Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Page
Notes
Corporation- an artificial being created by operation of law, having the right of succession and the powers,
attributes and properties expressly authorized by law or incident to its existence.
b. Classes of Corporations
Private Corporation
-those formed for some private purpose,
benefit, aim or end.
DEFINITION
-created for private aim, gain, or benefits
of its members
-created by the will of the incorporators
with the recognizance of the State.
-constitute a voluntary agreement by and
among its members
PURPOSE OF
CREATION
CREATORS
Public Corporation
-one created by the State either by general or
special act for purposes of administration of
local government or rendering service in the
public interest.
-established for purposes connected with the
administration of civil or local governments
-creations of the State either by general or
special act
-involuntary consequence of legislation
NATURE
Private or Corporate
-acts in a similar category as a business corporation,
performing functions not strictly governmental or
political
-patrimonial powers
Page
Notes
g.
This Act states the policy of the State to treat Metro Manila as a special development and administrative region and
certain basic services affecting or involving Metro Manila as metro wide services more efficiently and effectively
planned, supervised and coordinated by a development authority as created herein, without prejudice to the autonomy of
the affected LGU. Among its pertinent provisions are:
1) Scope of MMDA (metro-wide) services: Development planning; transport and traffic management; solid
waste disposal and management; Flood control; Urban renewal; zoning and land use planning; health
sanitation; Urban protection and pollution control; pu8blic safety;
2) Creation of Metro Manila Council (MMC) consisting of all mayors in Metro Manila
3) Powers and Functions of MMDA, mainly to formulate, coordinate, and regulate implementation of above
metro-wide services
4) Functions of MMC, mainly to approve projects of MMDA
5) Function of MMDA chairman: Execute policies of MMC and manage operations of MMDA; appointment
power; prepare budget of MMDA; disciplinary power on subordinates; ex officio board member (or his
representative) of departments related to activities of MMDA such as DOTC, DOH, etc.
6) Institutional linkages of MMDA: NEDA, NGOs , accredited peoples organizations
Only political units of the government can exercise police power
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority vs. Bel-Air Village Association, Inc
G.R. No. 135962, March 27, 2000
It will be noted that the powers of the MMDA are limited to the following acts: formulation, coordination,
regulation, implementation, preparation, management, monitoring, setting of policies, installation of a system and
administration. There is no syllable in R. A. No. 7924 that grants the MMDA police power, let alone legislative
power.
The MMAs jurisdiction was limited to addressing common problems involving basic services that
transcended local boundaries. It did not have legislative power. Its power was merely to provide the local
government units technical assistance in the preparation of local development plans. Any semblance of legislative
power it had was confined to a "review [of] legislation proposed by the local legislative assemblies to ensure
consistency among local governments and with the comprehensive development plan of Metro Manila," and to
"advise the local governments accordingly."
Notes
Page
The MMDA is not a political unit of government thus cannot validly exercise police power.
Notes
Page
Notes
Page
lodged with the President to facilitate the exercise of the power of general supervision over local governments [see
Art. X, sec. 4 of the Constitution]. There is no conflict between the power of the President to merge administrative
regions with the constitutional provision requiring a plebiscite in the merger of local government units because the
requirement of a plebiscite in a merger expressly applies only to provinces, cities, municipalities or barangays, not to
administrative regions.
i.
Notes
Page
government units;
(l) The participation of the private sector in local governance, particularly in the delivery of basic services, shall be
encouraged to ensure the viability of local autonomy as an alternative strategy for sustainable development; and
(m) The national government shall ensure that decentralization contributes to the continuing improvement of the
performance of local government units and the quality of community life.
Provisional Constitution must be deemed to have been overtaken by Section 27, Article XVIII of the 1987
Constitution.
LOCAL AUTONOMY
Notes
TYPES OF DECENTRALIZATION
Page
-means a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of
decentralization.
-not meant to end the relation of partnership and interdependence between the central administration and LGU.
Notes
Page
the form of internal revenue allotments (IRAs); and (3) the right to be given its equitable share in the proceeds of the
utilization and development of the national wealth, if any, within its territorial boundaries.
xxx
The IRAs are items of income because they form part of the gross accretion of the funds of the local
government unit. The IRAs regularly and automatically accrue to the local treasury without need of any further
action on the part of the local government unit. They thus constitute income which the local government can
invariably rely upon as the source of much needed funds.
SEC. 4. Scope of Application. - This Code shall apply to all provinces, cities, municipalities, barangays, and other
political subdivisions as may be created by law, and, to the extent herein provided, to officials, offices, or agencies of the
national government.
