Scilab textbook companion for digital principals and applications

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Digital Principals And Applications

by D. P. Leach And A. P. Malvino1
Created by
Kapu Venkat Sayeesh
B.Tech (pursuing)
Electronics Engineering
NIT, Warangal
College Teacher
S.K.L.V Sai Prakash
Cross-Checked by
Giridharan, IITB
May 16, 2016
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Digital Principals And Applications
Author: D. P. Leach And A. P. Malvino
Publisher: Tata McGraw - Hill, New Delhi
Edition: 6
Year: 2006
ISBN: 0-07-060175-5
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 Digital Principles
2 Digital Logic
3 Combinational Logic Circuits
25
4 Data processing circuits
43
5 Number Systems and Codes
52
6 Arithmetic Circuits
66
7 Clocks and Timing Circuits
90
8 Flip Flops
105
9 Registers
114
10 Counters
122
11 Design of Sequential Circuit
138
12 D to A Conversion and A to D conversion
145
13 Memory
151
14 Digital Integrated circuits
153
15 Applications
156
16 A Simple Computer Design
161
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
4.1
Finding duty cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maximum decimal count for a counter . .
7404 waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7404 waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
truth table for given figure . . . . . . . .
truth table for given figure . . . . . . . .
proving two circuits are logically equal . .
truth table for NOR NOR circuit . . . . .
timing diagram for NOR NOR . . . . . .
proving two circuits are logically equal . .
truth table for NAND NAND circuit . . .
timing diagram for NAND NAND circuit
detecting all bits low in a register . . . . .
Boolean Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boolean Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Testing a circuit using logic clip . . . . . .
Sum of Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boolean Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gives a simplified Boolean equation . . .
simplest logic for given Truth table . . . .
simplest logic for given logic equation . .
Product of sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sop for the karnaugh map . . . . . . . . .
POS form of karnaugh map . . . . . . . .
POS form of karnaugh map . . . . . . . .
Quine Mc clusky method . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 to 1 mux using 2 to 1 mux . . . . . . .
5
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6
6
7
9
12
12
13
14
14
18
19
19
23
25
25
26
27
28
29
29
30
30
32
32
33
33
37
43
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.12
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
Realizing boolean equation using 8 to 1 mux . . . . .

32 t0 1 mux using 16 to 1 and 2 to 1 muxes . . . . . .
74154 IC y12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
realizing boolean equation using 3 to 8 decoder . . . .
current in LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
which LED lights up for given input conditions . . . .
output of 74147 when button 6 is pressed . . . . . . .
priority encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Binary to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Binary to decimal conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
decimal equivalent of 2 Mb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Decimal to binary conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Binary number having all ones . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Decimal to binary conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
binary to hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hexadecimal to decimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
decimal to hexadecimal and binary . . . . . . . . . . .
8bit binary adder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 bit binary adder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
first generation microcomputers addition . . . . . . . .
binary subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
adding 8 bit unsigned numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
subtraction of unsigned numbers . . . . . . . . . . . .
overflow case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2s compliment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2s compliment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2s compliment subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
final carry in a CLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
clock cycle time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
maximum clock frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
frequency limits of the clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Schmitt trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
frequency of oscillation for 555 timer . . . . . . . . . .
finding Ra and C in 555 timer circuit . . . . . . . . . .
output pulse width for the timer . . . . . . . . . . . .
value of C necessary to change pulse width to given values
6
43
46
46
47
48
48
49
50
52
54
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
66
68
69
71
73
76
78
80
83
85
88
90
90
91
93
94
94
95
96
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
7.9
7.10
7.11
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.9
8.10
8.12
8.13
9.1
9.2
9.4
9.5
9.8
9.9
10.1
10.2
10.3
Exa 10.5
Exa 10.6
Exa 10.7
Exa 10.8
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
10.9
10.10
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
11.1
11.2
11.5
monostable multivibrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
finding timing capacitor values . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RS flipflop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
positive edge triggred RS flip flop . . . . . . . . . . . .
negative edge triggred RS flip flop . . . . . . . . . . .
T flip flop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
JK master slave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fictitious flip flop excitation table . . . . . . . . . . . .
state transition diagram for given circuit . . . . . . . .
D flip flop to RS flip flop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
shift register serial input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
shift register serial input and output graph . . . . . .
54164 shift register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54164 shift register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74ls174 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7495A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ripple counter clock frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
number of flip flops required to construct a counter . .
Output waveforms for a 7493A connected as a mod 16
counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Expression for AND gate connected to the leg of OR
gate that drives clock input to flip flop Qd in 74193 . .
Expression for 4 input AND gate connected to the leg
of OR gate that conditions the J and K inputs to the
Qd flip flop in a 74191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
number of flip flops required to construct a counter . .
what modulus counters can be constructed with given
number of flip flops e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mod 6 counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Expression for a gate to decode count 8 in a 7492A . .
mod 12 counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 bit binary counter presettable . . . . . . . . . . . . .
self correcting modulo 6 counter . . . . . . . . . . . .
sequence generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
synchronous sequential logic circuit . . . . . . . . . . .
vending machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reducing state transition diagrams . . . . . . . . . . .
7
96
100
103
105
106
106
107
107
110
112
113
114
115
120
120
121
121
122
122
124
126
127
127
128
128
132
132
133
135
137
138
140
141
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
11.6
11.7
11.8
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.13
13.2
13.3
asynchronous sequential circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . .

asynchronous sequential circuit problem in operation .
asynchronous sequential circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . .
binary equivalent weight of each bit in a 4bit system .
5 bit resistive divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 bit ladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 bit ladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 bit ladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 bit ladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DAC0808 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
resolution of 9 bit D to A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
counter type A to D converter . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 bit A to D converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
structure of binary address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
decimal and hexadecimal address for the given binary
address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 14.1 diode forward or reverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 14.2 Diode current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 14.3 current in the given circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 14.4 n channel MOSFET inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 15.1 Timing of a six digit display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 15.4 Basic frequency counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 15.5 4 decimal digit frequency counter . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 15.6 instrument to measure time period . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 15.9 ADC0804 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 15.10 ADC3511 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 15.11 ADC3511 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 15.12 ADD3501 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 16.1 size of PC IR ACC MAR MDR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 16.6 Number of clock cycles needed to execute a program .
AP 1
3-variable kmap(abx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AP 2
returns number of 1s in a matrix . . . . . . . . . . . .
AP 3
returns number of 0s in a matrix . . . . . . . . . . . .
AP 4
4-variable kmap with dont cares . . . . . . . . . . . .
AP 5
number of zeros and ones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AP 6
3-variable kmap(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AP 7
2-variable kmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
142
143
144
145
146
146
147
147
148
148
149
149
149
150
151
151
153
154
154
155
156
157
157
158
158
159
160
160
161
162
163
167
168
168
176
176
181
AP
AP
AP
AP
8
9
10
11
3-variable
4-variable
4-variable
4-variable
kmap . . . .
kmap(sx1x2)
kmap . . . .
kmap pos . .
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182
187
194
202
List of Figures
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
7404 waveform
7404 waveform
timing diagram
timing diagram
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
for NOR NOR . .
for NAND NAND
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8
10
15
20
3.1
Dynamic hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Schmitt trigger . . . . .
monostable multivibrator
monostable multivibrator
74123 . . . . . . . . . . .
74123 . . . . . . . . . . .
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92
97
98
100
101
8.1
JK master slave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
108
9.1
shift register serial input and output graph . . . . . . . . . .
116
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10.1 Output waveforms for a 7493A connected as a mod 16 counter 123

10.2 mod 6 counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
10
Chapter 1
Digital Principles
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Finding duty cycle

// Example 1 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
f = 5 * 10^6 ; // g i v e n
T =1/ f ; // c a c u l a t i n g t h e t i m e p e r i o d .
H = 0.05 * 10^ -6 / T ;
printf ( Time p e r i o d o f t h e waveform i s T = %f u s \n ,
T ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t s
8 printf ( Duty c y c l e H = %f %% ,H *100) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Maximum decimal count for a counter

1 // Example 1 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 n =8; // g i v e n no o f f l i p f l o p s
5 max_count = 2^ n -1 ;
6 printf ( Maximum c o u n t = %d , max_count ) ;
11
Chapter 2
Digital Logic
Scilab code Exa 2.1 7404 waveform

