This force will cause you to slide along the ice in the opposite direction that you threw the rock. Note that you
will move most efficiently when you use a horizontal force, which means that you throw the rock horizontally.
7.2. The paddle, you, and the canoe can be treated as a single object. You can push backward on the water with
the paddle so that the water pushes forward on the paddle. The figure shows how the backward force of the paddle on
the water and the forward force of the water on the paddle are action/reaction pairs. Since you hold the paddle while
sitting in the canoe, the force of the water on the paddle causes the paddle-person-canoe object to move forward. The
vertical force between the canoe and water we label as a normal force here but will later identify as the buoyant force.
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7-1
7-2
Chapter 7
7.3. The rocket forces the exhaust gases down, and the hot gases push up on the rocket. The two forces are a
Newtons third law pair. The rocket accelerates upward because the force of the exhaust gases on the rocket is greater
than the force of gravity.
7.4. The player pushes down on the floor, which pushes back up on him. The player accelerates upward because the
force of his push is greater than the force of gravity.
7.5. Newtons third law tells us that the force of the mosquito on the car has the same magnitude as the force of the
car on the mosquito.
7.6. The mosquito has a much smaller mass than the car, so the magnitude of the interaction force between the car
and mosquito, although equal on each, causes the mosquito to have a much larger acceleration. In fact, the
acceleration is usually fatal to the mosquito.
7.7. Newtons third law tells us that the magnitude of the forces are equal. The acceleration of the truck and car are
determined by the net force on each.
7.8. The force of the wagon on the girl acts on the girl, whereas the force of the girl on the wagon acts on the wagon.
The wagons motion is determined by the net force acting on it, so if the girl pulls hard enough to overcome any
other opposing forces acting on the wagon, the wagon will move forward. So try saying, But, my dear, the net force
on the wagon determines if it will move forward. The forces you mention act on different objects, and so cannot
cancel.
7.9. The net force on each team determines that teams motion. The net horizontal force on each team is the
difference between the ropes pull and friction with the ground. So the team that wins the tug-of-war is not the team
that pulls harder, but the team that is best able to keep from sliding along the ground.
Newtons Third Law
7-3
7.10. This technique will not work because the magnet is part of the cart, not external to it. The forces between the
magnet and cart have the same magnitude but act in the opposite directions. Therefore, although the two objects may
accelerate toward each other, the cart-magnet system as a whole will not move. (Actually, it would be more precise to
say that the center of mass of the cart-magnet system does not move.)
7.11. The scale reads 5 kg. The left-hand mass performs a function no different than the ceiling would if the rope
were attached to the ceiling (i.e., both pull upward with the force required to suspend 5 kg). The force of gravity
acting on the right-hand mass provides the downward force on the spring scale that the spring scale converts to mass
in its display.
7.12. The scale reads 5 kg. The left-hand mass performs a function no different than the wall would if the rope were
attached to the wall (i.e., both pull leftward with the force required to suspend 5 kg). The right-hand mass provides
the rightward force on the spring scale that the spring scale converts to mass and displays.
7.13.
The figure shows the horizontal forces on blocks B and A using the massless-string approximation in the absence of
friction. The hand must accelerate both blocks A and B, so more force is required to accelerate the greater mass. Thus
the force of the string on B is smaller than the force of the hand on A.
7.14.
The pulley will not rotate. As shown in the free-body diagrams above, the force of gravity pulls down equally on
both blocks so the tension forces, which act as if they were a Newton third law pair, pull up equally on each with the
same magnitude force as the force of gravity. The net force on each block is therefore zero, so they do not move and
the pulley does not rotate.
7.15. Block As acceleration is greater in case b. In case a, the hanging 10 N must accelerate both the mass of A and its
own mass, leading to a smaller acceleration than case b, where the entire 10 N force accelerates the mass of block A.
Case a
10 N = ( M A + M10 N ) a
10 N
a=
( M A + M10 N )
Case b
10 N = M A a
10 N
a=
MA
7-4
Chapter 7
Exercises and Problems

Section 7.2 Analyzing Interacting Objects
7.1. Visualize:
Solve: (a) The weight lifter is holding the barbell in dynamic equilibrium as he stands up, so the net force on the
barbell and on the weight lifter must be zero. The barbells have an upward contact force from the weight lifter and
the gravitational force downward. The weight lifter has a downward contact force from the barbells and an upward
one from the surface. Gravity also acts on the weight lifter.
(b) The system is the weight lifter and barbell, as indicated in the figure.
(c)
Newtons Third Law
7-5
7.2. Visualize:
Solve: (a) Both the bowling ball and the soccer ball have a normal force from the surface and gravitational force on
them. The interaction forces between the two are equal and opposite.
(b) The system consists of the soccer ball and bowling ball, as indicated in the figure.
(c)
Assess: Even though the soccer ball bounces back more than the bowling ball, the forces that each exerts on
the other are part of an action/reaction pair, and therefore have equal magnitudes. Each balls acceleration due to the
forces on it is determined by Newtons second law, a = Fnet /m, which depends on the mass. Since the masses of the
balls are different, their accelerations are different.
7-6
Chapter 7
7.3. Visualize:
Solve: (a) Both the mountain climber and bag of supplies have a normal force from the surface on them, as well as a
gravitational force vertically downward. The rope has gravity acting on it, along with pulls on each end from the
mountain climber and supply bag. The mountain climber experiences static friction with the surface, whereas the bag
experiences kinetic friction with the surface.
(b) The system consists of the mountain climber, rope, and bag of supplies, as indicated in the figure.
(c)
Assess: Since the motion is along the surface, it is convenient to choose the x-coordinate axis along the surface. The
free-body diagram of the rope shows pulls that are slightly off the x-axis since the rope is not massless.
Newtons Third Law
7-7
7.4. Visualize:
Solve: (a) The car and rabbit both experience a normal force and friction from the floor and a gravitational force
from the Earth. The push that each exerts on the other is a Newtons third law force pair.
(b) The system consists of the car and stuffed rabbit, as indicated in the figure.
(c)
7.5. Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX7.5.

Solve: (a) Gravity acts on both blocks. Block A is in contact with the floor and experiences a normal force and friction.
The string tension is the same on both blocks since the rope and pulley are massless and the pulley is frictionless. There are
two third law pair of forces at the surface where the two blocks touch. Block B pushes against Block A with a normal force,
while Block A pushes back against Block B. There is also friction between the two blocks at the surface.
7-8
Chapter 7
(b) A string that will not stretch constrains the two blocks to accelerate at the same rate but in opposite directions.
Block A accelerates down the incline with an acceleration equal in magnitude to the acceleration of Block B up the
incline. The system consists of the two blocks, as indicated in the figure above.
(c)
Assess: The inclined coordinate systems allows the acceleration a to be purely along the x-axis. This is convenient
because it simplifyies the mathematical expression of Newtons second law.

Solve: (a) For each block, there is a gravitational force due to the Earth, a normal force and kinetic friction due to
the surface, and a tension force due to the rope.
(b) The tension in the massless ropes over the frictionless pulley is the same on both blocks. Block A accelerates
down the incline with the same magnitude acceleration that Block B has up the incline. The system consists of the
two blocks, as indicated in the figure.
Newtons Third Law
7-9
(c)
Assess: The inclined coordinate systems allow the acceleration a to be purely along the x-axis. This is convenient
since then one component of a is zero, simplifying the mathematical expression of Newtons second law.
Section 7.3 Newtons Third Law

7.7. Model: We will model the astronaut and the chair as particles. The astronaut and the chair will be denoted by
A and C, respectively, and they are separate systems. The launch pad is a part of the environment.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) Newtons second law for the astronaut is

( Fon A ) y = nC on A ( FG ) A = mA aA = 0 N nC on A = ( FG ) A = mA g
By Newtons third law, the astronauts force on the chair is

nA on C = nC on A = mA g = (80 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 7.8 102 N
(b) Newtons second law for the astronaut is:
( Fon A ) y = nC on A ( FG ) A = mA aA
nC on A = ( FG ) A + mA aA = mA ( g + aA )
7-10
Chapter 7
By Newtons third law, the astronauts force on the chair is

nA on C = nC on A = mA ( g + aA ) = (80 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 + 10 m/s 2 ) = 1.6 103 N
Assess: This is a reasonable value because the astronauts acceleration is greater than g.
Solve: Since the ropes are massless we can treat the tension force they transmit as a Newtons third law force pair on
the blocks. The connection shown in Figure EX7.8 has the same effect as a frictionless pulley on these massless
ropes. The blocks are in equilibrium as the mass of A is increased until block B slides, which occurs when the static
friction on B is at its maximum value. Applying Newtons first law to the vertical forces on block B gives
nB = ( FG ) B = mB g . The static friction force on B is thus
( fs ) B = s nB = s mB g .
Applying Newtons first law to the horizontal forces on B gives ( fs ) B = TA on B , and the same analysis of the vertical
forces on A gives TB on A = ( FG ) A = mA g . Since TA on B = TB on A , we have ( fs ) B = mA g , so
s mB g = mA g mA = s mB = (0.60)(20 kg) = 12 kg
7.9. Model: Model the car and the truck as particles denoted by the symbols C and T, respectively. Denote the
surface of the ground by the symbol S.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) The x-component of Newtons second law for the car gives
( Fon C ) x = FS on C FT on C = mC aC
The x-component of Newtons second law for the truck gives

