Chapter 37

1.

For plants to function normally, two kinds of internal transport are essential. One of them
involves water and minerals, and the other involves _____________ and hormones.

2.

Water passes up through a plant along a gradient of increasingly __________ water

potential.

3.

More than 90% of the water taken in by the roots of a plant is lost through the process of
_______.

4.

Stomata open when their guard cells become ___________, taking in additional water.

5.

There are two components to water potential: __________ forces, and the concentration of
solute in each solution.

6.

Dissolved carbohydrates flow from a source to an area called a(n) __________, where they
are used.

7.

The movement of water into the plant and up the xylem despite the absence of transpiration
is due to _________.

8.

The ________ in a root forces water to move through the cells rather than around them.

9.

Turgor pressure results as water enters a cells _________.

10.

Most minerals needed by a plant enter the roots through ______ transport.

11.

The distribution of carbohydrates manufactured in leaves through the phloem to the rest of
the plant is called ________.

12.

Signals from a plants external _________ can result in the rapid transport of hormones
through the phloem.

13.

Turgor pressure is also referred to as _____________ potential.

14.

__________, small openings on the above-water portions of mangrove roots allow oxygen
to enter the plant.

15.

The process by which water is pulled up through the xylem columns of plants and lost
through leaves is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

root pressure
transpiration
osmosis
adhesion of water molecules
cohesion of water molecules

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16.

The most important ion in controlling the movement of water into and out of the guard
cells is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

17.

Water is able to cross plant plasma membranes by a combination of

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

18.

trichomes
crypts
aerenchymas
pneumatophores
lenticels

Plants that endure frequent flooding events have adapted by forming a loose parenchymal
tissue with large air spaces in it. This tissue is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

21.

closing of the petioles on the leaves

closing of the stele in the roots
closing of the stomates in the leaves
opening of the stomates in the leaves to allow more carbon dioxide to enter
opening the casparian strips in the roots

Mangrove plants live in areas regularly flooded with salt water. In order to control their salt
balance, mangroves have special roots that emerge above the mud. These roots are called
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

20.

osmosis and aquaporins

evaporation and diffusion
root pressure and turgidity
diffusion and phloem
transpiration and casparian strips

On a short-term basis, water loss in plants may be controlled by the

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

19.

sodium
hydrogen
carbon
nitrogen
potassium

xylem
lenchyma
pneumatophores
aerenchyma
epidermal tissue

Even in the absence of transpiration, water can move into a plant and up the xylem
columns. This phenomenon is due to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

flooding
stomatal opening
root pressure
proton strips
phloem activation

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22.

Which of the following statements does not apply to aquaporins?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

23.

Which of the following statements about transport through phloem is true?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

24.

water potential
pressure potential
solute potential
transpiration potential
root pressure potential

Water moves through a plant by which of the following methods?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

27.

minerals and water from the ground

carbohydrates made in the leaves
hormones and minerals through the xylem
a, b, and c
only a and b

In plants, the smallest amount of pressure needed to stop fluid movement by osmosis is
called
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

26.

it only occurs in the roots of plants

it is aided by root pressure
it is bidirectional
it allows water to move from leaves to roots
it carries dissolved minerals

Which of the following are transported within the plant?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

25.

They are water transport channels.

They are unique to plant cells.
They occur on the plasma membrane.
They speed up osmosis.
They do not alter the direction of water movement.

through plasmodesmata
through plasma membranes
through spaces between cell protoplasts
only a and c
a, b, and c

The movement of water through the plant depends on

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

osmotic absorption by the roots

aquaporins on cell walls
negative pressures created by transpiration
only a and c
a, b, and c

152

28.

Most of the water that escapes from leaves passes out through the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

29.

Most of the water absorbed by the plant enters through the

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

30.

electron pumps
carbohydrate pumps
water pumps
proton pumps
root pumps

Tissues in the root hairs that control which ions reach the xylem include
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

33.

expenditure of energy
a reduction of turgor in the guard cells
water entering guard cells by osmosis
a water potential in the guard cells
pumping of potassium ions into the guard cells

The plasma membranes of root hair cells contain a variety of protein transport channels
through which specific ions are transported, even against large concentration gradients, by
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

32.

root epidermal meristem

root cap
root hairs
stomata
xylem vessels

Stomata opening requires each of the following conditions, except

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

31.

cuticle
ends of xylem vessels
epidermal protoplasts
spaces between epidermal spaces
stomata

endodermis
cortex
epidermis
only a and b
a, b, and c

Which of the following statements about root pressure are true?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

It often occurs at night.