Cordillera Broad Coalition vs. Commission on Audit G. R. No. 79956, January 29, 1990
We find that it [EO 220] did not create a new territorial and political subdivision or merge existing ones
into a larger subdivision. Firstly, the CAR is not a public corporation or a territorial and political subdivision. It does
not have a separate juridical personality, unlike provinces, cities and municipalities. Neither is it vested with the
powers that are normally granted to public corporations, e.g. the power to sue and be sued, the power to own and
dispose of property, the power to create its own sources of revenue, etc. As stated earlier, the CAR was created
primarily to coordinate the planning and implementation of programs and services in the covered areas.
Then, considering the control and supervision exercised by the President over the CAR and the offices
created under E.O. No. 220, and considering further the indispensable participation of the line departments of the
National Government, the CAR may be considered more than anything else as a regional coordinating agency of the
National Government, similar to the regional development councils which the President may create under the
Constitution. These councils are "composed of local government officials, regional heads of departments and other
government offices, and representatives from non-governmental organizations within the region for purposes of
administrative decentralization to strengthen the autonomy of the units therein and to accelerate the economic and
social growth and development of the units in the region." In this wise, the CAR may be considered as a more
sophisticated version of the regional development council.
EO 220 which created CAR did not contravene the constitutional guarantee of local autonomy of the member
LGUs.
Cordillera Broad Coalition vs. Commission on Audit G. R. No. 79956, January 29, 1990
As we have said earlier, the CAR is a mere transitory coordinating agency that would prepare the stage for
political autonomy for the Cordilleras. It fills in the resulting gap in the process of transforming a group of adjacent
territorial and political subdivisions already enjoying local or administrative autonomy into an autonomous region
vested with political autonomy.
Abbas vs. COMELEC G.R. No. 89651 (1989)
Under the Constitution, the creation of the autonomous region hinges only on the result of the plebiscite. If
the Organic Act is approved by majority of the votes cast by constituent units in the scheduled plebiscite, the
creation of the autonomous region immediately takes effect. The questioned provisions in R.A. No. 6734 requiring
an Oversight Committee to supervise the transfer do not provide for a different date of effectivity. Much less would
the organization of the Oversight Committee cause an impediment to the operation of the Organic Act, for such is
evidently aimed at effecting a smooth transition period for the regional government. The constitutional objection on
this point thus cannot be sustained as there is no basis therefor.
The power to merge administrative regions is executive in character.
Chiongbian, et al vs. Orbos, et al G.R. No. 96754, June 22, 1995
As this Court observed in Abbas, while the power to merge administrative regions is not expressly
provided for in the Constitution, it is a power which has traditionally been lodged with the President to
facilitate the exercise of the power of general supervision over local governments. R.A. No. 5435 was passed
Notes
Page
authorizing the President of the Philippines, with the help of a Commission on Reorganization, to reorganize the
different executive departments, bureaus, offices, agencies and instrumentalities of the government, including
banking or financial institutions and corporations owned or controlled by it. The purpose was to promote
simplicity, economy and efficiency in the government. The law provided that any reorganization plan submitted
would become effective only upon the approval of Congress. Thus the creation and subsequent reorganization of
administrative regions have been exercised by the President pursuant to authority granted to him by law.
The power granted authorizes the reorganization even of regions, provinces and cities that did not
take part in the plebiscite on the creation of the Autonomous Region or did not vote in favor of it
While Article XIX, Section 13 provides that The provinces and cities which in the plebiscite do not vote
for inclusion in the Autonomous Region shall remain in the existing administrative regions, this provision is subject
to the qualification that the President may, by administrative determination, merge the existing regions. This
means that while non-assenting provinces and cities are to remain in the regions as designated upon the
creation of the Autonomous Region, they may nevertheless be regrouped with contiguous provinces forming
other regions as the exigency of administration may require.
On the applicability to only those which voted for inclusion in the Autonomous Region, the Presidents
power cannot be so limited without neglecting the necessities of administration.
A tribal court of the Cordillera Bodong Administration cannot render a valid and executory decision in a
land dispute
BADUA vs. CORDILLERA BODONG ADMINISTRATION 1991 Feb 14G.R. No. 92649
.
In "Cordillera Regional Assembly Member Alexander P. Ordillo, et al. vs. The Commission on Elections, et
al found that in the plebiscite that was held on January 23, 1990 pursuant to Republic Act 6766, the creation of the
Cordillera Autonomous Region was rejected by all the provinces and city of the Cordillera region, except Ifugao
province, hence, the Cordillera Autonomous Region did not come to be. As a logical consequence of that judicial
declaration, the Cordillera Bodong Administration created under Section 13 of Executive Order No. 220, the
indigenous and special courts for the indigenous cultural communities of the Cordillera region (Sec. 1, Art. VII, Rep.