( Fon T ) x = FC on T = mT aT
Newtons Third Law
7-11
Using aC = aT a and FT on C = FC on T , we get
1
1
( FC on S FC on T )
= a and ( FC on T )
=a
m
mT
C
Combining these two equations,
1
1
1
1
1
( FC on S FC on T )
+
= ( FC on T )
= ( FC on S )
FC on T
mT
mC
mC mT
mC
mT
2000 kg
FC on T = ( FC on S )
= (4500 N)
= 3000 N
1000 kg + 2000 kg
mC + mT
(b) Due to Newtons third law, FT on C = 3000 N.
7.10. Model: The blocks are to be modeled as particles and denoted as 1, 2, and 3. The surface is frictionless and
along with the earth it is a part of the environment. The three blocks are our three systems of interest.
Visualize:
The force applied on block 1 is FA on 1 = 12 N. The acceleration for all the blocks is the same and is denoted by a.
Solve: (a) Newtons second law for the three blocks along the x-direction is
( Fon 1) x = FA on 1 F2 on 1 = m1a, ( Fon 2 ) x = F1 on 2 F3 on 2 = m2a, ( Fon 3 ) x = F2 on 3 = m3a
Summing these three equations and using Newtons third law ( F2 on 1 = F1 on 2 and F3 on 2 = F2 on 3 ), we get
FA on 1 = (m1 + m2 + m3 )a (12 N) = (1 kg + 2 kg + 3 kg)a a = 2 m/s 2
Using this value of a, the force equation for block 3 gives
F2 on 3 = m3a = (3 kg)(2 m/s 2 ) = 6 N
(b) Substituting into the force equation on block 1,
12 N F2 on 1 = (1 kg)(2 m/s 2 )
F2 on 1 = 10 N
Assess: Because all three blocks are pushed forward by a force of 12 N, the value of 10 N for the force that the 2 kg
block exerts on the 1 kg block seems reasonable.
7-12
Chapter 7
7.11. Model: We treat the two objects of interest, the block (B) and steel cable (C), like particles. The motion of
these objects is governed by the constant-acceleration kinematic equations. The horizontal component of the external
force is 100 N.
Visualize:
Solve: Using v12x = v02x + 2a x ( x1 x0 ), we find
(4.0 m/s) 2 = 0 m 2 /s 2 + 2ax (2.0 m) a x = 4.0 m/s 2

From the free-body diagram on the block:
( Fon B ) x = ( FC on B ) x = mBax
( FC on B ) x = (20 kg)(4.0 m/s 2 ) = 80 N
Also, according to Newtons third law ( FB on C ) x = ( FC on B ) x = 80 N. Applying Newtons second law to the cable gives
( Fon C ) x = ( Fext ) x ( FB on C ) x = mCa x
100 N 80 N = mC (4.0 m/s 2 ) mC = 5.0 kg
Section 7.4 Ropes and Pulleys

7.12. Model: The man (M) and the block (B) are interacting with each other through a rope. We will assume the
pulley to be frictionless, which implies that the tension in the rope is the same on both sides of the pulley. The system
is the man and the block.
Visualize:
Newtons Third Law
7-13
Solve: Clearly the entire system remains in equilibrium since mB > mM . The block would move downward but it is
already on the ground. From the free-body diagrams, we can write Newtons second law in the vertical direction as
( Fon M ) y = TR on M ( FG ) M = 0 N TR on M = ( FG ) M = (60 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 590 N
Since the tension is the same on both sides, TB on R = TM on R = T = 590 N.
7.13. Model: The two ropes and the two blocks (A and B) will be treated as particles.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) The two blocks and two ropes form a combined system of total mass M = 2.5 kg. This combined system
is accelerating upward at a = 3.0 m/s 2 under the influence of a force F and the gravitational force Mg j. Newtons
second law applied to the combined system gives
( Fnet ) y = F Mg = Ma F = M (a + g ) = (2.5 kg)(3.0 m/s 2 + 9.8 m/s 2 ) = 32 N
(b) The ropes are not massless. We must consider both the blocks and the ropes as systems. The force F acts only on
block A because it does not contact the other objects. We can proceed to apply the y-component of Newtons second
law to each system, starting at the top. Each object accelerates upward at a = 3.0 m/s 2 . For block A,
( Fnet on A ) y = F mA g T1 on A = mA a T1 on A = F mA ( a + g ) = 19 N
(c) Applying Newtons second law to rope 1 gives
( Fnet on 1) y = TA on 1 m1g TB on 1 = m1a
G
G
G
where TA on 1 and T1 on A are an action/reaction pair. But, because the rope has mass, the two tension forces TA on 1
G
and TB on 1 are not the same. The tension at the lower end of rope 1, where it connects to B, is
TB on 1 = TA on 1 m1 (a + g ) = 16 N
(d) We can continue to repeat this procedure, noting from Newtons third law that
T1 on B = TB on 1 and T2 on B = TB on 2
Newtons second law applied to block B is

( Fnet on B ) y = T1 on B mB g T2 on B = mBa T2 on B = T1 on B mB ( a + g ) = 3.2 N
7.14. Model: Together the carp (C) and the trout (T) make up the system that will be represented through the
particle model. The fishing rod line (R) is assumed to be massless.
7-14
Chapter 7
Visualize:
Solve: Jimmys pull T2 = 60 N is larger than the total weight of the fish, so they accelerate upward. They are tied
together, so each fish has the same acceleration a. Applying Newtons second law along the y-direction for the carp
and the trout gives
( Fon C ) y = T2 T1 ( FG )C = mCa ( Fon T ) y = T1 ( FG )T = mT a
Adding these two equations gives
T ( FG )C ( FG )T 60 N (1.5 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) (3.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
a= 2
=
= 3.533 m/s 2
( mC + mT )
1.5 kg + 3.0 kg
Substituting this value of acceleration back into the force equation for the trout, we find that
T1 = mT (a + g ) = (3.0 kg)(3.533 m/s 2 + 9.8 m/s 2 ) = 40 N
( FG )T = mT g = (3.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 29 N ( FG )C = mC g = (1.5 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 15 N
Thus, T2 > T1 > ( FG )T > ( FG )C .
7.15. Model: The block of ice (I) is a particle and so is the rope (R) because it is not massless. We must therefore
consider both the block of ice and the rope as objects in the system.
Visualize:
Newtons Third Law
7-15
G
Solve: (a) The force Fext acts only on the rope. Since the rope and the ice block move together, they have the same
acceleration. Also because the rope has mass, Fext on the front end of the rope is not the same as FI on R that acts on
the rear end of the rope. Applying Newtons second law along the x-axis to the ice block and the rope gives
( Fon I ) x = ( FR on I ) x = mI a = (10 kg)(2.0 m/s 2 ) = 20 N
(b) Applying Newtons second law to the rope gives
( Fon R ) x = ( Fext ) x ( FI on R ) x = mR a ( Fext ) x = ( FR on I ) x + mR a = 20 N + (0.500 kg)(2.0 m/s 2 ) = 21 N
7.16. Model: The hanging block and the rail car are objects in the systems.
Visualize:
Solve: The mass of the rope is very small in comparison to the 2000-kg block, so we assume a massless rope. In this case,
G
G
G
the forces T1 and T1 act as if they are an action/reaction pair. The hanging block is in static equilibrium, with Fnet = 0 N,
so T1 = mblock g = (2000 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 19,600 N. The rail car with the pulley is also in static equilibrium, so
T2 + T3 T1 = 0 N. Notice how the tension force in the cable pulls both the top and bottom of the pulley to the right.
Now, T1 = T1 = 19,600 N by Newtons third law. Also, the cable tension is T2 = T3 = T . Thus, T = 12 T1 = 9800 N.
7.17. Visualize:
7-16
Chapter 7
Solve: The rope is treated as two 1.0-kg interacting objects. At the midpoint of the rope, the rope has a tension
TB on T = TT on B T . Apply Newtons first law to the bottom half of the rope to find T.
( Fnet ) y = 0 = T ( FG ) B
T = mB g = (1.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 9.8 N
Assess: 9.8 N is half the gravitational force on the whole rope. This is reasonable since the top half is holding up the
bottom half of the rope against gravity.
7.18. Model: The cat and dog are modeled as two blocks in the pictorial representation below. The rope is assumed
to be massless. The two points (knots) where the blocks are attached to the rope and the two hanging blocks form a
system. These four objects are treated at particles, form the system, and are in static equilibrium.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) We consider both the two hanging blocks and the two knots. The blocks are in static equilibrium with
G
G
Fnet = 0 N. Note that there are three action/reaction pairs. For Block 1 and Block 2, Fnet = 0 N and we have
T4 = ( FG )1 = m1g , T5 = ( FG ) 2 = m2 g
By Newtons third law:
T4 = T4 = m1g , T5 = T5 = m2 g
The knots are also in equilibrium. Newtons law applied to the left knot is
( Fnet ) x = T2 T1 cos1 = 0 N ( Fnet ) y = T1 sin 1 T4 = T1 sin 1 m1g = 0 N
The y-equation gives T1 = m1g/ sin 1. Substitute this into the x-equation to find
T2 =
m1g cos1 m1g

