EMBRYO. LAB.

Organogenesis (Part 4 10MM FROG)

<!> Whole mount of 10mm is the same w/ 7mm

(TRANSVERSE SECTION Level of Telencephalon and Olfactory Organs)

1) Telencephalon anterior division of prosencephalon
- paired
each unit is roughly hemispherical but flattened at midline
each contains a cavity called lateral ventrical (formed by evagination of the side of the
neural tube at the anterior end of the neurocoel)
a. Ependymal Layer ciliated (for movement of cerebrospinal fluid), single-layered cells
- immediately surrounds neurocoel
b. Mantle Layer broad; adjacent to ependymal layer
- forms gray matter of CNS
c. Marginal Layer outermost; w/ neuroblasts
- forms white matter of CNS

2) Nasal / Olfactory Organ - @ region of telencephalon (ventrolateral to it)

- tubular organ
- formed by invagination of ectoderm
- olfactory nerve (connects olfactory lobes to brain; arises from olfactory epithelium)
3) External Naris opening of nasal cavity to outside
- marks point of original ectodermal invagination
4) Internal Naris / Choana opening of nasal cavity to buccal region
5) Frontal Organ evagination of diencephalic roof (together w/ epiphysis)
- w/ photoreceptors
- may function as third eye

6) Jacobsons / Vomeronasal Organ saccular structure

- formed by evagination of nasal organ
- for smelling food from the buccal region
7) Buccal Cavity where nasal cavity and mouth opens
- lined w/ epithelium
- derived from stomodeum
- in this area, jaws have horny material and tooth germs
- Oral papillae (lobose structures external to jaws)
8) Prechordal / Trabecular Cartilage hyaline cartilages
- beneath of telencephalon
- forms cartilaginous cranium called chondocranium
9) Melanocytes stellate cells
- scattered over dorsolateral region of brain and lateral to nasal organs
- w/ granules of melanin (individually: light brown; aggregate: black)
10) Mesenchyme stellate, mesodermal cells
- fill up space between organs and epidermis
- form a loose reticulum (outermost cells form dermis)
11) Epidermis outer layer of skin
- composed of two strata of ectodermal cells
- w/ free melanin granules & some melanocytes

(TRANSVERSE SECTION Level of Diencephalon and the Eye)

1) Diencephalon posterior subdivision of prosencephalon
- ventrally elongated
- w/ cavity (III Ventricle)
2) Infundibulum funnel-like evagination of diencephalic floor
- evaginates posterior/neural lobe of pituitary together w/ stomodeum
3) Mesencephalon middle region of brain
- dorsal to diencephalon
- bears 3rd and 4th cranial nerves
- has a cavity called cerebral aqueduct
4) Pituitary body / Hypophysis oval mass beneath infundibulums floor
- endocrine gland
- derived from infundibulum
- solid ingrowth from stomodeum
- disappears posteriorly (tip of notochord w/ parachordal cartilages will be seen instead)

5) Eye
a. Optic Cup
Retina thick inney layer; differentiates into:
Layer of Ganglion Cells innermost sublayer; axons here form the optic nerve
(optic chiasma part of diencephalon where optic nerves cross)
Layer of Bipolar Neurons middle layer; will synapse the receptor and the
ganglion cells
Rods & Cones outermost; where photoreceptoral process is formed
Pigmented Epithelium outer wall of optic cup; formed from medial half of optic
vesicle; forms iris

b. Lens spherical body; partly enclosed by optic cup; formed by thickenings of inner wall of
lens vesicle
Lens Epithelium single layer of cells; outer
Lens Fibers columnar cells @ core of lens; later becomes long fibers arranged
in layers
c. Cornea superficial eye covering
- formed by assembly of ectodermal and mesodermal cells between ectoderm and lens
d. Choroid & Sclera outer investments of optic cup; mesodermal cells aggregating outside
the pigmented epithelium

6) Pharynx (@ this level) broad gut; lined by endodermal cells

7) Hypobranchial Cartilages long masses of cartilages
- under the floor of foregut
- make up parts of the visceral skeleton
- support pharynx
8) Thyroid pair of small endocrine bodies
- associated w/ pharynx
- found beneath hypobranchial cartilages
9) Skeletal Muscle mesodermal masses
- @ lateral and ventral side of pharynx
- w/ cross-striations
10) Oral Suckers / Adhesive Glands pair glandular structures
- elongated columnar cells
- @ ventral surface
- produce sticky slime (for attachment to floating objects)

(TRANSVERSE SECTION Level of Myelencephalon and Auditory Vesicle)

