SOAP and DETERGENT

SOAP
Sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids.
Can be made from animal fats and vegetable oils.
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Neutralisation

Saponification

o
o
o

Hydrolysing fats or oils under

alkaline condition
To form glycerol and fatty acids
(soap)
Catalysed by hydroxide ions, OH

Text book

The fatty acids then react with

sodium hydroxide, NaOH /
potassium hydroxide, KOH
To form salts (soap)

FLOW MAP

Soap

Reference book

DETERGENT
Salts that produced by the reaction of neutralisation between alkyl hydrogen
sulphate and alkaline.
Made from synthetic resources such as petroleum fractions.
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Formation of
alkyl sulphonic
acid
A long-chain alcohol +
concentrated sulphuric
acid alkyl sulphonic
Textacid
book+ water

Neutralisation of
alkyl sulphonic
acid
Alkyl sulphonic acid +
sodium hydroxide
sodium alkyl sulphate +
water
FLOW MAP

Detergent

Reference book

THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

A sodium soap and detergent dissolve in the water to form sodium ions, Na +.
There are divided into two parts in the hydrocarbon chain:
o Anion with negative charge hydrophilic (soluble in water)
o Neutral with no charge hydrophobic (soluble in oils or grease)

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book
A soap Soap
or detergent
Theorsurface
detergent
anion
of
consistsreduces
ofthe
a hydrophobic
cloth
the is
part and
surface
awetted
hydrophilic
tension of
part
water

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Heating,
The hydrophobic
scrubbing
parts
or are
mechanical
soluble in grease,
agitation
thehelps to
pull
hydrophilic
grease away
parts from
are soluble
the
cloth
in water

The soapThe
anions
grease is
The droplets do
not
surround
broken
the grease
into
coagulate on the
cloth
causes
the
smaller
grease
and rinsed away
with
suspended
droplets
in water
water

Text book
FLOW MAP

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CLEANING ACTION OF SOAPS AND

DETERGENTS

 Soaps effectiveness is reduced when used in hard water.

Hard water contains a great amount of calcium and magnesium ions.
These ions react with the anions of the soap to form an insoluble precipitate
known as soap scum.
This causes wastage of soap due to more soaps are needed for cleaning.
Soap scum that is sticky will also sticks on the surface which cleaned.
o Detergent is effectives in hard water.
o The anions of detergent do not form soap scum but form soluble salts when
the anions react with the cations.
o Detergent can still perform its cleaning action in hard water.

COMPARISON BETWEEN A SOAP AND A DETERGENT

CLEANING AGENT
EFFECTIVENESS
FORMATION OF SCUM

SOAP
Effective cleaners in soft
water
Form scum in hard water

EFFECT ON
ENVIRONMENT

Biodegradable and does

not cause any pollution

DETERGENT
Effective cleaners in both
hard and soft water
Does not form scum in
hard water
Non-biodegradable and
gives thick foams that kill
aquatic lives

FOOD ADDITIVES
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PRESERVATION

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FOOD ADDITIVES
FLAVOURINGS

DYES

To add or restore the

To slow down or to
To improve the
colour in food
prevent the growth of
taste of food and
microorganisms so
restore taste loss To enchance its visual
appeal
that food can be kept
due to processing

To match consumers

Monosodium
for longer periods of
expectations
glutamate (MSG),
time

Azo compounds,
Sodium nitrate,
aspartame
triphenyl compounds
sodium benzoate

ANTIOXIDANTS

STABILISERS

THICKENERS

To prevent oxidation To prevent an emulsion To thicken

Text food
book

Gelatine,
acacia
from
separating
out
that causes rancid
TREE MAP
gum
fats and brown fruits Lecithin, mono and diglycerides
of
fatty
acids
Ascorbic acid
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING FOOD ADDITIVES
ADVANTAGES
The food can stay fresh longer,
look nicer and taste better
The seasonal crops and fruits can
available throughout the year

DISADVANTAGES
Some of the food additives are
associated with disease
Less nutritious in the food

Medicine
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
Derived from plants and animals.
MEDICINAL PLANT

FUNCTION

Aloe vera

To treat skin wounds

Eurycoma longifolia (tongkat ali)

To increase the male libido

Orthosiphon aristatus (misai

kucing)

To treat gout, diabetes and rheumatism

Centella asiatica (pegaga)

To treat depression and for longevity

MEDICINAL ANIMAL
To treat Japanese encephalitis and hole in the
Sea cucumber

heart

Centipede

To treat lockjaw and convulsions

Ant

To treat hepatitis B

MODERN MEDICINE
Made by scientists in laboratories and are based on substances found in
nature such like plants and microorganism.
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Reference book

MODERN MEDICINE

Analgesics

Antibiotics

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Psychotherapeutic
medicine

To relieve pain without o To kill or to slow down

o To alter abnormal
the growth of bacteria
causing numbness or
thinking, feelings or
o Penicillin, streptomycin
affecting
behaviours
consciousness
Aspirin, paracetamol,
codeina
Stimulant
Antidepressant
Antipsychotic

Text book

To reduce fatigue

and elevate mood

Amphetamine,

phenylpropanolam
ine
TREE

To reduce tension
and anxiety
Imipramine,
amitriptyline

MAP

To treat psychiatric
illnesses such as
schizophrenia
Tranquillisers,
barbiturates,
haloperidol

CHEMISTRY
FOLIO
CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

NAME: YEE CUI YING

FORM: 5 VIVA/2016

CONTENTS
1. Soap and Detergent
1.1. Soap
1
1.2. Detergent
2
1.3. The cleansing action of soaps and detergents
3
1.4. The effectiveness of the cleansing action soaps and
detergents
4

2. Food Additives

3. Medicine
3.1. Traditional medicine
6
3.2. Modern medicine