=
sin 1
tan 1
Newtons law applied to the right knot is

( Fnet ) x = T3 cos3 T2 = 0 N ( Fnet ) y = T3 sin 3 T5 = T3 sin 3 m2 g = 0 N
Newtons Third Law
7-17
These can be combined just like the equations for the left knot to give
m g cos3 m2 g
=
T2 = 2
sin 3
tan 3
G
G
But the forces T2 and T2 are an action/reaction pair, so T2 = T2 . Therefore,
m1g
m g
= 2
tan 1 tan 3
tan 3 =
m2
tan 1 3 = tan 1[2 tan(20)] = 36
m1
We can now use the y-equation for the right knot to find T3 = m2 g/ sin 3 = 67 N.
7.19. (a) Visualize: The upper magnet is labeled U and the lower magnet L. Each magnet exerts a long-range
magnetic force on the other. Each magnet and the table exert a contact force (normal force) on each other. In
addition, the table experiences a normal force due to the surface.
(b) Solve: Each object is in static equilibrium with Fnet = 0. Start with the lower magnet. Because
FU on L = 3( FG ) L = 6.0 N, equilibrium requires nT on L = 4.0 N. For the upper magnet, FL on U = FU on L = 6.0 N

because these are an action/reaction pair. Equilibrium for the upper magnet requires nT on U = 8.0 N. For the table,
the action/reaction pairs are nL on T = nT on L = 4.0 N and nU on T = nT on U = 8.0 N . The tables gravitational force is
( FG )T = 20 N, so nS on T = 24 N for the table to be in equilibrium. Summarizing, we have
Upper magnet
( FG ) U = 2.0 N
Table
( FG )T = 20 N
Lower magnet
( FG ) L = 2.0 N
nT on U = 8.0 N
nU on T = 8.0 N
nT on L = 4.0 N
FL on U = 6.0 N
nL on T = 4.0 N
FU on L = 6.0 N
nS on T = 24 N
7-18
Chapter 7
Assess: The result nS on T = 24 N makes sense. The combined gravitational force on the table and two magnets is
24 N. Because the table is in equilibrium, the upward normal force of the surface has to exactly balance the total
gravitational force on the table and magnets.
7.20. Model: The astronaut and the satellite, the two objects in our system, will be treated as particles.
Visualize:
Solve: The astronaut and the satellite accelerate in opposite directions for 0.50 s. The force on the satellite and the
force on the astronaut are an action/reaction pair, so both have a magnitude of 100 N. Newtons second law for the
satellite along the x-direction gives
FA on S (100 N)
( Fon S ) x = FA on S = mSaS aS =
=
= 0.156 m/s 2
640 kg
mS
Newtons second law for the astronaut along the x-direction is

FS on A FA on S 100 N
( Fon A ) x = FS on A = mA aA aA =
=
=
= 1.25 m/s 2
mA
mA
80 kg
Let us first calculate the positions and velocities of the astronaut and the satellite at t1 = 0.50 s under the
accelerations aA and aS:
x1A = x0A + v0A (t1 t0 ) + 12 aA (t1 t0 ) 2 = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (1.25 m/s 2 )(0.50 s 0.00 s) 2 = 0.156 m
x1S = x0S + v0S (t1 t0 ) + 12 aS (t1 t0 ) 2 = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (0.156 m/s 2 )(0.50 s 0.00 s)2 = 0.020 m
v1A = v0A + aA (t1 t0 ) = 0 m/s + (1.25 m/s 2 )(0.50 s 0.00 s) = 0.625 m/s
v1S = v0S + aS (t1 t0 ) = 0 m/s + ( 0.156 m/s 2 )(0.5 s 0.00 s) = 0.078 m/s
With x1A and x1S as initial positions, v1A and v1S as initial velocities, and zero accelerations, we can now obtain
the new positions at (t2 t1 ) = 59.5 s:
x2A = x1A + v1A (t2 t1 ) = 0.156 m + (0.625 m/s)(59.5 s) = 37.34 m
x2S = x1S + v1S (t2 t1 ) = 0.02 m + (0.078 m/s)(59.5 s) = 4.66 m
Thus the astronaut and the satellite are x2A x2S = (37.34 m) (4.66 m) = 42 m apart.
7.21. Model: The block (B) and the steel cable (C), the two objects in the system, are modeled as particles and their
motion is determined by the constant-acceleration kinematic equations.
Newtons Third Law
7-19
Visualize:
Solve: Using v1x = v0 x + a x (t1 t0 ),

4.0 m/s = 0 m/s + a x (2.0 s 0.0 s) ax = 2.0 m/s 2
Newtons second law along the x-direction for the block gives
( Fon B ) x = ( FC on B ) x = mBa x = (20 kg)(2.0 m/s 2 ) = 40 N
( Fext ) x acts on the right end of the cable and ( FB on C ) x acts on the left end. According to Newtons third law,
( FB on C ) x = ( FC on B ) x = 40 N. The difference in the horizontal component of the tension between the two ends of
the cable is thus
( Fext ) x ( FB on C ) x = 100 N 40 N = 60 N
7.22. Model: The gliders and spring form the system and are modeled as particles. Because the spring is
compressed, it may be modeled as a rigid rod, so the three objects are constrained to have the same acceleration.
Visualize:
7-20
Chapter 7
Solve: By Newtons third law, we know the action/reaction forces are of equal magnitude but point in the opposite
direction, so they cancel when considering the entire system. Using Newtons second law in the x-direction, the
acceleration of the system is
Fext
6.0 N
( F ) x = Fext = (mA + mSp + mB ) a a =
=
= 5.0 m/s 2
mA + mSp + mB 0.40 kg + 0.20 kg + 0.60 kg
Applying Newtons second law to glider A gives

G
G
( F ) x = Fext ( FSp on A ) x = mA a ( FSp on A ) x = Fext mA a = 6.0 N (0.40 kg)(5.0 m/s2 ) = 4.0 N
Applying Newtons second law to glider B gives
G
( F ) x = ( FSp on B ) x = mBa = (0.60 kg)(5.0 m/s 2 ) = 3.0 N
G
G
Applying Newtons second law to the spring in the y-direction, and using the fact that ( FSp on A ) y = ( FSp on B ) y by
symmetry, we find
G
G
G
( F ) y = ( FSp on A ) y + ( FSp on B ) y ( FG )Sp = 0 2( FSp on B ) y = mSp (9.8 m/s 2 )
G
G
( FSp on A ) y = ( FSp on B ) y = 12 (0.20 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.98 N
Adding the x- and y-components in quadrature gives the total force exerted by the spring on each block:
glider A : FSp on A = (4.0 N) 2 + (0.98 N)2 = 4.1 N
glider B : FSp on B = (3.0 N) 2 + (0.98 N) 2 = 3.2 N
Assess: The result seems reasonable because more force is exerted on glider A by the spring than on glider B, as
expected. The force exerted on glider A by the spring is, by Newtons third law, the force that must accelerate the
spring + glider B, whereas the force exerted by the spring on glider B only has to accelerate glider B.
7.23. Model: Sled A, sled B, and the dog (D) are treated like particles in the model. The rope is considered to be
massless.
Visualize:
Solve: The acceleration constraint is (aA ) x = (aB ) x = a x . Newtons second law applied to sled A gives
G
( Fon A ) y = nA ( FG ) A = 0 N nA = ( FG ) A = mA g
G
( Fon A ) x = T1 on A f A = mA ax
Using f A = k nA , the x-equation yields
T 1 on A k nA = mA ax
150 N (0.10)(100 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = (100 kg)ax
ax = 0.52 m/s 2
Newtons Third Law
7-21
Newtons second law applied to sled B gives

G
( Fon B ) y = nB ( FG ) B = 0 N nB = ( FG ) B = mB g
G
( Fon B ) x = T2 T1 on B f B = mBax
T 1 on B and T 1 on A act as if they are an action/reaction pair, so T 1 on B = 150 N. Using f B = k nB = (0.10)(80 kg)
(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 78.4 N, we find
T2 150 N 78.4 N = (80 kg)(0.52 m/s 2 ) T2 = 270 N
Thus the tension T2 = 2.7 102 N.
7.24. Model: Consider an element of the rope dm = dy, where = m/L is the mass density of the rope. Model
this element as a particle.
Visualize:
Solve: The rope is stationary, so Newtons second law applied to the particle gives
( Fdm ) y = T ( y ) FG ( y ) = 0 T ( y ) = FG ( y )
The force FG ( y ) due to gravity is the weight of the rope below the point y, which is
FG ( y ) = yg = y ( m/L) g
Inserting this into the expression above gives the tension: T ( y ) = ymg/L.
Assess: The result seems reasonable because T(y) = 0 at the bottom of the rope (y = 0) and T(y) = mg at the top of the
rope (y = L).
7.25. Model: The coffee mug (M) is the only object in the system, and it will be treated as a particle. The model of
friction and the constant-acceleration kinematic equations will also be used.
Visualize:
7-22
Chapter 7
Solve: The mug and the car have the same velocity. If the mug does not slip, their accelerations will also be the
same. Using v12x = v02x + 2a x ( x1 x0 ), we get
0 m 2 /s 2 = (20 m/s) 2 + 2ax (50 m) a x = 4.0 m/s 2

The static force needed to stop the mug is
( Fnet ) x = fs = ma x = (0.5 kg)(4.0 m/s 2 ) = 2.0 N fs = 2.0 N
The maximum force of static friction is
( fs ) max = s n = s FG = s mg = (0.50)(0.50 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 2.5 N
Since ( fs ) max < ( fs )max , the mug does not slide.
7.26. Model: For car tires on dry concrete, the coefficient s of static friction is typically about 0.80 (see Table 6.1).
Visualize: The car and the ground are denoted by C and S, respectively.
Solve: The car presses down against the ground with both the drive wheels (assumed to be the front wheels F,
although this is not critical) and the nondrive wheels. For this car, two-thirds of the gravitational force rests on the
G
G
front wheels. Physically, force FS on C is a static friction force, so its maximum value is ( FS on C ) max = ( fs ) max = s n.
The maximum acceleration of the car on the ground (or concrete surface) occurs when the static friction reaches this
maximum possible value:
( F S on C ) max = ( fs ) max = s nF = s ( FG ) F = s 23 mg = (0.80) 23 (1500 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 7840 N
()
Use this force in Newtons second law to find the acceleration:

