0.

5%
5%

(preservation techniques)

10%
5%

(Freeze Dying)

(sterilization)
(
)

(batch)
;
(continuous)

:
(1) 1atm
;
(2)
.(

)
(3)


1.
2.
3.

adjustable louvers

trays

air in

air out
heater

1.(tray dryer)

fan

10-100mm
1.

10-20%

2.(continuous tunnel dryers)

granular feed

air

air
fan

air flow
steam heaters

screen belt

3.

dry product

(continuous tunnel
dryers)2.

3.
(screen-belt continuous
conveyor)
25-150mm

(rotary dryers)
10

1
2

3
4
7

4.

1.

,2-,3-,4-,5-,6-,7-,8-,9-,10-

feed
heating coils

air

5.

air

end view

dry solids

4.5.

6.

5
2
1
7

7.

123456
7

(spray dryer)
10

7
9

6
1

8. 1 .2. 3. 10.
5 . 6 . 4 . 9 .
7 . 8 .


1.:
,
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

2.:,
,
,

3.
(1)
(2)
(3)

4.
(1)
(2)

5.:,

,,
,

6.:
,
,,

7.:,
,
,,,
,
,;,

8.:

9.:
,,
15~45%,
,,,
-

10.:,:
,
,
,

(1)(),

(2),,
()
,
(3),,

11.:

,,
,
2/3,,,,

12.:,
,
,,
,
,
,
,,,
,
,
,

13.:,
,
(1)
(2)

14.:,
,,
,
,
,,,
,,,

,
,,,


1.,
,,
;,
,


1.
2.
3.


-1kg
kg
PAP
1atm (101.325KPa760mmHg)(A)
18.02(B)28.97
:
H

1
kg H2O
pA kg mol H2O 18.02kg H2O
=
x
x
kg dry air PpA kg mol air
kg mol H2O
28.97kg air

18.02 pA
H=
28.97 PpA

kg mol air

(saturated humidity):
18.02 pAS
Hs =
28.97 P pAS
(percentage humidity)

Hp=100


(percentage relative humidity)

:
HR=

100

HRHp

Hp=100 =(100)

18.02
18.02

/
=
(100)
28.97 28.97

Example 1
The air in a room is at 26.7(80) and a pressure of 101.325
kPa and contains water Vapor with a partial pressure pA=2.76kPa.
Calculate the following:
(a)Humidity, H.
(b)Saturation humidity,Hs,and percentage humidity,Hp.
(c)Percentage relative humidity,HR.
Solution:
18.02(2.76)
18.02
=
H=
= 0.01742 kgH2O/kg air
28.97 28.97(101.32.76)

Hs=

18.02
18.02(3.50)
=
=0.02226
28.97 28.97(101.33.50)

100(0.01742)
Hp=100 =
=78.3%

0.02226

100(2.76)
HR=100 =
=78.9%

3.50

kgH2O/kg air

()


W
t(
);Ws
:
WWs kg total water
lb total water
Xt =
(
)
Ws
kg dry solid
lb dry solid

X*
kg/kgXt
Xkg/kg
X=Xt-X*
(h)
tt
dX/dtR

Ls dX
R=
A dt

Rkg/hm2;Lskg
;Am2 R
lbmH2O/hft2;LslbmAft2
8.(a)RLs/A=21.5kg/m2
Rx

8.(b)
0A

()

(kg/kg)

0.5

A
0.4

0.3
0.2

0.1
0

D
E
0

10

12

t(h)
8.(a)

14

X(kg/kg)
8.(b)

8.(a)B C

8.(b)BC
8.(a)(b)C
8.(b)CD

DE
X*
= X* - X* = 0
CDCD

:t
Xt1=1.68h
X1=0.35t2=2.04hX2=0.325
X/t=(0.350.325)/(2.041.68)
(1-3)Ls/A=21.5

0.3500.325
R=
=21.5(
)=1.493

2.041.68

R1.68h2.04h

X=(0.350+0.325)/2=0.338

(falling rate period)

8.(b)C(critical free
moisture content)Xc

8.(b)D
D

8.(a)
BC3.0hX0.40.19
0.21kg /kgCE9.0hX
0.19 0

1.
2.
3.(shrinkage)

X
8.(d)
:(c)
(d)
X
8.(C)


1.
(1)
X1
X2

(2)

Example 2
A solid whose drying curve is represented
by Fig.8(a)is to be dried from a free
moisture content X1=0.38 kg H2O/kg dry
solid to X2=0.25 kg H2O/kg dry solid.
Estimate the time required.
Solution: From Fig.8.(a)for X1=0.38,t1 is
read off as 1.28 h. For X2=0.25,t2=3.08h.
Hence, the time required is t=t2-t1=3.081.28=1.80 h.


R=

2=
t=1=0

t= (X1-X2)

Example 3
Repeat Example 2 but use Fig.8.(b)
Solution:
21.5
t= (X1-X2)=
(0.38-0.25)=1.85
ARc
1.51

Ls


1.
(b)
XcR
0R0
X1X2:
t=

Ls
A

X1
X
2

R
1/RX

4:
8.(b)
X1=0.38kg/kgX2=0.04kg/kg
Ls=399kgA =18.58m2Ls/A
= 21.5kg/m2
:8.(b)Xc=0.195kg/kg

X1=0.38X2=Xc=0.1958.(b)
Rc = 1.51kgH2O/hm2(1-3)
=

399(0.380.195)
LS
(x1-x2)=
=2.63
ARc
(18.58)(1.51)

0.1950.048.(b)
XRl/R:
X

1/R

1/R

0.195
0.150

1.51
1.21

0.663
0.826

0.065
0.050

0.71
0.37

1.41
2.70

0.100

0.90

1.11

0.040

0.27

3.70

:
X

1/R

0.195
0.150
0.100
0.065
0.050
0.040

1.51
1.21
0.90
0.71
0.37
0.27

0.663
0.826
1.111
1.408
2.702
3.704

0.045
0.050
0.035
0.015
0.010

(1/R)av
0.745
0.969
1.260
2.055
3.203
Total=

()

1
av

0.0335
0.0485
0.0441
0.0305
0.0320
0.1889

(0.663+0.826)/2=0.745
X=(0.195-0.150)=0.0450.0335

0.1889(1-2)2.63+4.06=6.69h

?
?

101.3 kPa37.8oC
PA= 3.59 kPa

(a)
(b)
(c)

0.35
0.21200.20 m2
2 kg
kg/(m2min)?