1) Myelencephalon most posterior region of brain
- w/ thick floor (basal plates) & thin roof
- roof later becomes vascularized, forming the posterior choroids plexus
- cavity: IV Ventricle
2) Auditory Vesicle (AV) completely closed hollow organ
- found on each side of medulla
a. Endolymphatic Duct thick-walled tube between medulla and ear vesicle
- marks the course of invagination of auditory vesicle from ectoderm
b. Utriculus large, dorsal ear vesicle chamber
c. Semicircular Canals 3 mutually perpendicular folds of AV
- seen in older specimens
- w/ sensory epithelium (thickened horizontal canal)
d. Sacculus ill-defined ventral chamber of AV
- forms lagena in lower vertebrates
- gives rise to cochlea in higher verts
3) Auditory Capsule mesenchymal cells around AV
- form cartilaginous ear capsule surrounding and protecting inner ear
4) Auditory Ganglion mass of nerve cell
- on medial side of AV

5) Notochord round structure

- mesodermal in origin
- dorsal to gut, ventral to hindbrain
- defines anterior/posterior axis
- for skeletal support
- its mesenchymal cells give rise to notochordal sheath
6) Parachordals cartilages on both sides of notochord
7) Heart lightly coiled tube twisted to the right
a. Pericardial Cavity chamber enclosing heart
b. Conus Arteriosus / Bulbus Cordis most anterior part of heart that connects ventricle w/
the ventral aorta
c. Ventricle heart chamber w/ thick muscular wall
- connected to conus arteriosus
d. Atrium dorsal, thin-walled chamber
- receives blood from sinus venosus, delivers to ventricle
e. Sinus Venosus most posterior chamber
- lies on the right, anterior to liver
- receives venous blood, delivers to atrium
f.
-

Opercular Cavity / Gill Chamber paired chamber

continuous w/ gut
lies on each side of heart
contains internal gills w/ branchial blood vessels

g. Dorsal Aorta blood vessel above each gill chamber

h. Aortic Arches blood vessels w/in branchial arches

- encircling pharynx
- connect dorsal aorta w/ ventral aorta (aortic arches 3-6)

8) Ganglia
a. Facial Ganglion (VII) / Geniculate Ganglion large mass of nerve cell bodies anterior to
auditory ganglion
- acoustico-facialis ganglion (fused facial and auditory ganglia)
b. Trigeminal Ganglion (V) larger mass of nerve cell bodies
- anterior and dorsal to acoustic-facialis ganglion
c. Glossopharyngeal Ganglion (IX) mass of nerve cell bodies
- below each auditory vesicle
9) Operculum external wall of opercular cavity
10) Metencephalon anterior subdivision of rhombencephalon
- lies behind optic lobes, medial to V ganglion

(TRANSVERSE SECTION Level of Pronephros and 1st Spinal Ganglion)

1) Spinal Cord derived from posterior part of neural tube
2) Neural / Central Canal laterally compressed cavity (compressed by walls of spinal cord)
- ependymal cells that line this canal have cilia/pigment granules
3) Gray Matter inner layer of spinal cord
- close to ependymal
- compact mass of neuroblast and neuroglia
4) White Matter peripheral layer of spinal cord
- w/ axons of neurons in gray matter
5) Meninges membranous covering of CNS
- begins to form at this point
6) First Spinal Ganglia masses of nerve cell bodies
- ventrolateral to spinal cord
7) Myotomes thickened skeletal muscle primordial
- @ each side of notochord
- skeletal muscles fibers are arranged longitudinally
8) Pleuroperitoneal Cavity contain viscera except heart
- (pleaural cavity) lungs
- (peritoneal cavity) digestive organs, associated glands, kidney, reproductive organs
9) Esophagus tubular organ w/ folded mucosal lining
- below notochord
10) Dorsal Aorta paired (will fuse into a single blood vessel posteriorly)
- found between notochord and esophagus
11) Pronephros paired excretory organs
- arise from nephrotome
- @ ventrolateral part of body cavity
12) Pronephric Tubules ducts of pronephros
- lined by cuboidal epithelium
13) Posterior Cardinal Veins w/in pronephros
- Supplies pronephros w/ blood
14) Nephrostome opening of pronephric tubules into the coelom

15) Nephric Duct lone; @ most caudal section of pronephros

- eventually joins cloaca (where it empties its contents)
16) Glomus 2 triangular-shaped structures
- ventral to dorsal aorta, hanging down into the coelomic cavity
- tufts of small blood vessels
- functional components of pronephric kidney
- diffuse waste products into coelomic fluid
17) Stomach posterior continuation of esophagus
- w/ folded lining and thick muscular walls
- its glands result from evaginations of endodermal lining
18) Duodenum region of gut between pyloric end of stomach and intestine
- @ upper right corner of body cavity
19) Intestine posterior to duodenum; filled w/ abundant yolk platelets
20) Liver highly vascularized
- enlarged organ @ right of midline
- sinusoids (spaces in liver)
21) Gallbladder one-cell thick; large vesicle associated w/ liver
22) Bile Duct thick-walled tube; appears in place of gallbladder
23) Pancreas large organ w/in curvature of stomach
- @ right of liver and bile duct
- w/ nest of cells (alveoli) surrounding small ducts