1 // e x m a p l e 2 . 1
2 // 7 4 0 4
3 clc
4 close
5 clear
6 // f r q= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e s q u a r e wave f r e q u e n c y i n KHz
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
: ) ;
frq =1 ; // f r e q u e n c y i n KHz
t =(1/ frq ) *100;
t = round ( t )
for r =1: t *10
inputc ( r ) =0;
outputc ( r ) =0;
end
p =1;
while p < t *10
to plot the curve
if p ==1 | modulo (p , t ) ==0 then
for k =1: t /2
12
// making a r r a y s
Figure 2.1: 7404 waveform
13
18
inputc ( p + k ) =0;
19
outputc ( p + k ) =1;
20
end
21
p = p + t /2;
22
else
23
inputc ( p ) =1;
24
outputc ( p ) =0;
25
p = p +1;
26
end
27 end
28 y =[3 3];
29 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
// p l o t i n g t h e c u r v e s
30 title ( i n p u t a t p i n 1 )
31 xlabel ( Time X 10 5 s e c o n d s ) ;
32 ylabel ( Magnitude )
33 plot ( inputc )
34 plot ( y )
35 subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
36 title ( o u t p u t a t p i n 2 )
37 xlabel ( Time X 10 5 s e c o n d s ) ;
38 ylabel ( Magnitude )
39 plot ( outputc )
40 plot ( y )
Scilab code Exa 2.2 7404 waveform

1 // e x m a p l e 2 . 2
2 // 7 4 0 4
3 clc
4 close
5 clear
6 // f r q= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e s q u a r e wave f r e q u e n c y i n KHz
: ) ;
14
Figure 2.2: 7404 waveform
15
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
frq =0.5 ; //KHz

t =(1/ frq ) *100;
t = round ( t )
for r =1: t *10
inputc ( r ) =0;
outputc ( r ) =0;
end
p =1;
while p < t *10
making a r r a y s t p l o t t h e c u r v e
for k =1: t /2
inputc ( p + k ) =0;
outputc ( p + k ) =1;
end
p = p + t /2;
else
inputc ( p ) =1;
outputc ( p ) =0;
p = p +1;
end
end
y =[3 3];
subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
// p l o t i n g t h e g r a p h s
title ( i n p u t a t p i n 1 )
xlabel ( Time X 10 5 s e c o n d s ) ;
ylabel ( Magnitude )
plot ( inputc )
plot ( y )
subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
title ( o u t p u t a t p i n 2 )
xlabel ( Time X 10 5 s e c o n d s ) ;
ylabel ( Magnitude )
plot ( outputc )
plot ( y )
16
//
Scilab code Exa 2.3 truth table for given figure

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// exmple 2 . 3
clc
clear
close
a =[0 0 1 1];
b =[0 1 0 1];
for i =1:4
r ( i ) = bitor ( bitcmp ( a ( i ) ,1) , bitcmp ( b ( i ) ,1) )
// g i v e n e x p r e s s i o n
end
disp (
A
B
Y)
for i = 1 : 4
Y (i ,1) = a ( i ) ;
Y (i ,2) = b ( i ) ;
Y (i ,3) = r ( i ) ;
end
disp ( Y ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t r u t h t a b l e
disp ( 1 r e p r e s e n t s a HIGH(H) and 0
r e p r e s e n t s a LOW( L ) )
Scilab code Exa 2.4 truth table for given figure

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// exmple 2 . 4
clear
clc
a =[0 0 1 1];
b =[0 1 0 1];
for i =1:4
r ( i ) = bitand ( bitcmp ( a ( i ) ,1) , bitcmp ( b ( i ) ,1) ) //
given expression
17
8 end
9 disp (
A
B
Y)
10 for i = 1 : 4
11
Y (i ,1) = a ( i ) ;
12
Y (i ,2) = b ( i ) ;
13
Y (i ,3) = r ( i ) ;
14
end
15 disp ( Y ) ;
// d i s p l a y i n g t r u t h t a b l e
16 disp ( 1 r e p r e s e n t s a HIGH(H) and
r e p r e s e n t s a LOW( L ) )
Scilab code Exa 2.9 proving two circuits are logically equal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
// Example 2 . 9
clc
clear
close
a =[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
b =[0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
c =[0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
d =[0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
for i =1:16
// f i n d i n g
x = bitor ( a ( i ) ,b ( i ) ) ;
y = bitor ( c ( i ) ,d ( i ) ) ;
r ( i ) = bitand (x , y ) ;
x1 = bitcmp (x ,1) ;
y1 = bitcmp (y ,1) ;
z = bitor ( x1 , y1 ) ;
r1 ( i ) = bitcmp (z ,1) ;
end
disp (
Y
Y1 ) ;
for i = 1 : 16
Y (i ,1) = r1 ( i ) ;
Y (i ,2) = r ( i ) ;
end
1
1
0
0
Y
18
1 1
1 1
0 1
1 0
for
1];
1];
1];
1];
a l l 16 c a s e s
23
24
disp ( Y ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t
disp ( Both a r e l o g i c a l l y e q u i v a l e n t ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.10 truth table for NOR NOR circuit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
// exmple 2 . 1 0
clc
clear
a =[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
b =[0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
c =[0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
d =[0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
for i =1:16
x = bitor ( a ( i ) ,b ( i ) ) ;
y = bitor ( c ( i ) ,d ( i ) ) ;
r ( i ) = bitand (x , y ) ;
end
disp ( Truth t a b l e : ) ;
disp (
A
B
C
D
for i = 1 : 16 // d i s p l a y i n g
Y (i ,1) = a ( i ) ;
Y (i ,2) = b ( i ) ;
Y (i ,3) = c ( i ) ;
Y (i ,4) = d ( i ) ;
Y (i ,5) = r ( i ) ;
end
disp ( Y ) ;
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1];
1];
1];
1];
Y)
truth table
Scilab code Exa 2.11 timing diagram for NOR NOR