( FS on C ) max 7840 N
amax =
=
= 5.2 m/s 2
m
1500 kg
7.27. Model: The starship and the shuttlecraft will be denoted as M and m, respectively, and both will be treated as
particles. We will also use the constant-acceleration kinematic equations.
Visualize:
G
Solve: (a) The tractor beam is some kind of long-range force FM on m . Regardless of what kind of force it is, by
G
Newtons third law there must be a reaction force Fm on M on the starship. As a result, both the shuttlecraft and the
starship move toward each other (rather than the starship remaining at rest as it pulls the shuttlecraft in). However,
the very different masses of the two crafts means that the distances they each move will also be very different. The
pictorial representation shows that they meet at time t1 when xM1 = xm1. Theres only one force on each craft, so
Newtons second law is very simple. Furthermore, because the forces are an action/reaction pair,
FM on m = Fm on M = Ftractor beam = 4.0 104 N
The accelerations of the two craft are
Newtons Third Law
aM =
Fm on M
M
4.0 104 N
2.0 106 kg
= 0.020 m/s and am =
G
FM on m
4.0 104 N
2.0 104 kg
7-23
= 2.0 m/s 2
Acceleration am is negative because the force and acceleration vectors point in the negative x-direction. Now we
have a constant-acceleration problem in kinematics. At a later time t1 the positions of the crafts are
xM1 = xM0 + vM0 (t1 t0 ) + 12 aM (t1 t0 ) 2 = 12 aMt12
xm1 = xm0 + vm0 (t1 t0 ) + 12 am (t1 t0 ) 2 = xm0 + 12 amt12
The craft meet when xM1 = xm1, so
1 a t2
2 M1
= xm0 + 12 amt12
t1 =
2 xm0
2 xm0
2(10,000 m)
=
=
= 99.5 s
aM am
aM + | am |
2.02 m/s 2
Knowing t1, we can now find the starships position as it meets the shuttlecraft:
xM1 = 12 aMt12 = 99 m
The starship moves 99 m as it pulls in the shuttlecraft from 10 km away.
7.28. Model: We shall only consider horizontal forces. The head and the baseball are the two objects in our system
and are treated as particles. We will also use the constant-acceleration kinematic equations.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) The ball experiences an average acceleration of

v v
30 m/s
aB = B1 B0 =
= 20,000 m/s 2
3
t
1.5 10 s
Insert this into Newtons second law to find the force on the baseball:
FH on B = mBaB = (0.14 kg) 20,000 m/s 2 = 2800 N
(b) By Newtons third law, the magnitude of the force exerted by the ball on the head is the same as that exerted by
the head on the ball. Thus, FB on H = 2800 N.
(c) Because 2800 N < 6000 N, the ball will not fracture your forehead, but will fracture your cheekbone because
2800 N > 1300 N.
Assess: A 90 mph fastball travels at (90 mph)(1609.3 m/mile)(1 h/3600 s) = 40 m/s, so it will not fracture your
forehead, but it will fracture your cheekbone. This explains why baseball helmets protect the cheekbone.
7.29. Model: The rock (R) and Bob (b) are the two objects in our system, and will be treated as particles. We will
also use the constant-acceleration kinematic equations.
Visualize:
7-24
Chapter 7
G
Solve: (a) Bob exerts a forward force FB on R on the rock to accelerate it forward. The rocks acceleration is
calculated as follows:
2
2
v1R
= v0R
+ 2a0R x aR =
2
v1R
(30 m/s) 2
=
= 450 m/s 2
2x 2(1.0 m)
The force is calculated from Newtons second law:

FB on R = mR aR = (0.500 kg)(450 m/s 2 ) = 225 N
Bob exerts a force of 2.3 102 N on the rock.
G
G
G
(b) Because Bob pushes on the rock, the rock pushes back on Bob with a force FR on B . Forces FR on B and FB on R
are an action/reaction pair, so FR on B = FB on R = 225 N. The force causes Bob to accelerate backward with an
acceleration of
( Fnet on B ) x
FR on B
225 N
= 3.0 m/s 2
mB
mB
75 kg
This is a rather large acceleration, but it lasts only until Bob releases the rock. We can determine the time interval by
returning to the kinematics of the rock:
v
v1R = v0R + aR t = aR t t = 1R = 0.0667 s
aR
At the end of this interval, Bobs velocity is
v1B = v0B + aBt = aBt = 0.20 m/s
aB =
Thus his recoil speed is 0.20 m/s.
7.30. Model: The boy (B) and the crate (C) are the two objects in our system, and they will be treated in the particle
model. We will also use the static and kinetic friction models.
Visualize:
Solve: The fact that the boys feet occasionally slip means that the maximum force of static friction must exist
between the boys feet and the sidewalk. That is, fsB = sBnB . Also f kC = kC nC .
Newtons second law applied to the crate gives

( Fon C ) y = nC ( FG )C = 0 N nC = mC g
( Fon C ) x = FB on C f kC = 0 N
FB on C = f kC = kC nC = kC mC g
Newtons Third Law
7-25
Newtons second law for the boy is

( Fon B ) y = nB ( FG ) B = 0 N nB = mB g
( Fon B ) x = fsB FC on B = 0 N
G
G
FC on B and FB on C are an action/reaction pair, so
FC on B = FB on C
sBmB g = kC mC g
FC on B = fsB = sBnB = sBmB g
mC =
sBmB (0.8)(50 kg)

=
= 2 102 kg
kC
(0.2)
7.31. Model: Assume package A and package B are particles. Use the model of kinetic friction and the constantacceleration kinematic equations.
Visualize:
Solve: Package B has a smaller coefficient of friction, so its acceleration down the ramp is greater than that of
package A. It will therefore push against package A and, by Newtons third law, package A will push back on B. The
acceleration constraint is aA = aB a.
Newtons second law applied to each package gives

( Fon A ) x = FB on A + ( FG )A sin f kA = mA a
FB on A + mA g sin kA (mA g cos ) = mA a
( Fon B ) x = FA on B f kB + ( FG ) B sin = mBa
FA on B kB (mB g cos ) + mB g sin = mBa

where we have used nA = mA cos g and nB = mB cos g . Adding the two force equations, and using FA on B = FB on A
because they are an action/reaction pair, we get
( m + kBmB )( g cos ) [(020)(5.0 kg) + (0.15)(10 kg)](9.8 m/s 2 )cos(20)
a = g sin kA A
=
= 1.82 m/s 2
mA + mB
5.0 kg + 10 kg
Finally, using x1 = x0 + v0 (t1 t0 ) + 12 a (t1 t0 ) 2 , we find
2.0 m = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (1.82 m/s 2 )(t1 0 s)2
t1 = 2(2.0 m)/(1.82 m/s 2 ) = 1.5 s
7.32. Model: The two blocks form a system of interacting objects. We shall treat them as particles.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure P7.32.
7-26
Chapter 7
Solve: It is possible that the left-hand block (Block L) is accelerating down the slope faster than the right-hand block
(Block R), causing the string to be slack (zero tension). If that were the case, we would get a zero or negative answer
for the tension in the string. Newtons first law applied in the y-direction on Block L yields
( FL ) y = 0 = nL ( FG ) L cos(20) nL = mL g cos(20)
Therefore
( f k ) L = ( k ) L mL g cos(20) = (0.20)(1.0 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )cos(20) = 1.84 N
A similar analysis of the forces in the y-direction on Block R gives ( f k ) R = 1.84 N as well. Using Newtons second
law in the x-direction for Block L gives
( FL ) x = mL a = TR on L ( f k ) L + ( FG ) L sin(20) mL a = TR on L 1.84 N + mL g sin(20)
For Block R,
( FR ) x = mR a = ( FG ) R sin(20) 1.84 N TL on R
mR a = mR g sin(20) 1.84 N TL on R
Solving these two equations in the two unknowns a and TL on R = TR on L T , we obtain a = 2.12 m/s 2 and T = 0.61 N.
Assess: The tension in the string is positive, and is about 1/3 of the kinetic friction force on each of the blocks,
which is reasonable.
7.33. Model: The two blocks (1 and 2) form the system of interest and will be treated as particles. The ropes are
assumed to be massless, and the model of kinetic friction will be used.
Visualize:
Newtons Third Law
7-27
Solve: (a) The separate free-body diagrams for the two blocks show that there are two action/reaction pairs. Notice how
G
G
block 1 both pushes down on block 2(force n1 )and exerts a retarding friction force f 2 top on the top surface of block 2.
Block 1 is in static equilibrium (a1 = 0 m/s 2 ) but block 2 is accelerating to the right. Newtons second law for block 1 is
( Fnet on 1) x = f1 Trope = 0 N Trope = f1
( Fnet on 1) y = n1 m1g = 0 N n1 = m1g
Although block 1 is stationary, there is a kinetic force of friction because there is motion between block 1 and block 2.
The friction model means f1 = k n1 = k m1g . Substitute this result into the x-equation to get the tension in the rope:
Trope = f1 = k m1g = (0.40)(1.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 3.9 N
(b) Newtons second law for block 2 is
ax a =
( Fnet on 2 ) x
m2
a y = 0 m/s 2 =
Tpull f 2 top f 2 bot
( Fnet on 2 ) y
m2
=
n2 n1 m2 g
m2
m2
G
G
Forces n1 and n1 are an action/reaction pair, so n1 = n1 = m1g . Substituting into the y-equation gives n2 = ( m1 + m2 ) g .
This is not surprising because the combined weight of both objects presses down on the surface. The kinetic friction
on the bottom surface of block 2 is then
f 2 bot = k n2 = k ( m1 + m2 ) g
G
G
The forces f1 and f 2 top are an action/reaction pair, so f 2 bot = f1 = k m1g . Inserting these friction results into the
x-equation gives
a=
=
( Fnet on 2 ) x
m2
Tpull k m1g k (m1 + m2 ) g

m2
20 N (0.40)(1.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) (0.40)(1.0 kg + 2.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )

= 2.2 m/s 2
2.0 kg
7.34. Model: The 3-kg and 4-kg blocks constitute the system and are to be treated as particles. The models of
kinetic and static friction and the constant-acceleration kinematic equations will be used.
Visualize:
7-28
Chapter 7
Solve: The minimum time will be achieved when static friction is at its maximum possible value. Newtons second
law for the 4-kg block is
( Fon 4 ) y = n3 on 4 ( FG ) 4 = 0 N n3 on 4 = ( FG ) 4 = m4 g = (4.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 39.2 N
fs4 = ( fs )max = s n3 on 4 = (0.60)(39.2 N) = 23.5 N

Newtons second law for the 3-kg block is
( Fon 3 ) y = n3 n4 on 3 ( FG )3 = 0 N n3 = n4 on 3 + ( FG )3 = 39.2 N + (3.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 68.6 N
Friction forces f and fs4 are an action/reaction pair. Thus
( Fon 3 ) x = fs3 f k3 = m3a3
fs4 k n3 = m3a3 23.5 N (0.20)(68.6 N) = (3.0 kg)a3

a3 = 3.27 m/s 2
Since block 3 does not slip, this is also the acceleration of block 4. The time is calculated as follows:
x1 x0 + v0 x (t1 t0 ) + 12 a(t1 t0 ) 2 5.0 m = 0 m + 0 m + 12 (3.27 m/s 2 )(t1 0 s) 2 t1 = 1.8 s
7.35. Model: Blocks 1 and 2 make up the system of interest and will be treated as particles. Assume a massless
rope and frictionless pulley.
Visualize:
Solve: The blocks accelerate with the same magnitude but in opposite directions. Thus the acceleration constraint is
a2 = a = a1, where a will have a positive value. There are two real action/reaction pairs. The two tension forces will act as if
they are action/reaction pairs because we are assuming a massless rope and a frictionless pulley. Make sure you understand
G
why the friction forces point in the directions shown in the free-body diagrams, especially force f1 exerted on block 2 by block
1. We have quite a few pieces of information to include. First, Newtons second law applied to blocks 1 and 2 gives
G
( Fnet on 1) x = f1 T1 = k n1 T1 = m1a1 = m1a
( Fnet on 1) y = n1 m1g = 0 N n1 = m1g

( Fnet on 2 ) x = Tpull f1 f 2 T2 = Tpull f1 k n2 T2 = m2a2 = m2a
( Fnet on 2 ) y = n2 n1 m2 g = 0 N n2 = n1 + m2 g
Weve already used the kinetic friction model in both x-equations. Next, Newtons third law gives
n1 = n1 = m1g f1 = f1 = k n1 = k m1g T1 = T2 = T
Knowing n1 , we can now use the y-equation of block 2 to find n2 . Substitute all these pieces into the two
x-equations, and we end up with two equations with two unknowns:
k m1g T = m1a Tpull T k m1g k (m1 + m2 ) g = m2a
Newtons Third Law
7-29
Subtract the first equation from the second to get

Tpull k (3m1 + m2 ) g = (m1 + m2 )a
a=
Tpull k (3m1 + m2 ) g
m1 + m2
20 N (0.30)[3(1.0 kg) + 2.0 kg](9.8 m/s 2 )

= 1.8 m/s 2
1.0 kg + 2.0 kg
7.36. Model: Blocks 1 and 2 make up the system of interest and will be treated as particles. We shall use the kinetic
friction model.
Visualize:
Notice that the coordinate system of for block B is rotated so that the motion in the positive x-direction is consistent
between the two free-body diagrams.
Solve: The blocks are constrained to have the same magnitude acceleration. Applying Newtons second law to block B gives
( F ) y = T + ( FG ) B = ma T mg = ma
Applying Newtons second law in both the x-and y-directions to the block A gives
( F ) y = n ( FG ) A = 0 n = Mg
( F ) x = T = Ma T = Ma
Using the first equation to eliminate the acceleration a gives the tension:
mMg
m+M
Assess: The result is positive, as it should be for our choice of coordinate system. Consider m = 0. In this case,
T = 0, as expected. For m M , the tension is independent of the mass of the hanging block because its acceleration
will be g, as we can see by solving for the acceleration:
T
Mg
a= +g =g
g for m M
m
m+M
T = Ma = M ( g T/m) T =
7.37. Model: The sled (S) and the box (B) will be treated in the particle model, and the model of friction will be
used. Refer to Table 6.1 for the required friction coefficients.
Visualize:
7-30
Chapter 7
In the sleds free-body diagram nS is the normal (contact) force on the sled due to the snow. Similarly f kS is the force
of kinetic friction on the sled due to snow.
Solve: Newtons second law on the box in the y-direction is
nS on B ( FG )B cos(20) = 0 N nS on B = (10 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )cos(20) = 92.1 N
G
The static friction force fS on B accelerates the box. The maximum acceleration occurs when static friction reaches its
maximum possible value.
( fs ) max = SnS on B = (0.50)(92.1 N) = 46.1 N
Newtons second law along the x-direction thus gives the maximum acceleration
fS on B ( FG ) B sin(20) = mBa 46.1 N (10 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )sin(20) = (10 kg)a a = 1.25 m/s 2
Newtons second law for the sled along the y-direction is
nS nB on S ( FG )S cos(20) = 0 N
nS = nB on S + mS g cos(20) = (92.1 N) + (20 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )cos(20) = 276.3 N
Therefore, the force of friction on the sled by the snow is
f kS = ( k )nS = (0.06)(276.3 N) = 16.6 N
Newtons second law along the x-direction is
Tpull wS sin(20) f kS f B on S = mSa
The friction force f B on S = fS on B because these are an action/reaction pair. Were using the maximum acceleration,
so the maximum tension is
Tmax (20 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )sin(20) 16.6 N 46.1 N = (20 kg)(1.25 m/s 2 ) = 160 N
7.38. Model: The masses m and M are to be treated in the particle model. We will also assume a massless rope and
frictionless pulley, and use the constant-acceleration kinematic equations for m and M.
Visualize:
Solve: Using y1 = y0 + v0 y (t1 t0 ) + 12 aM (t1 t0 ) 2 ,
(1.0 m) = 0 m + 0 m + 12 aM (6.0 s 0 s) 2
Newtons second law for m and M gives
( Fon m ) y = TR on m ( FG ) m = mam
aM = 0.0556 m/s 2
( Fon M ) y = TR on M ( FG ) M = MaM
The acceleration constraint is am = aM . Also, the tensions are an pseudo-action/reaction pair, so TR on m = TR on M .

With these, the second-law equations become
TR on M Mg = MaM
TR on M mg = maM
Newtons Third Law
7-31
Subtracting the second from the first gives

Mg + mg = MaM + maM
g + aM
m=M
g aM
9.8 m/s 2 0.556 m/s 2
= (100 kg)
= 99 kg
2
2
9.8 m/s + 0.556 m/s
Assess: Note that am = aM = 0.0556 m/s 2 . For such a small acceleration, the 1% mass difference seems reasonable.
7.39. Model: Use the particle model for the block of mass M and the two massless pulleys.
Additionally, the rope is
G
massless and the pulleys are frictionless. The block is kept in place by an applied force F.
Visualize:
Solve: Since there is no friction on the pulleys, T2 = T3 = T5 . Newtons second law for mass M gives
T1 FG = 0 N T1 = Mg = (10.2 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 100 N

Newtons second law for the small pulley is
T2 + T3 T1 = 0 N T2 = T3 =
T1
= 50 N = T5 = F
2
Newtons second law for the large pulley is

T4 T2 T3 T5 = 0 N T4 = T2 + T3 + T5 = 150 N
7.40. Model: Assume the particle model for m1, m2 , and m3 , and the model of kinetic friction. Assume the ropes to
be massless, and the pulleys to be frictionless and massless.
7-32
Chapter 7
Visualize:
Solve: Newtons second law for m1 gives T1 ( FG )1 = m1a1. Newtons second law for m2 gives
( Fon m2 ) y = n2 ( FG ) 2 = 0 N n2 = m2 g
( Fon m2 ) x = T2 f k2 T = m2a2
T2 k n2 T1 = m2a2
Newtons second law for m3 gives T2 ( FG )3 = m3a3. Since m1, m2 , and m3 move together, a1 = a2 = a3 a.
The equations for the three masses thus become
T1 ( FG )1 = m1a T2 k n2 T1 = m2a T2 ( FG )3 = m3a
Subtracting the third equation from the sum of the first two equations yields:
( FG )1 k n2 + ( FG )3 = m1g k m2 g + m3 g = (m1 + m2 + m3 )a
a=
m1g k m2 g + m3 g 1.0 kg (0.30)(2.0 kg) + 3.0 kg