Act 6766), and the Cordillera People's Liberation Army, as a regional police force or a regional command of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines (Secs. 2 and 4, Article XVIII of R.A. 6766), do not legally exist. Since the
Cordillera Autonomous Region did not come into legal existence, the Maeng Tribal Court was not constituted
into an indigenous or special court under R.A. No. 6766. Hence, the Maeng Tribal Court is an ordinary tribal
court existing under the customs and traditions of an indigenous cultural community.
Such tribal courts are not a part of the Philippine judicial system which consists of the Supreme
Court and the lower courts which have been established by law (Sec. 1, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution). They do
not possess judicial power. Like the pangkats or conciliation panels created by P.D. No. 1508 in the barangays,
they are advisory and conciliatory bodies whose principal objective is to bring together the parties to a
dispute and persuade them to make peace, settle, and compromise.
SEC. 5. Rules of Interpretation. - In the interpretation of the provisions of this Code, the following rules shall apply:
(a)Any provision on a power of a local government unit shall be liberally interpreted in its favor, and in case of doubt,
any question thereon shall be resolved in favor of devolution of powers and of the lower local government unit. Any fair
and reasonable doubt as to the existence of the power shall be interpreted in favor of the local government unit
concerned;
(b) In case of doubt, any tax ordinance or revenue measure shall be construed strictly against the local government unit
enacting it, and liberally in favor of the taxpayer. Any tax exemption, incentive or relief granted by any local government
unit pursuant to the provisions of this Code shall be construed strictly against the person claiming it.
(c) The general welfare provisions in this Code shall be liberally interpreted to give more powers to local government
units in accelerating economic development and upgrading the quality of life for the people in the community;
(d) Rights and obligations existing on the date of effectivity of this Code and arising out of contracts or any other source
of prestation involving a local government unit shall be governed by the original terms and conditions of said contracts or
the law in force at the time such rights were vested; and
(e)In the resolution of controversies arising under this Code where no legal provision or jurisprudence applies, resort may
be had to the customs and traditions in the place where the controversies take place.
Tano vs. Socrates 278 SCRA 154
10
Notes
Page
Moreover, Section 5(c) of the LGC explicitly mandates that the general welfare provisions of the LGC
shall be liberally interpreted to give more powers to the local government units in accelerating economic
development and upgrading the quality of life for the people of the community.
Rights existing on the date of effectivity of this Code involving a local government unit shall be governed
by the law in force at the time such rights were vested
THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH vs.COURT OF APPEALS G. R. No. 112243, Feb. 23, 1995
At the time of the commencement of the administrative action, the operative laws are the Administrative
Code of 1987 and Executive Order No. 119. Under the said laws, the Secretary of Health exercises control, direction
and supervision over his subordinates, which include private respondent. Consequently, since jurisdiction has been
acquired by the Secretary of Health over the person of private respondent before the effectivity of the Local
Government Code on January 1, 1992, it continues until the final disposition of the administrative case.
Greater Balanga Dev. Corp vs Balanga G. R. No. 83987, Dec. 27, 1994
The second paragraph of Section 3A-06(b) does not expressly require two permits for their conduct of two
or more businesses in one place, but only that separate fees be paid for each business. The powers of municipal
corporations are to be construed in strictissimi juris and any doubt or ambiguity must be construed against the
municipality (City of Ozamiz v. Lumapas, 65 SCRA 33 [1975]). Granting, however, that separate permits are
actually required, the application form does not contain any entry as regards the number of businesses the applicant
wishes to engage in.
Evardone vs COMELEC GR. No. 95063, December 2, 1991
Art. 18 Sec. 3 of the Consti expressly provides that all existing laws not inconsistent with the 1987 Consti
shall remain operative until amended repealed or revoked. RA 7160 providing for the Local Government Code of
1991, expressly repeals BP 337. But, the new LGC will take effect only on January 1, 1992 therefore the old LGC
(BP 337) is still the applicable law to the present case.
The Court ruled that Resolution 2272 is valid and constitutional.
Notes
Page
11
prescribed in this Code: Provided, further, That the income classification of the original local government unit or units
shall not fall below its current income classification prior to such division. The income classification of local
government units shall be updated within six (6) months from the effectivity of this Code to reflect the changes in their
financial position resulting from the increased revenues as provided herein.
SEC. 9. Abolition of Local Government Units. - A local government unit may be abolished when its income,
population, or land area has been irreversibly reduced to less than the minimum standards prescribed for its creation
under Book III of this Code, as certified by the national agencies mentioned in Section 17 hereof to Congress or to the
sanggunian concerned, as the case may be.