1
// exmple 2 . 1 1
19
Figure 2.3: timing diagram for NOR NOR

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc
clear
close
a =[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b =[0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
c =[0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
d =[0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
for i =1:16
x = bitor ( a ( i ) ,b ( i ) ) ;
y = bitor ( c ( i ) ,d ( i ) ) ;
r ( i ) = bitand (x , y ) ;
end
Y=r
ap =1;
bp =1;
cp =1;
dp =1; Yp =1;
for i =1:16
// Making a r r a y t o
20
1];
1];
1];
1];
plot the timing
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
diagram
if a ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
a1 ( ap ) =1;
ap = ap +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
a1 ( ap ) =0;
ap = ap +1;
end
end
if b ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
b1 ( bp ) =1;
bp = bp +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
b1 ( bp ) =0;
bp = bp +1;
end
end
if c ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
c1 ( cp ) =1;
cp = cp +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
c1 ( cp ) =0;
cp = cp +1;
end
end
if d ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
d1 ( dp ) =1;
21
57
dp = dp +1;
58
end
59
else
60
for o =1:100
61
d1 ( dp ) =0;
62
dp = dp +1;
63
end
64
end
65 if Y ( i ) ==1 then
66
for o =1:100
67
Y1 ( Yp ) =1;
68
Yp = Yp +1;
69
end
70
else
71
for o =1:100
72
Y1 ( Yp ) =0;
73
Yp = Yp +1;
74
end
75
end
76 end
77 z =[2 2];
78 subplot (5 ,1 ,1) ;
// p l o t t i n g
79 title ( Timing Diagrm ) ;
80 plot ( z ) ;
81 plot ( a1 ) ;
82 ylabel ( A ) ;
83 subplot (5 ,1 ,2) ;
84 plot ( z ) ;
85 ylabel ( B ) ;
86 plot ( b1 ) ;
87 subplot (5 ,1 ,3) ;
88 plot ( z ) ;
89 ylabel ( C ) ;
90 plot ( c1 ) ;
91 subplot (5 ,1 ,4) ;
92 plot ( z ) ;
93 ylabel ( D ) ;
94 plot ( d1 ) ;
22
timing diagram
95
96
97
98
99
subplot (5 ,1 ,5) ;
plot ( z ) ;
ylabel ( Y ) ;
xlabel ( Time i n m i l l i s e c o n d s ) ;
plot ( Y1 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.12 proving two circuits are logically equal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
// Example 2 . 1 2
clc
clear
a =[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1];
b =[0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1];
c =[0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1];
d =[0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1];
for i =1:16 // f i n d i n g Y and y1 f o r a l l p o s s i b l e i n p t
cases
x = bitand ( a ( i ) ,b ( i ) ) ;
y = bitand ( c ( i ) ,d ( i ) ) ;
r ( i ) = bitor (x , y ) ;
x1 = bitcmp (x ,1) ;
y1 = bitcmp (y ,1) ;
z = bitand ( x1 , y1 ) ;
r1 ( i ) = bitcmp (z ,1) ;
end
disp (
Y
Y1 ) ;
for i = 1 : 16 // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t
Y (i ,1) = r ( i ) ;
Y (i ,2) = r1 ( i ) ;
end
disp ( Y ) ;
disp ( Both a r e l o g i c a l l y e q u i v a l e n t ) ;
23
Scilab code Exa 2.13 truth table for NAND NAND circuit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
// exmple 2 . 1 3
//NAND NAND
clc
clear
close
a =[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
b =[0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
c =[0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
d =[0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
for i =1:16
x = bitand ( a ( i ) ,b ( i ) ) ;
y = bitand ( c ( i ) ,d ( i ) ) ;
r ( i ) = bitor (x , y ) ;
end
disp ( Truth t a b l e : ) ;
disp (
A
B
C
D
for i = 1 : 16
// d i s p l a y i n g
Y (i ,1) = a ( i ) ;
Y (i ,2) = b ( i ) ;
Y (i ,3) = c ( i ) ;
Y (i ,4) = d ( i ) ;
Y (i ,5) = r ( i ) ;
end
disp ( Y ) ;
1
1
1
0
1];
1];
1];
1];
Y)
the truth t a b l e
Scilab code Exa 2.14 timing diagram for NAND NAND circuit
1 // exmple 2 . 1 4
2 clc
3 clear
4 close
24
Figure 2.4: timing diagram for NAND NAND circuit
25
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
a =[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b =[0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
c =[0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
d =[0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
for i =1:16
x = bitand ( a ( i ) ,b ( i ) ) ;
y = bitand ( c ( i ) ,d ( i ) ) ;
r ( i ) = bitor (x , y ) ;
end
Y=r
ap =1;
bp =1;
cp =1;
dp =1; Yp =1;
for i =1:16
// Making a r r a y s t o
diagram
if a ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
a1 ( ap ) =1;
ap = ap +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
a1 ( ap ) =0;
ap = ap +1;
end
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31 end
32 if b ( i ) ==1 then
33
for o =1:100
34
b1 ( bp ) =1;
35
bp = bp +1;
36
// z ( bp ) =3
37
end
38
else
39
for o =1:100
40
b1 ( bp ) =0;
41
bp = bp +1;
26
1];
1];
1];
1];
plot the timing
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
// z ( bp ) =3
end
end
if c ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
c1 ( cp ) =1;
cp = cp +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
c1 ( cp ) =0;
cp = cp +1;
end
end
if d ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
d1 ( dp ) =1;
dp = dp +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
d1 ( dp ) =0;
dp = dp +1;
end
end
if Y ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
Y1 ( Yp ) =1;
Yp = Yp +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
Y1 ( Yp ) =0;
Yp = Yp +1;
end
27
80
81
end
82
83 end
84 z =[2 2];
85 subplot (5 ,1 ,1) ;
// p l o t t i n g t i m i n g d i a g r a m
86 title ( Timing Diagrm ) ;
87 plot ( z ) ;
88 plot ( a1 ) ;
89 ylabel ( A ) ;
90 subplot (5 ,1 ,2) ;
91 plot ( z ) ;
92 ylabel ( B ) ;
93 plot ( b1 ) ;
94 subplot (5 ,1 ,3) ;
95 plot ( z ) ;
96 ylabel ( C ) ;
97 plot ( c1 ) ;
98 subplot (5 ,1 ,4) ;
99 plot ( z ) ;
100 ylabel ( D ) ;
101 plot ( d1 ) ;
102 subplot (5 ,1 ,5) ;
103 plot ( z ) ;
104 ylabel ( Y ) ;
105 xlabel ( Time i n m i l l i s e c o n d s ) ;
106 plot ( Y1 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.15 detecting all bits low in a register

1 // e x a m p l e 2 . 1 5
2 clc
3 clear
4 s =0; // s from t h e r e g i s t e r
5 s (1) = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e a t S0 : )
28
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
s (2) = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e a t
count =0;
for i =1 :8 // l o o p t o d e t e c t a
if s ( i ) ==1 then
disp ( ZERO i s LOW ) ;
break ;
end
count = count +1;
end
if count ==8 then
disp ( ZERO i s HIGH ) ;
end ;
29
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
1
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Chapter 3
Combinational Logic Circuits
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Boolean Algebra

1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( we can m i n i m i z e t h e g i v e n e q u a t i o n a s : ) ;
5 disp ( Y = AB + AB = A(B + B) ) ;
6 disp ( T h e r e f o r e ,
Y = A( 1 ) = A ) ;
7 disp ( t h i s s a y s t h a t o u t p u t Y e q u a l s t o A, s o a l l we
hve t o do i s c o n n e c t a w i r e b e t w e e n i n p u t A and
output Y. );

1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 2
2
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 disp ( M u l t i p l t h e
f a c t o r s of the f o r e g o i n g equation
to g e t );
30
disp ( Y = A A + A B + BA +BB ) ;
disp ( i t becomes ,
Y = A B + AB + B ) ;
disp ( We can f a c t o r t h e f o r e g o o i n g e q u a t i o n a s
f o l l o w s : );
9 disp ( Y = B(A + A) + B = B + B = B ) ;
10 disp ( t h i s s a y s t h a t o u t p u t Y e q u a l s t o B , s o a l l we
have t o do i s c o n n e c t a w i r e b e t w e e n i n p u t B and
output Y. );
6
7
8
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Testing a circuit using logic clip

1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // d i s p ( E n t e r t h e i n p u t s f o r AND g a t e ) ;
5 // f o r i =1:7
6 // p r i n t f ( E n t e r w e t h e r t h e l e d %d i s on o r
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
o f f (1 or
0) : , i ) ;
// a ( i )=i n p u t ( ) ;
// end ;
// d i s p ( E n t e r t h e i n p u t s f o r OR g a t e )
// f o r i =1:7
// p r i n t f ( E n t e r w e t h e r t h e l e d %d i s on o r o f f ( 1 o r
0) : , i ) ;
// b ( i )=i n p u t ( ) ;
// end ;
a = [0 1 0 1 1 0 0]; // l i g h t s on a l o g i c c l i p
b = [0 0 0 0 1 1 0];
k = bitand ( a (1) ,a (2) ) ;
k2 = bitand ( a (4) ,a (5) ) ;
k3 = bitor ( b (1) ,b (2) ) ;
k4 = bitor ( b (4) ,b (5) ) ;
if a (3) ~= k then // c h e c k i n g which g a t e i s f a u l t y
disp ( The f i r s t AND g a t e i s d i f f e c t i v e ) ;
elseif a (6) ~= k2 then
31
23
disp ( The s e c o n d AND g a t e i s d i f f e c t i v e ) ;
24
elseif b (3) ~= k3 then
25
disp ( The f i r s t OR g a t e i s d i f f e c t i v e ) ;
26 elseif
b (6) ~= k4 then
27
disp ( The s e c o n d OR g a t e i s d i f f e c t i v e ) ;
28
else
29
disp ( A l l t h e g a t e s a r e w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y ) ;
30 end
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Sum of Products

1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( Given t h e t r u t h
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
t a b l e has high output f o r

f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t o n s : );
a =[0 0 0 ; 0 1 0 ; 1 0 0 ; 1 1 0 ] // g i v e n i p u t
c o n d i t i o n s f o r which o u t p u t i s h i g h
disp ( a )
for ( i =1:4)
if a (i ,1) ==1 then
b (i ,1) = A
else
b (i ,1) = A
end
b (i ,2) = B
else
b (i ,2) = B
end
b (i ,3) = C
else
b (i ,3) = C
end
32
23 end
24 disp ( When you OR t h e s e p r o d u c t s you g e t
: ) //
d i s p l a y i n g sum o f p r o d u c t s
25 x = strcat ([ b (1 ,1) b (1 ,2) b (1 ,3) + b (2 ,1) b (2 ,2) b
(2 ,3) + b (3 ,1) b (3 ,2) b (3 ,3) + b (4 ,1) b
(4 ,2) b (4 ,3) ]) ;
26 disp ( x )