=
(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 2.3 m/s 2
(m1 + m2 + m3 )
1.0 kg + 2.0 kg + 3.0 kg
7.41. Model: Assume the particle model for the two blocks, and the model of kinetic and static friction.
Visualize:
Newtons Third Law
7-33
Solve: (a) If the mass m is too small, the hanging 2.0 kg mass will pull it up the slope. We want to find the smallest
mass that will stick as a result of friction. The smallest mass will be the one for which the force of static friction is at
its maximum possible value: f s = ( fs ) max = s n. As long as the mass m is stuck, both blocks are at rest with
G
Fnet = 0 N. In this situation, Newtons second law for the hanging mass M gives
( Fnet ) x = TM + Mg = 0 N TM = Mg = (2.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 19.6 N

For the smaller mass m,
( Fnet ) x = Tm fs mg sin = 0 N ( Fnet ) y = n mg cos n = mg cos
G
G
For a massless string and frictionless pulley, forces Tm and TM act as if they are an action/reaction pair. Thus Tm = TM . Mass
m is a minimum when fs = ( fs )max = s n = s mg cos . Substituting these expressions into the x-equation for m gives
TM s mg cos mg sin = 0 N
TM
19.6 N
=
= 1.83 kg
( s cos + sin ) g [(0.80)cos(20) + sin(20)](9.8 m/s 2 )
or 1.8 kg to two significant figures.
(b) Because k < S the 1.8 kg block will begin to slide up the ramp and the 2.0 kg mass will begin to fall if
m=
the block is nudged ever so slightly. In this case, the net force and the acceleration are not zero. Notice how, in the
pictorial representation, we chose different coordinate systems for the two masses. The magnitudes of the
accelerations are the same because the blocks are tied together. Thus, the acceleration constraint is am = aM a,
where a will have a positive value. Newtons second law for block M gives
( Fnet ) x = T + Mg = MaM = Ma
For block m we have
( Fnet ) x = T f k mg sin = T k mg cos mg sin = mam = ma
In writing these equations, we used Newtons third law to obtain Tm = TM = T . Also, notice that the x-equation and
the friction model for block m dont change, except for s becoming k , so we already know the expression for f k
from part (a). Notice that the tension in the string is not the gravitational force Mg. We have two equations with the
two unknowns T and a:
Mg T = Ma T ( k cos + sin )mg = ma
Adding the two equations to eliminate T gives
Mg ( k cos + sin ) mg = Ma + ma
M ( k cos + sin )m
M +m
2 2.0 kg [(0.50)cos(20) + sin(20)](1.83 kg)
1.3 m/s 2
= (9.8 m/s )
2.0 kg + 1.83 kg
a=g
7.42. Model: Assume the particle model for the two blocks and use the friction model.
Visualize:
7-34
Chapter 7
Solve: (a) The slope is frictionless, so the blocks stay in place only if held. Once m is released, the blocks will move
G
one way or the other. As long as m is held, the blocks are in static equilibrium with Fnet = 0 N. In this case,
Newtons second law for the hanging block M is

( Fnet on M ) y = TM Mg = 0 N TM = Mg = 19.6 N
Because the string is massless and the pulley is frictionless, TM = Tm = T = 20 N (to two significant figures).
(b) The free-body diagram shows box m after it is released. Whether it moves up or down the slope depends on
whether the acceleration a is positive or negative. The acceleration constraint is (am ) x (aM ) y a Newtons second
law for each system gives

( Fnet on m ) x = T mg sin = m(am ) x = ma ( Fnet on M ) y = T Mg = M (aM ) y = Ma
We have two equations in two unknowns. Subtract the second from the first to eliminate T:
M m sin
2.0 kg (4.0 kg)sin (35)
mg sin + Mg = ( m + M )a a =
g=
= 0.48 m/s 2
M +m
2.0 kg + 4.0 kg
Since a < 0 m/s 2 , the box accelerates down the slope.
(c) It is now straightforward to compute T = Mg Ma = 21 N. Notice how the tension is larger than when the blocks
were motionless.
7.43. Model: Use the particle model for the book (B) and the coffee cup (C), the models of kinetic and static
friction, and the constant-acceleration kinematic equations.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) Using v12x = v02x + 2a ( x1 x0 ), we find
0 m 2 /s 2 = (3.0 m/s) 2 + 2a ( x1 ) ax1 = 4.5 m 2 /s 2
Newtons Third Law
7-35
To find x1, we must first find a. Newtons second law applied to the book and the coffee cup gives
( Fon B ) y = nB ( FG ) B cos(20) = 0 N nB = (1.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )cos(20) = 9.21 N

( Fon B ) x = T f k ( FG ) B sin(20) = mBaB
( Fon C ) y = T ( FG )C = mC aC
The last two equations can be rewritten, using aC = aB = a, as

T k nB mB g sin(20) = mBa T mC g = mCa
Adding the two equations gives
a (mC + mB ) = g[mC + mB sin(20)] k (9.21 N)
(1.5 kg)a = (9.8 m/s 2 )[0.500 kg + (1.0 kg)sin 20] (0.20)(9.21 N) a = 6.73 m/s 2
Using this value for a, we can now find x1 as follows:

4.5 m 2 /s 2 4.5 m 2 /s 2
=
= 0.67 m
a
6.73 m/s 2
(b) The maximum static friction force is ( fs ) max = s nB = (0.50)(9.21 N) = 4.60 N. Well see if the force fs needed
x1 =
to keep the book in place is larger or smaller than ( fs ) max . When the cup is at rest, the string tension is T = mC g .
Newtons first law for the book is
( Fon B ) x = fs T wB sin(20) = fs mC g mB g sin(20) = 0
fs = ( M C + M B sin 20) g = 8.25 N
Because fs > ( fs ) max , the book slides back down.
7.44. Model: Use the particle model for the cable car and the counterweight. Assume a massless cable.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) Notice the separate coordinate systems for the cable car (object 1) and the counterweight (object 2).
G
G
G
G
Forces T1 and T2 act as if they are an action/reaction pair. The braking force FB works with the cable tension T1 to
G
allow the cable car to descend at a constant speed. Constant speed means dynamic equilibrium, so Fnet = 0 N for both
systems. Newtons second law applied to the cable car gives

( Fnet on 1) x = T1 + FB m1g sin 1 = 0 N ( Fnet on 1 ) y = n1 m1g cos1 = 0 N
7-36
Chapter 7
Newtons second law applied to the counterweight gives

( Fnet on 2 ) x = m2 g sin 2 T2 = 0 N ( Fnet on 2 ) y = n2 m2 g cos 2 = 0 N
From the x-equation for the counterweight, T2 = m2 g sin 2 . Because we can neglect the pulleys friction and the
cable is assumed to be massless, T1 = T2 . Thus the x-equation for the cable car then becomes
FB = m1g sin 1 T1 = m1g sin 1 m2 g sin 2 = 3770 N = 3.8 kN
(b) If the brakes fail, then FB = 0 N. The car will accelerate down the hill on one side while the counterweight
accelerates up the hill on the other side. Both will have negative accelerations because of the direction of the
acceleration vectors. The constraint is a1x = a2 x = a, where a will have a negative value. Using T1 = T2 = T , the two
x-equations are
( Fnet on 1 ) x = T m1g sin 1 = m1a1x = m1a ( Fnet on 2 ) x = m2 g sin 2 T = m2a2 x = m2a
Note that the y-equations arent needed in this problem. Add the two equations to eliminate T:
m sin 1 m2 sin 2
m1g sin 1 + m2 g sin = (m1 + m2 )a a = 1
g = 0.991 m/s 2
m1 + m2
Now we have a problem in kinematics. The speed at the bottom is calculated as follows:
v12 = v02 + 2a ( x1 x0 ) = 2ax1 v1 = 2ax1 = 2(0.991 m/s 2 )(400 m) = 28 m/s
Assess: A speed of approximately 60 mph as the cable car travels a distance of 2000 m along a frictionless slope of
30 is reasonable.
7.45. Model: Assume the cable mass is negligible compared to the car mass and that the pulley is frictionless. Use
the particle model for the two cars.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure P7.45.
Solve: (a) The cars are moving at constant speed, so they are in dynamic equilibrium. Consider the descending car
D. We can find the rolling friction force on car D, and then find the cable tension by applying Newtons first law. In
the y-direction for car D,
( Fnet ) y = 0 = nD ( FG ) D cos(35)
nD = mD g cos(35)
So the rolling friction force on car D is
( f R ) D = R nD = R mD g cos(35)
Applying Newtons first law to car D in the x-direction gives

( Fnet ) x = TA on D + ( f R ) D ( FG ) D sin(35) = 0
Thus,
TA on D = mD g sin(35) R mD g cos(35)
= (1500 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )[sin(35) (0.020)cos(35)]
= 8.2 103 N
Newtons Third Law
7-37
(b) Similarly, we find that for car A, ( f R )A = R mA g cos(35). In the x-direction for car A,
( Fnet ) x = Tmotor + TD on A ( f R ) A ( FG ) A sin(35) = 0

Tmotor = mA g sin(35) + R mA g cos(35) mD g sin(35) + R mD g cos(35)
Here, we have used TA on D = TD on A . If we also use m A = m D , then
Tmotor = 2 R mA g cos(35) = 4.8 102 N.
Assess: Careful examination of the free-body diagrams for cars D and A yields the observation that Tmotor = 2( FR ) A
in order for the cars to be in dynamic equilibrium. It is a tribute to the design that the motor must only provide such a
small force compared to the tension in the cable connecting the two cars.
7.46. Model: The painter and the chair are treated as a single object and represented as a particle. We assume that
the rope is massless and that the pulley is massless and frictionless.
Visualize:
Solve: If the painter pulls down on the rope with force F, Newtons third law requires the rope to pull up on the
painter with force F. This is just the tension in the rope. With our model of the rope and pulley, the same tension
force F also pulls up on the painters chair. Newtons second law for (painter + chair) gives
2 F FG = (mP + mC ) a
( 12 )[(mP + mC )a + (mP + mC ) g ] = 12 (mP + mC )(a + g )