The law or ordinance abolishing a local government unit shall specify the province, city, municipality, or barangay with
which thelocal government unitsought to be abolished will be incorporated or merged.
SEC. 10. Plebiscite Requirement. - No creation, division, merger, abolition, or substantial alteration of boundaries of
local government units shall take effect unless approved by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite called for the
purpose in the political unit or units directly affected. Said plebiscite shall be conducted by the Commission on
Elections (Comelec) within one hundred twenty (120) days from the date of effectivity of the law or ordinance effecting
such action, unless said law or ordinance fixes another date.
Notes
Page
12
were created until their own representatives shall have been elected in the next regular congressional elections and
qualified.
As it is worded, Section 462 completely addresses an eventuality where the people of both the original district and
the people of the new district to be created agree to the proposed creation of the latter.
Mun. of San Narciso, Quezon v. Mendez
Executive Order No. 353 creating the municipal district of San Andres was issued on 20 August 1959 but
it was only after almost thirty (30) years, or on 05 June 1989, that the municipality of San Narciso finally decided to
challenge the legality of the executive order. In the meantime, the Municipal District, and later the Municipality, of
San Andres, began and continued to exercise the powers and authority of a duly created local government unit.
Equally significant is Section 442(d) of the Local Government Code to the effect that municipal districts "organized
pursuant to presidential issuances or executive orders and which have their respective sets of elective municipal
officials holding office at the time of the effectivity of (the) Code shall henceforth be considered as regular
municipalities."
Tan v. COMELEC 142 SCRA 727
The phrase subject to the approval by a majority of the votes in a plebiscite in the unit or units affected
must be construed to mean that the remaining areas in the province of Negros Occidental should have been allowed
to participate in the said plebiscite. The reason is that cities belonging to Negros Occidental will be added to Negros
del Norte, thus Negros Occidentals land area will be dismembered. Certainly, the people of Negros Occidental
should have been allowed to vote in the plebiscite as they are directly affected by the diminution in land size of their
province.
A reading of the last sentence of the first paragraph of Section 197 LGC of 1983 says. The territory need not be
contiguous if it comprises 2 or more islands. The use of the word territory clearly reflects that the law refers only
to the land mass and excludes the waters over which the political unit has control. In other words, Negros del Norte
failed to meet the required land area of 3,500 sq. km for it to become a province.
Lopez v. COMELEC G. R. No. L-56022 & L-56124, May 31, 1985
The Court xxx came to the conclusion that the constitutional provision on the need for a majority of the
votes cast in the plebiscite in the unit or units affected would be satisfied even if "those voters who are not from the
barangay to be separated [were] excluded in the plebiscite." It cannot be argued therefore that the plebiscite held in
the areas affected to constitute Metropolitan Manila, having manifested their will, the constitutional provision relied
upon by petitioners has been satisfied.
Mun. of Malabang v. Benito G.R. No. L-28113, March 28, 1969
In the cases where a de facto municipal corporation was recognized as such despite the fact that the
statute creating it was later invalidated, the decisions could fairly be made to rest on the consideration that there was
some other valid law giving corporate vitality to the organization. Hence, in the case at bar, the mere fact that
Balabagan was organized at a time when the statute had not been invalidated cannot conceivably make it a de facto
corporation, as, independently of the Administrative Code provision in question, there is no other valid statute to
give color of authority to its creation.
Authority to create municipal corporations is essentially legislative in nature.
Pelaez vs. Auditor General, G. R. No. L-23825, December 24, 1965
Xxx the creation of municipalities, is not an administrative function, but one which is essentially
and eminently legislative in character. The question of whether or not "public interest" demands the exercise of
such power is not one of fact. it is "purely a legislative question or a political question.
Upon the other hand if the President could create a municipality, he could, in effect, remove any of its
officials, by creating a new municipality and including therein the barrio in which the official concerned resides, for
his office would thereby become vacant.6 Thus, by merely brandishing the power to create a new municipality (if he
had it), without actually creating it, he could compel local officials to submit to his dictation, thereby, in effect,
exercising over them the power of control denied to him by the Constitution.
Page
Note:
13
Notes
TYPES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
1. De jure Municipal Corporations- those created or recognized by operation of law
2.
De facto municipal corporations- where the people have organized themselves, under color of law, into
ordinary municipal bodies, and have gone on, year after year, raising taxes, making improvements, and
exercising their usual franchises, with their rights dependent quite as much on acquiescence as on the
regularity of their origin
Elements:
a. A valid law authorizing incorporation
b. An attempt in good faith to organize under it
c. A colorable compliance with law
d. An assumption of corporate powers
3.
Municipal Corporation by prescription- exercised their powers from time immemorial with a charter
which is presumed to have been lost or destroyed.