1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( The b o o l e a n e q u a t i o n i s : ) ;
5 disp ( Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + ABC ) ;
6 disp ( S i n c e C i s common t o e a c h term , f a c t o r a s
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
f o l l o w s : );
disp ( Y = (A B + A B + AB AB)C ) ;
disp ( Again , f a c t o r t o g e t : ) ;
disp ( Y = [ A (B + B) + A(B + B) ] C ) ;
disp ( Now , s i m p l i f y t h e f o r e g o i n g a s f o l l o w s : ) ;
disp ( Y=[A ( 1 ) + A( 1 ) ] C = (A + A)C ) ;
disp ( o r
Y= C ) ;
disp ( T h i s f i n a l e q u a t i o n means t h a t you don t e v e n
n e e d a l o g i c c i r c u i t . A l l you n e e d i s a w i r e
c o n n e c t i n g i np u t C to output Y. );
check Appendix AP 10 for dependency:
kmap.sci
noof.sci
33
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Gives a simplified Boolean equation

// e x a m p l e 3 . 6
// t h i s program n e e d s kmap . s c i and n o o f . s c i
clc
Y =[7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15]; // g i v e n l o g i c e q u a t i o n
k =[0 0 0 0;0 0 1 0 ; 1 1 1 1; 0 1 1 1]; //
m i n i m i z i n g i t u s i n g 4 v a r i a b l e kmap
6
disp ( The m i n i m a l e x p r e s s i o n o f Y from t h e
f o l l o w i n g Kmap i s : ) ;
7
kmap ( k ) ; // c a l l i n g t h e Kmap f u n c t i o n
1
2
3
4
5

kmap.sci
noof.sci
Scilab code Exa 3.7 simplest logic for given Truth table
1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 7
2 // t h i s program n e e d s kmap . s c i and n o o f . s c i
3 clc ;
4 disp ( The k a n a u r g h map f o r g i v e n t r u t h t a b l e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
w i l l be
: );
disp (
C D C D CD CD ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g
t h e g i v e n kmap
disp ( A B
1
0
0
0 );
disp ( A B
0
0
0
0 );
disp ( AB
x
x
x
x );
disp ( AB
0
0
x
x );
disp ( The t r u t h t a b l e h a s o u t p u t one o n l y f o r t h e
i n p u t c o n d i t i o n 0 0 0 0 . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g
f u n d a m e n t a l p r o d u c t i s A B C D ) ;
k =[1 0 0 0 ; 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0;0 0 0 0];
34

kmap.sci
noof.sci
Scilab code Exa 3.8 simplest logic for given logic equation
1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 8
2 // t h i s program n e e d s kmap . s c i and n o o f . s c i
3 clc ;
4 disp (
C D C D CD CD ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
t h e g i v e n kmap
disp ( A B
0
0
0
0 );
disp ( A B
0
0
1
0 );
disp ( AB
x
x
x
x );
disp ( AB
0
0
x
x );
k =[0 0 0 0;0 0 1 0;0 0 1 0;0 0 0 0];
disp ( I n a Karnaugh map i f don t c a r e c o n d i t i o n
e x i t s , we may c o n s i d e r them a s o n e s i f t h a t g i v e s
a l a r g e r group s i z e . );
disp ( The m i n i m a l e x p r e s s i o n from t h e g i v e n kmap i s
);
kmap ( k ) ; // c a l l i n g t h e kamp f u n c t i o n
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Product of sums

1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
35
disp ( Given t h e t r u t h t a b l e h a s h i g h o u t p u t f o r
f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t o n s : );
5 a =[0 0 0 ; 0 0 1 ; 0 1 0 ] // g i v e n t r u t h t a b l e
6 disp ( a )
4
7
8 for ( i =1:3) // f i n d i n g t h e t e r m s i n p o s
9
10
b (i ,1) = A
11
else
12
b (i ,1) = A
13
end
14
15
b (i ,2) = B
16
else
17
b (i ,2) = B
18
end
19
20
b (i ,3) = C
21
else
22
b (i ,3) = C
23
end
24 end
25 disp ( b )
26 disp ( The p r o d u c t o f sums e q u a t i o n i s
: ) //
d i s p l a y i n g t h e POS
27 x = strcat ([ ( b (1 ,1) + b (1 ,2) + b (1 ,3) )
( b (2 ,1) + b (2 ,2) + b (2 ,3) ) ( b

(3 ,1) + b (3 ,2) + b (3 ,3) ) ]) ;
28 disp ( x )
kmap.sci
noof.sci
36
Scilab code Exa 3.10 sop for the karnaugh map

1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 1 0
2 // t h i s program n e e d s kmappos . s c i and n o o f . s c i
3
4 k =[0 0 0 0;0 0 0 1; 1 1 1 1;1 1 1 1];
5 disp ( The m i n i m a l e x p r e s s i o n o f Y from t h e f o l l o w i n g
6
7
8
9
Kmap i s : ) ;
kmap ( k ) ;
d i s p ( A f t e r c o m p l i m e n t i n g and s i m p l i f y i n g t h e
Krarnugh map we g e t Y = : ) ;
k =[1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 0 ; 0 0 0 0 ; 0 0 0 0 ] ;
kmappos.sci
noof.sci
Scilab code Exa 3.11 POS form of karnaugh map

1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 1 1
2 // t h i s program n e e d s kmappos . s c i and n o o f . s c i
3
4 clc
5 disp ( The g i v e n kmap i s ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e g i v e n
6
7
8
9
10
11
kmap
disp (
C D C D CD CD ) ;
disp ( A B
0
0
0
0 );
disp ( A B
0
0
0
1 );
disp ( AB
1
1
1
1 );
disp ( AB
1
1
1
1 );
disp ( The s i m p l e s t POS form o f f o l l o w i n g Kmap i s : )
;
37
12
13 k= [ 0 0 0 0 ; 0 0 0 1 ; 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 ] ;
14 kmappos ( k ) ; / / c a l l i n g t h e Kmappos f u n c t i o n