= ( 12 ) (70 kg + 10 kg)(0.20 m/s 2 + 9.8 m/s 2 ) = 4.0 102 N
F=
Assess: A force of 400 N, which is approximately one-half the total gravitational force, is reasonable since the
upward acceleration is small.
7.47. Model: Model Jorge as a particle and use the friction model.
Visualize:
7-38
Chapter 7
Solve: If the Jorge pulls on the rope with force F, Newtons third law requires the rope to pull up on Jorge with force
F. This is just the tension in the rope (i.e., F = T). With our model of the rope and pulley, the same tension pulls at
Jorges waist where the rope is tied. Applying Newtons second law to Jorge in the y-direction gives
( F ) y = n FG = 0 n = FG = mg
From the friction model, we have f r = r n = r mg . Using this in the equation below, which is derived by using
Newtons second law applied in the x-direction, gives
( F ) x = F + T f r = ma
2 F r mg r = ma
a=
2F
r g
m
7.48. Model: Use the particle model for the tightrope walker and the rope. The rope is assumed to be massless, so
the tension in the rope is uniform.
Visualize:
Solve: Newtons second law applied to the tightrope walker gives

FR on W FG = ma FR on W = m( a + g ) = (70 kg)(8.0 m/s 2 + 9.8 m/s 2 ) = 1.25 103 N
Newtons second law applied to the rope gives

( Fon R ) y = T sin + T sin FW on R = 0 N T =
FW on R
2sin(10)
FR on W
2sin(10)
1.25 103 N
= 3.6 103 N
2sin(10)
We used FW on R = FR on W because they are an action/reaction pair.
7.49. Model: Use the particle model for the wedge and the block.
Visualize:
The block will not slip relative to the wedge if they both have the same horizontal acceleration a. Note that n1 on 2
and n2 on 1 form a third law pair, so n1 on 2 = n2 on 1.
Newtons Third Law
7-39
Solve: Newtons second law applied to block m2 in the y-direction gives
( Fon 2 ) y = n1 on 2 cos ( FG ) 2 = 0 N n1 on 2 =
m2 g
cos
Combining this equation with the x-component of Newtons second law yields:
n
sin
( Fon 2 ) x = n1 on 2 sin = m2a a = 1 on 2
= g tan
m2
Newtons second law applied to the wedge gives
( Fon 1 ) x = F n2 on 1 sin = m1a
F = m1a + n2 on 1 sin = m1a + m2 a = (m1 + m2 ) a = ( m1 + m2 ) g tan
7.50. Model: Treat the basketball player (P) as a particle, and use the constant-acceleration kinematic equations.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) While in the process of jumping, the basketball player is pressing down on the floor as he straightens his
G
legs. He exerts a force FP on F on the floor. The player experiences a gravitational force ( FG ) P as well as a normal
G
G
force from the floor nF on P . The floor experiences the force FP on F exerted by the player.
G
G
(b) The player standing at rest exerts a force FP on F on the floor. The normal force nF on P is the reaction force to
G
G
FP on F . But nF on P = FP on F , so Fnet = 0 N. When the basketball player accelerates upward by straightening his
legs, his speed has to increase from zero to v1 y , which is the speed with which he leaves the floor. Thus, according
to Newtons second law, there must be a net upward force on him during this time. This can be true only if
nF on P > ( FG ) P . In other words, the player presses on the floor with a force FP on F larger than the gravitational force
G
on him, which is equal to his weight. The reaction force nF on P then exceeds his weight and accelerates him upward
until his feet leave the floor.
(c) The height of 80 cm = 0.80 m is sufficient to determine the speed v1y with which he leaves the floor. Once his
feet are off the floor, he is simply in free fall, with a1 = g . From kinematics,
v22 y = v12y + 2a1 ( y2 y1 ) 0 m 2 /s 2 = v12y + 2( g )(0.80 m) v1 y = (2 g )(0.80 m) = 3.96 m/s
The basketball player reaches v1 y = 4.0 m/s by accelerating from rest through a distance of 0.60 m.
7-40
Chapter 7
(d) Assuming a0 to be constant during the jump, we find
v12y = v02 y + 2a0 ( y1 y0 ) = 0 m 2 /s 2 + 2a0 ( y1 0 m) a0 =
v12y
2 y1
(3.96 m/s) 2
= 13 m/s2
2(0.60 m)
(e) The scale reads the value of nF on P , which is the force exerted by the scale on the player. Before jumping,
nF on P ( FG ) P = 0 N nF on P = ( FG )P = mg = (100 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 980 N

While accelerating upward,
a
13.1
nF on P = ma0 + mg = mg 1 + 0 = (980 N) 1 +
= 2.3 kN
g
9.8
= 0 N because there is no contact with the scale.
nF on P mg = ma0
After leaving the scale, nF on P
7.51. A 1.0 kg wood block is placed on top of a 2.0 kg wood block. A horizontal rope pulls the 2.0 kg block across a
frictionless floor with a force of 21.0 N. Does the 1.0 kg block on top slide?
Visualize:
Solve: The 1.0 kg block is accelerated by static friction. It moves smoothly with the lower block if fs < ( fs ) max . It
slides if the force that would be needed to keep it in place exceeds ( fs ) max . Begin by assuming that the blocks move
together with a common acceleration a. Newtons second law gives
Top block: ( Fon 1 ) x = fs = m1a
Bottom block: ( Fon 2 ) x = Tpull fs = m2 a
Adding these two equations gives Tpull = (m1 + m2 )a, or a = (21.0 N)/(1.0 kg + 2.0 kg) = 7.0 m/s 2 . The static friction
force needed to accelerate the top block at 7.0 m/s2 is
fs m1a = (1.0 kg)(7.0 m/s 2 ) = 7.0 N
To find the maximum possible static friction force ( fs ) max = s n1, the y-equation of Newtons second law for the top
block shows that n1 = m1g . Thus
( fs ) max = s m1g = (0.50)(1.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 4.9 N
Because 7.0 N > 4.9 N, static friction is not sufficient to accelerate the top block, so it slides.
7.52. A 1.0 kg wood block is placed behind a 2.0 kg wood block on a horizontal table. The coefficients of kinetic
friction with the table are 0.30 for the 1.0 kg block and 0.50 for the 2.0 kg block. The 1.0 kg block is pushed forward,
against the 2.0 block, and released with a speed of 2.0 m/s. How far do the blocks travel before stopping?
Newtons Third Law
7-41
Visualize:
Solve: The 2.0 kg block in front has a larger coefficient of friction. Thus the 1.0 kg block pushes against the rear of
the 2.0 kg block and, in reaction, the 2.0 kg block pushes back against the 1.0 kg block. Theres no vertical
acceleration, so n1 = m1g and n2 = m2 g , leading to f1 = 1m1g and f 2 = 2 m2 g . Applying Newtons second law
along the x-axis gives
1 kg block: ( Fon 1 ) x = F2 on 1 f1 = F2 on 1 1m1g = m1a

2 kg block: ( Fon 2 ) x = F1 on 2 f 2 = F2 on 1 2 m2 g = m2 a
where we used a1 = a2 = a. Also, F1 on 2 = F2 on 1 because they are an third-law action/reaction pair. Adding these
two equations gives
( 1m1 + 2 m2 ) g = (m1 + m2 )a
1m1 + 2m2
(0.30)(1.0 kg) + (0.50)(2.0 kg)

(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 4.25 m/s 2
m1 + m2
1.0 kg + 2.0 kg
We can now use constant-acceleration kinematics to find
v2
(2.0 m/s)2
v12x = 0 = v02x + 2a( x1 x0 ) x1 = 0 x =
= 0.47 m
2a
2( 4.25 m/s 2 )
a=
g =
7.53. Model: Treat the ball of clay and the block as particles.
Visualize:
G
G
Solve: (a) Forces FC on B and FB on C are an action/reaction pair, so FB on C = FC on B . Note that aB aC because
the clay is decelerating while the block is accelerating. Newtons second law applied in the x-direction gives
7-42
Chapter 7
Clay: ( Fon C ) x = FB on C = mC aC
Block: ( Fon B ) x = FC on B = FB on C = mBaB
Equating the two expressions for FB on C gives
aC =
mB
aB
mC
Turning to kinematics, the velocity of each after t is

(vC )1 = (vC )0 + aC t
(vB )1 = (vB )0 + aBt = aBt
But (vC )1 = (vB )1 because the clay and the block are moving together after t has elapsed. Equating these two
expressions gives (vC )0 + aC t = aBt , from which we find
aC = aB
(vC )0
t
We can now equate the two expressions for aC :
mB
(v )
aB = aB C 0
mC
t
aB =
(vC )0 /t (10 m/s)/(0.010 s)

=
= 100 m/s 2
1 + mB /mC 1 + (900 g)/100 g
Then aC = 9aB = 900 m/s 2. With the acceleration now known, we can use either kinematic equation to find
(vC )1 = (vB )1 = (100 m/s 2 )(0.010 s) = 1.0 m/s
(b) FC on B = mBaB = (0.90 kg)(100 m/s 2 ) = 90 N.
(c) FB on C = mC aC = (0.10 kg)(900 m/s 2 ) = 90 N.
Assess: The two forces are of equal magnitude, as expected from Newtons third law.
7.54. Model: Use the particle model for the two blocks. Assume a massless rope and massless, frictionless pulleys.
Visualize:
Note that for every meter block 1 moves forward, one meter is provided to block 2. So each rope on m2 has to be
lengthened by one-half meter. Thus, the acceleration constraint is a2 = 12 a1.
Solve: Newtons second law applied to block 1 gives T = m1a1. Newtons second law applied to block 2 gives
2T ( FG ) 2 = m2 a2 . Combining these two equations gives

2( m1a1 ) m2 g = m2 ( 12 a1 ) a1 (4m1 + m2 ) = 2m2 g
a1 =
2m2 g
4m1 + m2
where we have used a2 = 12 a1.