It causes active accumulation of ions in the roots.
It occurs when transpiration from the leaves is very low or absent.
a, b, and c
only a and b

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34.

Which of the following actions occurs in many plants when CO2 concentrations are high?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

35.

Photosynthesis can occur only if the stomata were open to allow the entry of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

36.

gibberellic acid
auxin
indoleacetic acid
ethylene
abscisic acid

To maintain guard cell turgor, which of the following must occur?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

39.

increased CO2 levels

a reduced production of aerenchyma
oxygen deprivation
loss of stomata
harmful root pressure

Which of the following plant hormones plays a primary role in allowing K+ to pass rapidly
out of guard cells?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

38.

O2
CO2
water
carbohydrates
all of the above

Plants living in standing water often face which of the following problems?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

37.

guard cells lose turgor, and their stomata close

water evaporates at a higher rate than usual
CAM photosynthesis fixes CO2 at night
oxygen is used by plants for photosynthesis
calcium ions are transported through the phloem

potassium ions are pumped out

energy is constantly expended
water exits by osmosis
stomata take up oxygen
all of the above

Mechanisms that evolved in plants to regulate the rate of water loss include
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

remaining dormant during dry times of the year

losing leaves
producing leaves that are thick and hard
containing stomata in crypts or pits
all of the above

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40.

The potential caused by an uneven distribution of a solute on either side of a membrane

will result in
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

41.

Which of the following essential ions is not transported elsewhere once it has been
deposited in plant parts?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

42.

accumulation of ions
transport against concentration gradient
transport of sucrose and other carbohydrates through sieve tubes
the loading and unloading of carbohydrates from the sieve tubes
all of the above require energy to be expended

The level of which of the following hormones increases when plants are flooded?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

45.

transpiration
translocation
osmosis
receptor-mediated transport
turgor pressure

Which of the following does not require expenditure of energy?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

44.

sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
chloride

Most carbohydrates manufactured in leaves and other green parts are distributed through
the phloem to the rest of the plant by a process known as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

43.

an increase in oxygen deprivation

proton pumping
root pressure
osmosis
stomatal closing

gibberellin
auxin
ethylene
cytokinin
only a and d

Plants adapt to flooding conditions by

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

formation of aerenchyma
forming larger lenticels
forming additional adventitious roots
a and b
a, b, and c

155

46.

The process of moving water through a plant by evaporation works because water
molecules stick to each other with
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

47.

Which of the following equations represents the water potential of a plant?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

48.

a2 + b2 = c2
s = p +
p = + s
= p + s
E = mc2

Pure water without applied pressure has a water potential of

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

49.

turgor pressure
osmosis
water potential
adhesion
hydrogen bonds

infinity
zero
1.6
98.6
water potential is not affected by applied pressure

Water molecules can stick to xylem vessel walls by

A. adhesion
B. cohesion
C. root pressure
D. water pressure
E. pneumatophores

50.

When mineral ions pass between the cell walls in a root, they do so
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

51.

selectively
by going around the endodermal cells
only if the roots are not turgid
non-selectively
only a and c

Water may be lost in liquid form at the edges of the leaves of herbaceous plants through a
process known as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

guttation
cohesion
phloem loading
mesophyll adhesion
aeration

156

52.

The mass-flow hypothesis describes

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

53.

how hormones move through the phloem

how carbohydrates enter the sieve tubes
how carbohydrates in solution move through the phloem
how water and minerals move through the xylem
how carbohydrates and minerals move through the xylem

Match each of the following.

_____A. Pore in plasma membrane that allows water
movement.
_____B. Allows K+ to pass rapidly out of guard cells.
_____C. Pore in leaf that regulates gas exchange.
_____D. Regulates movement of mineral ions into root
xylem.
_____E. Increases humidity at leaf surface.

157

1. stomate
2. aquaporin
3. endodermis
4. abscisic acid
5. trichome

Answer Key
No. on Correct
Test
Answer
1
sugars (or carbohydrates)
2
negative
3
transpiration
4
turgid
5
physical
6
sink
7
root pressure
8
casparian strip
9
vacuole
10
active
11
translocation
12
environment
13
pressure
14
lenticels
15
B
16
E
17
A
18
C
19
D
20
D
21
C
22
B
23
C
24
E
25
C
26
E
27
D
28
E
29
C
30
B
31
D
32
E
33
D
34
A
35
B
36
C
37
E
38
B
39
E
40
D
41
C
42
B
158

43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53

C
C
E
E
D
B
A
D
A
C
1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B, 5-E

159