kmappos.sci
noof.sci
Scilab code Exa 3.12 POS form of karnaugh map

1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 1 2
2 clc
3 disp ( The g i v e n kmap i s
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e g i v e n
kmap
disp (
C D C D CD CD ) ;
disp ( A B
0
0
1
0 );
disp ( A B
0
0
1
1 );
disp ( AB
x
x
x
1 );
disp ( AB
x
x
x
0 );
disp ( I n a Karnaugh map i f don t c a r e c o n d i t i o n
e x i t s , we may c o n s i d e r them a s z e r o s i f t h a t
g i v e s a l a r g e r group s i z e . );
disp ( The s i m p l e s t POS form o f f o l l o w i n g Kmap i s : )
;
11
12 k= [ 0 0 1 0 ; 0 0 1 1 ; 0 0 1 1 ; 0 0 1 0 ] ;
13 kmappos ( k ) ; // c a l l i n g t h e Kmappos f u n c t i o n
Scilab code Exa 3.13 Quine Mc clusky method
38
1 // e x a m p l e 3 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 a =[0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1;0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1;0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1];
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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// from t h e t r u t h t a b l e g i v e n
y =[0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1];
j =1;
for i =1:8 // f i n d i n g f o r which i n p u t c o n d i t i o n s t h e
output i s high
if y ( i ) == 1 then
x (j ,:) = [ a (1 , i ) a (2 , i ) a (3 , i ) ];
j = j +1;
end
end
for i =1: j -1; // f i n d i n g t h e f i r s t s t a g e
f ( i ) =0;
c =0;
for m =3: -1:1
f ( i ) = f ( i ) + x (i , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
c = c +1;
end
end
disp ( s t a g e 1 ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g f i r s t s t a g e
x (: ,4) = f ;
disp (
A
B
C );
disp ( x )
count = zeros (j -2 ,j -2)
pos = count ;
for i =1: j -2 // f o r s e c o n d s t a g e c o m p a r i n g w i t h e a c h
other
for k =1: j -i -1
for m =1:3
if x (i , m ) == x ( i +k , m ) then
count (i , k ) = count (i , k ) +1;
else
pos (i , k ) = m
end
end
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end
end
r =1;
for i =1: j -2 // making a l i s t o f s e c o n d s t a g e
elements
for m =1: j -2
if count (i , m ) ==2 then
posi ( r ) = pos (i , m ) ;
sest (r ,1) = x (i ,4) ;
sest (r ,2) = x ( i +m ,4) ;
r = r +1;
end
end
end
disp ( s t a g e 2 ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g s e c o n d s t a g e
disp ( sest ) ;
o = size ( sest ) ;
fin (1) = sest (1 ,1) ;
fin (2) = sest (1 ,2) ;
p =3;
for i =2: o (1 ,1) // r e m o v i n g r e d u n d a n c y i n s e c o n d s t a g e
t =0;
ts =0;
for w =1: p -1
if fin ( w ) == sest (i ,1) then
t =30;
end ;
if fin ( w ) == sest (i ,2) then
ts =40;
end
end
if t ==0 then
fin ( p ) = sest (i ,1) ;
finn (p -2) = i ;
p = p +1;
end
if ts ==0 then
fin ( p ) = sest (i ,2)
40
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finn (p -2) = i ;
p = p +1;
end
end
ppp = size ( finn ) // s e l e c t i n g t h e p r i m e i m p l i c a n t s
l =1
fina ( l ) = finn ( l ) ;
for i =2: ppp (1 ,1)
q =0;
for b =1: l
if fina ( b ) == finn ( i ) then
q =89 ;
end
end
if q ==0 then
fina ( l +1) = finn ( i ) ;
l = l +1;
q =0;
end
end
kkk = size ( fina ) ;
i =1;
jj =0;
bi (1) = ;
x(i)
po =1;
for k =1: kkk (1 ,1) +1
for p =1:3
// a p p e n d i n g a s t r i n g t o make t h e
expression
if p ~= posi ( i ) then
if p == 1 & x (i , p ) ==1
then
bi ( po ) = strcat ([ bi ( po ) A ]) ;
elseif p == 1 & x (i , p ) ==0 then
bi ( po ) = strcat ([ bi ( po ) A ]) ;
end
if p == 2 & x (i , p ) ==1
then
bi ( po ) = strcat ([ bi ( po ) B ]) ;
41
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
bi ( po ) = strcat ([ bi ( po ) B ]) ;
end
if p == 3 & x (i , p ) ==1
then
bi ( po ) = strcat ([ bi ( po ) C ]) ;
bi ( po ) = strcat ([ bi ( po ) C ]) ;
end
end
end
jj = jj +1;
if jj <= kkk (1 ,1) then
i = fina ( jj ) ;
bi ( po ) = strcat ([ bi ( po ) + ]) ;
end
end ;
disp ( The m i n i m i s e d e x p r e s s i o n i s
disp ( bi ) ;
);
Scilab code Exa 3.14 Dynamic hard

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// e x a m p l e 3 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
c = [1 1 0 0 0 0 0]; // g i v e n v a l u e s
a = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1];
b = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1] ;
for i =1:7
y1 ( i ) =0
y2 ( i ) =1
y3 ( i ) =0
y4 ( i ) =1
y ( i ) =0
42
Figure 3.1: Dynamic hard
43
14 end
15 for ( i =1: 7) // f i n d i n g t h e Y v a l u e s
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
f o r next c l o c k
periods
y1 ( i +1) = bitcmp ( c ( i ) ,1) ;
y2 ( i +1) = bitand ( a ( i ) ,c ( i ) ) ;
end ;
for i =1: 5
y3 ( i +2) = bitand ( y1 ( i +1) ,b ( i ) ) ;
end ;
for i =1:4
y4 ( i +3) = bitor ( y3 ( i +2) , y2 ( i +2) ) ;
end ;
for i =1:3
y ( i +4)
= bitand ( y4 ( i +3) , y1 ( i +3) ) ;
end ;
y11p =1;
y22p =1;
y33p =1;
y44p =1;
cp =1;
yf1p =1;
for i =1:7 // p l o t i n g a l l o f them i n t o g r a p h
if y1 ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
y11 ( y11p ) =1;
y11p = y11p +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
y11 ( y11p ) =0;
y11p = y11p +1;
end
end
for o =1:100
y21 ( y22p ) =1;
y22p = y22p +1;
// z ( bp ) =3
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88
end
else
for o =1:100
y21 ( y22p ) =0;
y22p = y22p +1;
// z ( bp ) =3
end
end
for o =1:100
y31 ( y33p ) =1;
y33p = y33p +1;
// z ( bp ) =3
end
else
for o =1:100
y31 ( y33p ) =0;
y33p = y33p +1;
// z ( bp ) =3
end
end
for o =1:100
y41 ( y44p ) =1;
y44p = y44p +1;
// z ( bp ) =3
end
else
for o =1:100
y41 ( y44p ) =0;
y44p = y44p +1;
// z ( bp ) =3
end
end
if c ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
c1 ( cp ) =1;
45
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102
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126
cp = cp +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
c1 ( cp ) =0;
cp = cp +1;
end
end
if y ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
yf1 ( yf1p ) =1;
yf1p = yf1p +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
yf1 ( yf1p ) =0;
yf1p = yf1p +1;
end
end
end
z =[2 2];
// p l o t i n g t h e r e s u l t s
subplot (6 ,1 ,1) ;
title ( Timing Diagrm ) ;
plot ( c1 ) ;
plot ( z ) ;
ylabel ( C ) ;
subplot (6 ,1 ,2) ;
plot ( y11 ) ;
ylabel ( Y1 ) ;
plot ( z ) ;
subplot (6 ,1 ,3) ;
plot ( y21 ) ;
ylabel ( Y2 ) ;
plot ( z ) ;
subplot (6 ,1 ,4) ;
plot ( z ) ;
ylabel ( Y3 ) ;
plot ( y31 ) ;
46
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128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
subplot (6 ,1 ,5) ;
plot ( z ) ;
ylabel ( Y4 ) ;
plot ( y41 ) ;
subplot (6 ,1 ,6) ;
plot ( z ) ;
ylabel ( Y ) ;
plot ( yf1 ) ;
47
Chapter 4
Data processing circuits
Scilab code Exa 4.1 4 to 1 mux using 2 to 1 mux

1 // e x a m p l e 4 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( L o g i c e q u a t i o n f o r 2to 1 M u l t i p l e x e r : )
5 printf ( Y = A D0 + AD1\n ) ;
6 disp ( L o g i c e q u a t i o n f o r 4to 1 M u l t i p l e x e r : )
7 printf ( Y = A B D0 + A BD1 + AB D2 + ABD3\n ) ;
8 disp ( T h i s can be r e w r i t t e n as , )
9 printf ( Y= A (B D0 + BD1) + A(B D2 + BD3) \n ) ;
10 disp ( Compare t h i s w i t h e q u a t i o n o f 2to 1 mux . We
n e e d two 2to 1 m u l t i p l e x e r t o r e a l i z e t h e
b r a c k e t e d t e r m s where B s e r v e s a s s e l e c t i n p u t .
The o u t p u t o f t h e s e two m u l t i p l e x e r s can be s e n t
t o a t h i r d m u l t i p l e x e r a s d a t a i n p u t s where A
s e r v e s a s s e l e c t i n p u t and we g e t t h e 4to 1
m u l t i p l e x e r . );
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Realizing boolean equation using 8 to 1 mux