Assess: If m1 = 0 kg, then a2 = g . This is what is expected for a freely falling object.
Newtons Third Law
7-43
7.55. Model: Use the particle model for the two blocks. Assume a massless rope and massless, frictionless pulleys.
Visualize:
For every one meter that the 1.0-kg block goes down, each rope on the 2.0-kg block will be shortened by one-half
meter. Thus, the acceleration constraint is a1 = 2a2 .
Solve: Newtons second law applied to the two blocks gives
2T = m2 a2 T ( FG )1 = m1a1
Since a1 = 2a2 , the above equations become
2T = m2a2 T m1g = m1( 2a2 )
a
m2 2 + m1(2a2 ) = m1g
2
a2 =
2m1g
2(1.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
=
= 3.3 m/s 2
m2 + 4m1
(2.0 kg + 4.0 kg)
Assess: If m1 = 0 kg, then a2 = 0 m/s 2 , which is expected.
7.56. Model: The hamster of mass m and the wedge with mass M will be treated as objects 1 and 2, respectively.
They will be treated as particles.
Visualize:
The scale is denoted by the letter s.

G
Solve: (a) The reading of the scale is the magnitude of the force n2 that the scale exerts upward. There are two
G
action/reaction pairs. Initially the hamster of mass m is stuck in place and is in static equilibrium with Fnet = 0 N.
G
Because of the shape of the blocks, it is not clear whether the scale has to exert a horizontal friction force fs on 2 to
prevent horizontal motion. Weve included one just in case. Newtons second law for the hamster is
7-44
Chapter 7
( Fnet on 1) x = mg sin f 2 on 1 = 0 N
f 2 on 1 = mg sin
( Fnet on 1) y = n1 mg cos = 0 N n1 = mg cos

For the wedge, we see from Newtons third law that n1 = n1 = mg cos and that f 2 on 1 = f1 on 2 = mg sin . Using
these equations, Newtons second law for the wedge is
( Fnet on 2 ) x = f1 on 2 cos + fs on 2 n1 sin = mg sin cos + fs on 2 mg cos sin = 0 N
fs on 2 = 0 N
( Fnet on 2 ) y = n2 n1 cos f1 on 2 sin Mg = n2 mg cos 2 mg sin 2 Mg = 0 N

n2 = mg (cos 2 + sin 2 ) + Mg = ( M + m) g = (0.800 kg + 0.200 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 9.8 N
First we find that fs on 2 = 0 N, so no horizontal static friction is needed to prevent motion. More interesting, the
scale reading is ( M + m) g which is the total gravitational force resting on the scale. This is the expected result.
(b) Now suppose that the hamster is accelerating down the wedge. The total mass is still M + m, but is the reading
still ( M + m) g ? The frictional forces between the systems 1 and 2 have now vanished, and system 1 now has an
acceleration. However, the acceleration is along the hamsters x-axis, so a1 y = 0 m/s 2 . The hamsters y-equation is still
( Fnet on 1 ) y = n1 mg cos = 0 N n1 = mg cos
We still have n1 = n1 = mg cos , so the y-equation for block 2 (with a2 y = 0 m/s 2 ) is
( Fnet on 2 ) y = n2 n1 cos Mg = n2 mg cos 2 Mg = 0 N
n2 = mg cos 2 + Mg = ( M + m cos 2 ) g = 9.0 N
Assess: The scale reads less than it did when the hamster was at rest. This makes sense if you consider the limit
90, in which case cos 0. If the face of the wedge is vertical, then the hamster is simply in free fall and can
have no effect on the scale (at least until impact!). So for = 90 we expect the scale to record Mg only, and that is
indeed what the expression for n2 gives.
7.57. Model: The hanging masses m1, m2 , and m3 are modeled as particles. Pulleys A and B are massless and
frictionless. The strings are massless.
Visualize:
Newtons Third Law
7-45
Solve: (a) The length of the string over pulley B is constant. Therefore,
( yB y3 ) + ( yB yA ) = LB yA = 2 yB y3 LB
The length of the string over pulley A is constant. Thus,

( yA y2 ) + ( yA y1) = LA = 2 yA y1 y2
2(2 yB y3 LB ) y1 y2 = LA 2 y3 + y2 + y1 = constant
This constraint implies that
dy
dy
dy
2 3 + 2 + 1 = 0 m/s = 2v3 y + v2 y + v1 y
dt
dt
dt
Also by differentiation, 2a3 y + a2 y + a1 y = 0 m/s 2 .
(b) Applying Newtons second law to the masses m3 , m2 , m1, and pulley A gives
TB m3 g = m3a3 y
TA m2 g = m2a2 y
TA m1g = m1a1 y
TB 2TA = 0 N
The pulley equation is zero because the pulley is massless. These four equations plus the acceleration constraint
consitute five equations with five unknowns (two tensions and three accelerations). To solve for TA , multiply the
m3 equation by 2, substitute 2TB = 4TA , then divide each of the mass equations by the mass. This gives the three
equations
4TA /m3 2 g = 2a3 y

TA /m2 g = a2 y
TA /m1 g = a1 y
If these three equations are added, the right side adds to zero because of the acceleration constraint. Thus
4g
(4/m3 + 1/m2 + 1/m2 )TA 4 g = 0 TA =
(4/m3 + 1/m2 + 1/m2 )
(c) Using numerical values, we find TA = 18.97 N. Then
a1 y = TA /m1 g = 2.2 m/s 2

a2 y = TA /m2 g = 2.9 m/s 2
a3 y = 2TA /m3 g = 0.32 m/s 2
(d) m3 = m1 + m2 , so it appears at first as if m3 should hang in equilibrium. For this to be so, tension TB would need to
equal m3 g. However, TB is not (m1 + m2 ) g because masses m1 and m2 are accelerating rather than hanging at rest.
Consequently, tension TB is not able to balance the weight of m3 .

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NEWTONS THIRD LAW

Newtons Third Law

Exercises and Problems

Newtons Third Law

balls are different, their accelerations are different.

Newtons Third Law

7.5. Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX7.5.

7.6. Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX7.6.

Newtons Third Law

Section 7.3 Newtons Third Law

Solve: (a) Newtons second law for the astronaut is

By Newtons third law, the astronauts force on the chair is

By Newtons third law, the astronauts force on the chair is

7.8. Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX7.8.

The x-component of Newtons second law for the truck gives

Newtons Third Law

Using aC = aT a and FT on C = FC on T , we get

Solve: Using v12x = v02x + 2a x ( x1 x0 ), we find

(4.0 m/s) 2 = 0 m 2 /s 2 + 2ax (2.0 m) a x = 4.0 m/s 2

( FC on B ) x = (20 kg)(4.0 m/s 2 ) = 80 N

( Fon C ) x = ( Fext ) x ( FB on C ) x = mCa x

100 N 80 N = mC (4.0 m/s 2 ) mC = 5.0 kg

Section 7.4 Ropes and Pulleys

Newtons Third Law

Newtons second law applied to block B is

Thus, T2 > T1 > ( FG )T > ( FG )C .

Newtons Third Law

T = mB g = (1.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 9.8 N

m1g cos1 m1g

Newtons law applied to the right knot is

Newtons Third Law

FU on L = 3( FG ) L = 6.0 N, equilibrium requires nT on L = 4.0 N. For the upper magnet, FL on U = FU on L = 6.0 N

Newtons second law for the astronaut along the x-direction is

Newtons Third Law

Solve: Using v1x = v0 x + a x (t1 t0 ),

Applying Newtons second law to glider A gives

Using f A = k nA , the x-equation yields

150 N (0.10)(100 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = (100 kg)ax

Newtons Third Law

Newtons second law applied to sled B gives

Thus the tension T2 = 2.7 102 N.

0 m 2 /s 2 = (20 m/s) 2 + 2ax (50 m) a x = 4.0 m/s 2

Use this force in Newtons second law to find the acceleration:

Newtons Third Law

= 0.020 m/s and am =

Solve: (a) The ball experiences an average acceleration of

The force is calculated from Newtons second law:

Thus his recoil speed is 0.20 m/s.

Newtons second law applied to the crate gives

Newtons Third Law

Newtons second law for the boy is

FC on B = fsB = sBnB = sBmB g

sBmB (0.8)(50 kg)

Newtons second law applied to each package gives

FA on B kB (mB g cos ) + mB g sin = mBa

t1 = 2(2.0 m)/(1.82 m/s 2 ) = 1.5 s

Newtons Third Law

Tpull f 2 top f 2 bot

Tpull k m1g k (m1 + m2 ) g

20 N (0.40)(1.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) (0.40)(1.0 kg + 2.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )

fs4 = ( fs )max = s n3 on 4 = (0.60)(39.2 N) = 23.5 N

fs4 k n3 = m3a3 23.5 N (0.20)(68.6 N) = (3.0 kg)a3

( Fnet on 1) y = n1 m1g = 0 N n1 = m1g