Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LOGIC
Dr Chandra
Logic
Terminology
Definition
Logic is the study of arguments.
An argument is a sequence of statements in which one intended as a conclusion and the others, the premises, are intended
to prove or at least provide some evidence for the conclusion.
Example
Logic
Example*
Logic
Logic
Logic
Simple statement
Is a single sentence that does not contain any other statement as a
part.
Lower - case letters such as p, q, r . . . as symbols for simple
statements.
Example*
Logic
Compound statement
Is a sentence with two or more simple statements as parts or what
we call components.
Example*
Logic
Connectives*
Definition
An operator (or connective) joins simple statements into compound
statement.
Logic
Conjunction.*
Negation.*
Logic
Inclusive disjunction. *
Exclusive disjunction. *
Logic
Conditional. *
Biconditional. *
Logic
Example*
Logic
Truth table
Definition
A truth table is a complete list of the possible truth values of a
statement.
T for True and F for False.
One proposition*
Logic
Two propositions*
Logic
Three propositions*
Logic
Logic
q
T
F
T
F
pq
(p q) p
qp
Logic
( q p) [(p q) p]
Tautology
If the statement is always TRUE, then this is called a tautology.
Example*: Show that the proposition (p q) p is a
tautology.
Logic
Contradiction
If the statement is always FALSE, then this is called a contradiction.
Example*: Show that the proposition (p q) (p q) is a
contradiction.
Logic
Logical equivalence
If two propositions p and q have the same truth values in every
possible case, the propositions are called logically equivalent.
This relationship is denoted by p q.
Example*: Show that the proposition (p q) p q.
Logic
Converse *
pq
converse
Contrapositive *
pq
contrapositive
Inverse *
pq
inverse
Mathematics for Management:
Logic
contrapositive *
inverse *
Logic
q
T
F
T
F
pq
qp
Logic
q p
p q
Validity of argument
Definition
A sequence of steps that prove or disprove a statement.
Five steps:
1. Understand the situation.
2. Denote propositions or statements as logical symbols.
3. Write all the mathematical symbols by following the sequence.
4. Construct the truth table.
5. Determine the validity of arguments.
Logic
Logic
Logic
Logic
Logic
Logic
Logic
Logic
Logic
Logic
Logic
Logic
Logic