48
1 // e x a m p l e 4 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear
4 a (1 ,1) =0 // t a k i n g i n p u t i n
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
this
form 1 i f A, 0 i f A
and 2 i f no A i n t h e term
a (1 ,2) =1
a (1 ,3) =2
a (2 ,1) =2
a (2 ,2) =0
a (2 ,3) =0
a (3 ,1) =1
a (3 ,2) =1
a (3 ,3) =1
p =3;
for i =1:3 // f i n d i n g t h e m i n t e r m s h e r e
coun =0;
for j =1:3
if a (i , j ) ==2 then
coun = coun +1
end
end
if coun == 2 then
p = p +3
else if coun ==1 then
p = p +1
end
end
end
n =4;
for m =4: p
for l =1:3
a (m , l ) =0;
end
end
for i = 1: p
for j =1:3
if a (i , j ) ==2 then
for k =1:3
49
38
a (n , k ) = a (i , k )
39
end
40
a (i , j ) = 0;
41
a (n , j ) =1;
42
n = n +1;
43
end
44
end
45 end
46 for h =1: p
47
f ( h ) =0
48
c =2;
49 for m =1:3
// f i n d i n g e q u i v l e n t
decimal values for
the minterms
f ( h ) = f ( h ) + a (h , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
c =c -1;
50
51
52 end
53 end
54 disp ( The min t e r m s a r e
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
: ) // d i s p l a y i n g t h e min
terms
disp (
A
B
C)
disp ( a )
l =1
o (1 , l ) = f ( l ) ; // r e m o v i n g t h e r e p e t a t i o n s i n
minterms
for i =2: p
q =0;
for b =1: l
if o (1 , b ) == f ( i ) then
q =89 ;
end
end
if q ==0 then
o (1 , l +1) = f ( i ) ;
l = l +1;
q =0;
end
end
disp ( The f o l l o w i n g d a t a l i n e s a r e t o be g i v e n 1
50
and r e m a i n i n g s h o u l d be g i v e n 0 ) ; //
d i s p l y i n g the d e c i m a l e q u i v l e n t o f minterms
73 disp ( o ) ;
74 disp ( For a 41 mux , we s h o u l d g i v e D0 =C , D1 = 1
, D2 = C and D3 = C w i t h A and B a s d a t a
s e l e c t o r i n p u t s );
Scilab code Exa 4.3 32 t0 1 mux using 16 to 1 and 2 to 1 muxes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// e x a m p l e 4 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
m (1) =32; // t k i n g t h e g i v e n v a l u e s
m (2) = log2 ( m (1) ) // making n e c e s s a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s
m (3) = m (2) -1;
m (4) = m (1) /2;
printf ( A %dto 1 m u l t i p l e x e r r e q u i r e s ,m (1) ) ; printf
( %d s e l e c t l i n e s , The l o w e r ,m (2) ) ; printf ( %d
s e l e c t l i n e s c h o o s e ,m (3) ) ; printf ( %dto 1
m u l t i p l e x e r o u t p u t s . The 2to 1 m u l t i p l e x e r s
c h o o s e s one o f t h e o u t p t o f two ,m (4) ) ; printf (
%dto 1 m u l t i p l e x e r s d e p e n d i n g on what a p p e a r s i n
t h e ,m (4) ) ; printf ( %dth s e l e c t l i n e . , m (2) ) ;
// d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
Scilab code Exa 4.4 74154 IC y12

1 // e x a m p l e 4 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 r = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f R ( 0 o r 1 ) : ) ; //
a c c e p t i n g t h e i n p u t s from t h e u s e r
5 t = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f T ( 0 o r 1 ) : ) ;
51
6 sel = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e s o f ABCD : ) ;

7 strb = bitcmp ( bitand (r , t ) ,1) ;
8 if strb ==0
then // c h e c k i n g w h e t h e r s t r o b e
9
10
11
12
i s high
o r low
if sel ==1100 then
y = The two p u l s e s a r e s t e e r e d t o t h e Y12
output ;
else
y = The o u t p u t Y12 r e m a i n s i n t h e High s t a t e
;
end
else
y = The o u t p u t Y12 r e m a i n s i n t h e High s t a t e ;
13
14
15
16 end
17 disp ( y ) // d i s p l a y i n g
result
Scilab code Exa 4.7 realizing boolean equation using 3 to 8 decoder

1 // e x a m p l e 4 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 n = input ( E n t e r t h e no . o f t e r m s i n u r e x p r e s s i o n
5
6
7
8
9
10
: );
// a c c e p t i n g i n p u t from u s e r
for i =1: n
a (1 , i ) = input ( E n t e r t h e term (0 9) : ) ;
end ;
disp ( S i n c e a t t h e d e c o d e r o u t p u t we g e t a l l t h e
m i n t e r m s we u s e them t o g e t t h e r e q u i r e d b o o l e a n
f u n c t i o n s by g i v i n g t h e o u t p u t l i n e s numbered )
;
disp ( a ) ;
// d i s p l y i n g t h e r e s u l t
disp ( t o a m l t i i n p u t OR g a t e . ) ;
52
Scilab code Exa 4.8 current in LED

1 // e x a m p l e 4 . 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // r=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e s
5
6
7
8
9
o f r e s i s t a n c e i n Kohms
: ) ;
// v=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e f o r w a r d v o l t a g e d r o p o f LED( i n
volts ) : ) ;
r =1 // t a k i n g t h e g i v e n v a l u e s f o r r and v
v =2
i =5 - v / r ; // c a l c u l a t i n g I
printf ( The c u r r e n t t h r o u g h a LED i s : %f mA , i ) ;
// d i s p l a y i n g I
Scilab code Exa 4.9 which LED lights up for given input conditions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// e x a m p l e 4 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
sel = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e s o f ABCD : ) ;
a = sel ;
q =1;
while (a >0) // f i n d i n g t h e d e c i m a l e q u i v l e n t
r = modulo (a ,10) ;
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
f =0;
for m =1: q -1
c =m -1
f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
53
19 end
20 if f >9 then // c h e c k i n g t h e i n v a l i d c o n d i t i o n
21
disp ( I t s a i n v a l i d i n p u t . T h e r e f o r e , none o f t h e
LEDs i s on b e c a u s e a l l o u t p u t s l i n e s a r e
high );
22 else
// d i s p l a y i n g t h e LED no i f t h e i n p u t s a r e
valid
23
printf ( \n LED %d l i g h t s up a l l . A l l o t h e r LEDs
remain o f f because the o t h e r outputs are high
. ,f ) ;
24 end
Scilab code Exa 4.10 output of 74147 when button 6 is pressed

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// e x a m p l e 4 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
// s e l = i n p u t ( E n t e r which i s p r e s s e d ( 1 9 ) : ) ;
sel =6;
aa = sel ;
for i =4: -1:1 // c o n v e r t i n g t h e s e l i n p u t t o b i n a r y
notation
a (1 , i ) = modulo ( aa ,2) ;
b (1 , i ) = bitcmp ( a (1 , i ) ,1) ;
aa = aa /2;
aa = floor ( aa ) ;
end
printf ( When s w i t c h %d i s p r e s s e d t h e ABCD o u t p u t i s
: , sel ) ;
disp ( b ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
printf ( Which i s e q u i v a l e n t t o %d when t h e o u t p u t
i s complimented . In the output above a 0
r e p r e s e n t s a LOW and a 1 r e p r e s e n t s a HIGH .
, sel ) ;
54

kmapsx.sci
noof.sci
Scilab code Exa 4.11 priority encoder

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
// e x a m p l e 4 . 1 1
// u s e s f u n c t i o n s kmap . s c i and n o o f . s c i s o run them
b e f o r e r u n n i n g t h i s program . .
clc ;
s =[0 1 1 1 1 ];
x1 =[0 1 0 0 0 ];
x2 =[0 0 1 0 0 ];
x3 =[0 0 0 1 0 ];
for i =1:5
if s ( i ) ==1 then
// f i n d i n g o u t p u t A and B
if x1 ( i ) == 1 then
a ( i ) =0;
b ( i ) =1;
elseif x2 ( i ) == 1 then
a ( i ) =1;
b ( i ) =0;
elseif x3 ( i ) == 1 then
a ( i ) =1;
b ( i ) =1;
else
a ( i ) =0;
b ( i ) =0;
end
else
a ( i ) =0;
b ( i ) =0;
55
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
end
end
for i = 1 : 5
// p r i n t i n t h e s t a t e t a b l e
Y (i ,1) = s ( i ) ;
Y (i ,2) = x1 ( i ) ;
Y (i ,3) = x2 ( i ) ;
Y (i ,4) = x3 ( i ) ;
Y (i ,5) = a ( i ) ;
Y (i ,6) = b ( i ) ;
end
disp (
Input
Output
);
disp (
S
X1
X2
X3
A
B );
disp ( Y ) ;
kmp =[0 0 0 0;0 0 0 1 ;0 0 0 1;0 0 0 1]; // f i n d i n g
m i n i m i z e d e x p r e s s i n u s i n g 4 v a r i b l e kmap
disp ( The m i n i m a l e x p r e s s i o n o f A from t h e
f o l l o w i n g Kmap i s : ) ;
kmapsx ( kmp ) ;
kmp=[0 0 1 0 ; 0 0 1 1 ; 0 0 1 0 ; 0 0 1 0 ] ; //
f i n d i n g m i n i m i z e d e x p r e s s i n u s i n g 4 v a r i b l e
kmap
p r i n t f ( \n ) ;
d i s p ( The m i n i m a l e x p r e s s i o n o f B from t h e
f o l l o w i n g Kmap i s : )
kmapsx ( kmp ) ;
56
Chapter 5
Number Systems and Codes
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Binary to decimal conversion

