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Introduction
In previous chapter we have learned about the motion of any particle along a straight line
2.Average velocity
Consider a particle moving along a curved path in x-y plane shown below in the figue
Suppose at any time,particle is at the point P and after some time 't' is at point Q where
points P and Q represents the position of particle at two different points.
If t is the time interval during which the particle moves from point P to Q along the
curved path then average velocity(vavg) of particle is the ratio of displacement and
corresponding time interval
Magnitude of r is always the straight line distance from P to Q regardless of any shape
of actual path taken by the particle.
Hence average velocity of particle from point P to Q in time interval t would be same
for any path taken by the particle.
3.Instantaneous velocity
We already know that instantaneous velocity is the velocity of the particle at any instant
of time or at any point of its path.
If we bring point Q more and more closer to point P and then calculate average velocity
over such a short displacement and time interval then
Thus, instantaneous velocity is the limiting value of average velocity as the time interval
aproaches zero.
As the point Q aproaches P, direction of vector r changes and aproaches to the direction
of the tangent to the path at point P. So instantaneous vector at any point is tangent to the
path at that point.
Thus, direction of instantaneous velocity v at any point is always tangent to the path of
particle at that point.
Like average velocity we can also express instantaneous velocity in component form
Thus, if expression for the co-ordinates x and y are known as function of time then we
can use equations derived above to find x and y components of velocity.
Suppose a particle moves from point P to point Q in x-y plane as shown below in the
figure
Suppose v1 is the velocity of the particle at point P and v2 is the velocity of particle at
point Q
Again if point Q aproaches point P, then limiting value of average acceleration as time
aproaches zero defines instantaneous acceleration or simply the acceleration of particle at
that point. Ths, instantaneous acceleration is
Instantaneous acceleration does not have same direction as that of velocity vector instead
it must lie on the concave side of the curved surface.
Thus velocity and acceleration vectors may have any angle between 0 to 180 degree
between them.
Motion in two dimension with constant acceleration we we know is the motion in which
velocity changes at a constant rate i.e, acceleration remains constant throughout the
motion
We should set up the kinematic equation of motion for particle moving with constant
acceleration in two dimensions.
Equation's for position and velocity vector can be found generalizing the equation for
position and velocity derived earliar while studying motion in one dimension
Thus velocity is given by equation
v=v0+at
(8)
where
v is velocity vector
v0 is Intial velocity vector
a is Instantanous acceleration vector
Similary position is given by the equation
r-r0=v0t+(1/2)at2
(9)
where r0 is Intial position vector
i,e
r0=x0i+y0j
and average velocity is given by the equation
vav=(1/2)(v+v0)
(10)
from above equation 11 and 12 ,we can see that for particle moving in (x-y) plane
although plane of motion can be treated as two seperate and simultanous 1-D motion with
constant acceleration
Similar result also hold true for motion in a three dimension plane (x-y-z)
6. Projectile Motion
Basic Concept
1. Projectile motion is a form of motion in which an object or particle (called a
projectile) is thrown with some initial velocity near the earth's surface, and it
moves along a curved path under the action of gravity alone.
2. It is an example of two dimensional motion with constant acceleration.
3. If
is constant then
is constant and when force is oblique direction with initial velocity , the result
is parabolic path.
In this section we will study the motion of projectile near the earth surface.
We would be neglecting the air resistance.
ax=0
and ax=0
x=v0xt
vx=v0x
and vy=v0ygt
y=v0y12gt2
(14a)
(14b)
(15b)
(15a)
0
.
v0 at an angle
v0x=v0cos0
v0y=v0sin0
(16a)
(16b)
Using these relations in equation 14 and 15 we find
x=(v0cos0)t
(17a)
y=(v0sin0)t-(1/2)gt2
(17b)
vx=v0cos0
(17c)
vy=v0sin0-gt
(17d)
Above equations describe the position and velocity of projectile as shown in fig 5 at any
time t.
(A)Equation of Path of projectile(Trajectory)
(18)
In equation (18),quantities 0,g and v0 are all constants and equation (18) can be
compared with the equation
y=ax-bx2
where a and b are constants
Time of flight of projectile which is the total time during which the projectile is
in flight can be obtained by putting y=0 because when projectile reaches
ground ,verical distance travelled is zero.This from equation (17b)
tf=2(v0sin0)/g
or
tf=2tm
(20)
When an object moves in a circular path at a constant speed then motion of the object is
called uniform circular motion.
In our every day life ,we came across many examples of circular motion for example cars
going round the circular track and many more .Also earth and other planets revolve
around the sun in a roughly circular orbits
Here in this section we will mainly consider the circular motion with constant speed
if the speed of motion is constant for a particle moving in a circular motion still the
particles accelerates becuase of costantly changing direction of the velocity.
Here in circular motion ,we use angular velocity in place of velocity we used while
studying linear motion
Consider an object moving in a circle with uniform velocity v as shown below in the
figure
The velocity v at any point of the motion is tangential to the circle at that point.Let the
particle moves from point A to point Balong the circumference of the circle .The distance
along the circumference from A to B is
s=R
(23)
Where R is the radius of the circle and is the angle moved in radian's
Magnitude of velocity is
v=ds/dt=Rd/dt
(24)
Since radius of the circle remains constant quantity,
=d/dt
(25)
is called the angular velocity defined as the rate of change of angle swept by radius with
time.
Thus for a particle moving ain circular motion ,velocity is directly proportional to radius
for a given angular velocity
For uniform circular motion i.e, for motion with constant angular velocity the motion
would be periodic which means particle passes through each point of circle at equal
intervals of time
If angular velocity is constant then integrating equation (25) with in limits 0 to ,we
find
where 0 is the angular position at time t0 and is the angular position at time t .The
above equation is similar to rectilinear motion result x-x0=v(t-t0)
(B) Angular acceleration
or
=0+(t-t0)
(30)
where 0 is the angular velocity at time t0
Again since
=d/dt
or d=dt then from equation 30
If in the begining t0=0 and 0=0 the angular position at any time t is given by
=t+(1/2)t2
This result is of the form similar to what we find in case of uniformly accelerated motion
while studying rectilinear motion
In this topic ,we will generalize our previous knowlegde of motion in 1 and 2 -dimension
to three dimension's
As we have used vectors to represent motion in a plane,we can freely use vectors and its
properties in 3-dimension as we have done in case of motion in a plane
In three dimensions ,we have three units vectors i ,j and k associated with each coordinate axis of cartesian co-ordinates system shown below in the figure
Consider a particle moving in 3-D space .Let P be its position at any point t.Position
vector of this particle at point P would be
r=xi+yj+zk
Where x,y and z are co-ordinates of point P
Similarly velocity and acceleration vectors of particle moving in 3-D space are
v=vxi+vyj+vzk where vx=dx/dt,vy=dy/dt and vz=dz/dt
and
a=vxi+ayj+azk
where ax=dvx/dt,ay=dvy/dt and az=dvz/dt
All the relations we have derived incase of motion in plane are valid for 3-D motion with
one added co-ordinate