1 // Example 5 . 1
2 clc
// c l e a r s t h e command window
3 clear
// c l e a r s
a l l the v a r i a b l e s
4 p =1;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// i n i t i a l i s i n g
q =1;
z =0;
b =0;
w =0;
f =0;
format ( v ,18) ;
variables
// i n c r e a s i n g t h e p r e c i s i o n t o 18 .
// b i n= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e b i n a r y no t o be c o n v e r t e d
to i t s decimal e q u i v a l e n t : )
// a c c e p t i n g
t h e b i n a r y i n p u t from u s e r
57
12 bin =110.001;
13 d = modulo ( bin ,1) ;
// s e p a r a t i n g t h e d e c i m a l p a r t and t h e i n t e g e r
part
14 d = d *10^10;
15 a = floor ( bin ) ;
16
// r e m o v i n g t h e d e c i m a l p a r t
while (a >0)
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
// Loop t o t a k e t h e b i n a r y b i t s o f i n t e g e r i n t o a
matrix
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
24
25
26
27
// m u l t i p l i y i n g t h e b i t s o f i n t e g e r w i t h t h e i r
p o s i t i o n v a l u e s and a d d i n g
c =m -1;
f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
end
while (d >0)
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
// Loop t o t a k e t h e b i n a r y b i t s o f d e c i m a l i n t o a
matrix
e = modulo (d ,2)
w (1 , p ) = e
d = d /10;
d = floor ( d )
p = p +1;
end
for n =1: p -1
58
// m u l t i p l i y i n g t h e b i t s o f d e c i m a l w i t h t h e i r
35
z = z + w (1 , n ) *(0.5) ^(11 - n ) ;
36 end
37 z = z *10000;
// r o u n d i n g o f t o 4 d e c i m a l v a l u e s
38 z = round ( z ) ;
39 z = z /10000;
40 printf ( The D e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t
g i v e n i s = %f ,f + z ) ;
result
o f t h e B i n a r y number
// D i s p l a y i n g t h e f i n a l
Scilab code Exa 5.2 Binary to decimal conversion

1 // Example 5 . 2
2 clc
clear
// c l e a r s
4 p =1;
5
6
7
8
9
10
a l l the v a r i a b l e s
// i n i t i a l i s i n g
q =1;
z =0;
b =0;
w =0;
f =0;
format ( v ,18) ;
variables
11 // b i n= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e b i n a r y no t o be c o n v e r t e d
to i t s decimal e q u i v a l e n t : )
59
t h e b i n a r y i n p u t from u s e r
12 bin =1011.11;
13 d = modulo ( bin ,1) ;
part
14 d = d *10^10;
15 a = floor ( bin ) ;
16 while (a >0)
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
// Loop t o t a k e t h e b i n a r y b i t s o f i n t e g e r i n t o a
matrix
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
24
25
26
27
// m u l t i p l i y i n g t h e b i t s o f i n t e g e r w i t h t h e i r
c =m -1;
f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
end
while (d >0)
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
// Loop t o t a k e t h e b i n a r y b i t s o f d e c i m a l i n t o a
matrix
e = modulo (d ,2)
w (1 , p ) = e
d = d /10;
d = floor ( d )
p = p +1;
end
for n =1: p -1
60
// m u l t i p l i y i n g t h e b i t s o f d e c i m a l w i t h t h e i r
35
z = z + w (1 , n ) *(0.5) ^(11 - n ) ;
36 end
37 z = z *10000;
// r o u n d i n g o f t o 4 d e c i m a l v a l u e s
38 z = round ( z ) ;
39 z = z /10000;
40 printf ( The D e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e B i n a r y number
g i v e n i s = %f ,f + z ) ;
// D i s p l a y i n g t h e f i n a l
result
Scilab code Exa 5.3 decimal equivalent of 2 Mb

1 // Example 5 . 3
2 clc
// c l e a r s t h e command window .
clear
// c l e a r s a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s .
format ( v ,18) ;
5 n =2; // / g i v e n 2 mb
6 dec = n * 2^20 ;
7 printf ( The d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f 2Mb i s = %f , dec )
;
// d i s p l a y i n g t h e v a l u e .
61
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Decimal to binary conversion

1 // Example 5 . 3
2 clc
3 clear
4
5
6
7
// c l e a r s a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s
q =0;
b =0;
s =0;
format ( v ,18) ;
// a=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e d e c i m a l no t o be c o n v e r t e d t o
i t s binary e q u i v a l e n t : ) ;
t h e d e c i m a l i n p u t from u s e r
9 a =23.6;
10 d = modulo (a ,1) ;
8
part
11 a = floor ( a ) ;
12
13
14
15
16
while (a >0)
// t a k i n g i n t e g e r p a r t i n t o a m a t r i x and c o n v e r t
to e q u i v a l e n t binary
x = modulo (a ,2) ;
b = b + (10^ q ) * x ;
a = a /2;
62
17
a = floor ( a ) ;
18
q = q +1;
19 end
20
21
22
23 for i =1:10
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
// For v a l u e s a f t e r d e c i m a l p o i n t c o n v e r t i n g t o
binary
d = d *2;
q = floor ( d ) ;
s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
if d >=1 then
d =d -1;
end
end
k=b+s;
printf ( The b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e g i v e n d e c i m a l
number i s = %f ,k ) ;
// d i s p l a y i n g t h e f i n a l
result .
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Binary number having all ones

1 // Example 5 . 5
2 clc
clear
4 format ( v ,18)
// i n c r e a s i n g t h e p r e c i s i o n
63
5 n =32; // g i v e n 32 1 s
6 dec =2^ n - 1 ;
7 printf ( The d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t
a l l 1 s i s = %f , dec ) ;
result
o f 32 b i t number w i t h
// d i s p l a y i n g t h e
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Decimal to binary conversion

1 // Example 5 . 6
2 clc
3 clear
4
5
6
7
q =0;
b =0;
s =0;
format ( v ,18) ;
// a=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e d e c i m a l no t o be c o n v e r t e d t o
i t s binary e q u i v a l e n t : ) ;
t h e d e c i m a l i n p u t from u s e r
9 a =363;
8
// t a k i n g t h e v a l u e g i v e n i n p r o b l e m
10 d = modulo (a ,1) ;
part
11 a = floor ( a ) ;
12
64
13
while (a >0)
// t a k i n g i n t e g e r p a r t i n t o a m a t r i x and c o n v e r t
to e q u i v a l e n t binary
x = modulo (a ,2) ;
b = b + (10^ q ) * x ;
a = a /2;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 for i =1:10
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
// For v a l u e s a f t e r d e c i m a l p o i n t c o n v e r t i n g t o
binary
d = d *2;
q = floor ( d ) ;
s = s + q /(10^ i ) ;
if d >=1 then
d =d -1;
end
end
k=b+s;
disp ( The g i v e d e c i m a l number i s 363 )
printf ( The b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e g i v e n d e c i m a l
number i s = %f ,k ) ;
// d i s p l a y i n g t h e f i n a l
result .
Scilab code Exa 5.7 binary to hexadecimal

1 // Example 5 . 7
2 clc
65
clear
8
9
q =1;
b =0;
f =0;
bin = input ( E n t e r t h e 8 b i t b i n a r y a d d r e s s : ) ;
// Taking t h e i n p u t
b i n a r y b i t s from t h e u s e r
a = floor ( bin )
while (a >0)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
// Loop t o t a k e t h e b i n a r y b i t s i n t o a m a t r i x (
array )
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
4
5
6
7
// c o n v e r r t i n g t o d e c i m a l
17
c =m -1;
18
f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
19 end
20 c = dec2hex ( f ) ;
21 printf ( The h e x a d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t
b i n a r y number i s : %s ,c ) ;
d i s p l a y i n g the value
Scilab code Exa 5.8 hexadecimal to decimal
66
of the given
//
1 // Example 5 . 8
2 clc
// c l e a r t h e command window
clear
// c l e a r t h e v a r i a b l e s
4 a = input ( E n t e r t h e h e x a d e c i m a l number t o be
converted into decimal ( enter in a s i n g l e

quotation ) : )
// t a k i n g t h e i n p u t from
user
5 d = hex2dec ( a ) ;
6 printf ( The d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t i s : %d ,d ) ;
// d i s p l a y i n g t h e o u t p u t
Scilab code Exa 5.9 decimal to hexadecimal and binary

1 // Example 5 . 9
2 clc
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// c l e a r s t h e
command window
clear
// c l e a r s
the v a r i a b l e s
q =0;
b =0;
// a=i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e d e c i m a l no : )
a =65535;
//
g i v i n g the v a l u e s p e c i f i e d i n the problem
temp = a ;
format ( v ,18)
//
i n c r e a s i n g t h e p r e c i s i o n t o 18
a = floor ( a ) ;
h = dec2hex ( a ) ;
while (a >0)
//
converting to binary
67
13
x = modulo (a ,2) ;
14
b = b + (10^ q ) * x ;
15
a = a /2;
16
a = floor ( a ) ;
17
q = q +1;
18 end
19 printf ( Given d e c i m a l number i s : %d\n , temp )
20 printf ( The h e x a d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t i s = %s\n ,h ) ;
//
d i s p l a y i n g the r e s u l t s
21 printf ( The b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t i s = %f ,b ) ;

1 // Example 5 . 1 0
2 clc
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
command window
clear
// c l e a r s
q =0;
b =0;
// a=i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e d e c i m a l no : )
a =56000;
//
g i v i n g the v a l u e s p e c i f i e d i n the problem
temp = a ;
format ( v ,18)
//
a = floor ( a ) ;
h = dec2hex ( a ) ;
while (a >0)
//
x = modulo (a ,2) ;
b = b + (10^ q ) * x ;
a = a /2;
a = floor ( a ) ;
68
17
q = q +1;
18 end
19 printf ( Given d e c i m a l number i s : %d\n , temp )
20 printf ( The h e x a d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t i s = %s\n ,h )
21
// d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t s
22 printf ( The b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t i s = %f\n ,b ) ;

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
// c h a p t e r 5
// Example 5 . 1 1
//Q . c o n v e r t d e c i m a l numbers t o i t s h e x a d e c i m a l and
binary equivalent ?
// s o l u t i o n :
clc
command window
clear
// c l e a r s
q =0;
b =0;
a = input ( E n t e r t h e d e c i m a l no : )
// E n t e r
the decimal nuber
format ( v ,18)
//
a = floor ( a ) ;
h = dec2hex ( a ) ;
while (a >0)
//
x = modulo (a ,2) ;
b = b + (10^ q ) * x ;
a = a /2;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
printf ( The h e x a d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t i s = %s\n ,h )
69
//
21
displaying
the
results
22
printf ( The b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t i s = %f ,b )
70
Chapter 6
Arithmetic Circuits
Scilab code Exa 6.1 8bit binary adder

// exmple 6 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
// a=i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e f i r s t 8 b i t number : ) ;
// b=i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e s e c o n d 8 b i t number : ) ;
a =01010111; // t a k i n g g i v e n i n p u t s
b =00110101;
for i =1:8
a1 ( i ) = modulo (a ,10) ;
a = a /10;
a = round ( a ) ;
b1 ( i ) = modulo (b ,10) ;
b = b /10;
b = round ( b ) ;
end
car (1) =0;
for i =1:8
// a d d i n g b o t h t h e i n p u t s ( b i n a r y
addition )
18
c1 ( i ) = car ( i ) + a1 ( i ) + b1 ( i ) ;
19
if c1 ( i ) == 2 then
20
car ( i +1) = 1;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
71
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
c1 ( i ) =0;
elseif c1 ( i ) ==3 then
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
else
car ( i +1) =0;
end
end
c1 (9) = car (9) ;
re =0;
format ( v ,18) ;
for i =1:9
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
end
printf ( The sum o f g i v e n two b i n a r y numbers i s %d\n
, re ) ;
q =1;
b =0;
f =0;
a = re ;
while (a >0)
// c o n v e r t i n g t h e r e s u l t t o a
h e x a d e c i m a l no
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
c =m -1;
f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
end
hex = dec2hex ( f ) ;
printf ( The sum i n h e x a d e c i m a l n o t a t i o n i s %s \n ,
hex ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t
72
Scilab code Exa 6.2 16 bit binary adder

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
// exmple 6 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
// a=i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e f i r s t 16 b i t b i n a r y number : ) ;
// b=i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e s e c o n d 16 b i t b i n a r y n u m b e r : ) ;
a =0000111110101100;
b =0011100001111111;
for i =1:16
a1 ( i ) = modulo (a ,10) ;
a = a /10;
a = round ( a ) ;
b1 ( i ) = modulo (b ,10) ;
b = b /10;
b = round ( b ) ;
end
car (1) =0;
for i =1:16
// / a d d i n g b o t h t h e 16 b i t i n p u t s (
binary addition )
c1 ( i ) = car ( i ) + a1 ( i ) + b1 ( i ) ;
if c1 ( i ) == 2 then
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =0;
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
else
car ( i +1) =0;
end
end
c1 (17) = car (17) ;
re =0;
format ( v ,25) ;
73
32 for i =1:17
33
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
34 end
35 printf ( The sum o f g i v e n two b i n a r y numbers i s %f\n
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
, re ) ;
q =1;
b =0;
f =0;
a = re ;
while (a >0)
// c o n v e r t i n g t h e r e s u l t t o a
h e x a d e c i m a l no
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
c =m -1
f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
end
printf ( Sum i n d e c i m a l n o t a t i o n i s %d\n ,f ) ;
printf ( Sum i n h e x a d e c i m a l n o t a t i o n i s %s \n , hex ) ;
// d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t
Scilab code Exa 6.3 first generation microcomputers addition

1 // e x a m p l e 6 . 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // a=i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e f i r s t 8 b i t number : ) ;
5 // b=i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e s e c o n d 8 b i t number : ) ;
6 a =0000111110101100;
7 b =0011100001111111;
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for i =1:16
a1 ( i ) = modulo (a ,10) ;
a = a /10;
a = round ( a ) ;
b1 ( i ) = modulo (b ,10) ;
b = b /10;
b = round ( b ) ;
end
car (1) =0;
for i =1:8
c1 ( i ) = car ( i ) + a1 ( i ) + b1 ( i ) ;
Higher bytes
if c1 ( i ) == 2 then
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =0;
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
else
car ( i +1) =0;
end
end
c1 (9) = car (9)
re =0;
format ( v ,18) ;
for i =1:9
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
end
// a d d i n g t h e
printf ( The sum o f l o w e r b y t e s o f two b i n a r y numbers

i s %d\n , re ) ;
printf ( w i t h a c a r r y i s %d\n , car (9) ) ;
re = re -( c1 (9) *(10^(8) ) )
for i =9:16
// a d d i n g t h e H i g h e r b y t e s
c1 ( i ) = car ( i ) + a1 ( i ) + b1 ( i ) ;
if c1 ( i ) == 2 then
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =0;
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car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
else
car ( i +1) =0;
end
end
c1 (17) = car (17) ;
format ( v ,25) ;
ree =0;
for i =9:17
ree = ree +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -9) ) ) ;
end
for i =9:17
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
end
printf ( The sum o f u p p e r b y t e s o f t h e g i v e n
numbers i s %d\n , ree ) ;
61 printf ( w i t h a c a r r y i s %d\n , car (17) ) ; //
displaying results
62 printf ( The t o t a l sum i s %f , re ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.4 binary subtraction

// exmple 6 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
a =0;
b =0;
q =0;
// bb=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e f i r s t no ( i n d e c i m a l ) : ) ;
// aa=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e number from which f i r s t no
has to s u b s t r a c t e d : ) ;
9 aa =200; // t a k i n g t h e g i v e n i n p u t
10 bb =125;
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while ( aa >0)
// c o n v e r t i n g t h e i n p u t s i n t o b i n a r y
numbers
x = modulo ( aa ,2) ;
a = a + (10^ q ) * x ;
aa = aa /2;
aa = floor ( aa ) ;
q = q +1;
end
q =0;
while ( bb >0)
x = modulo ( bb ,2) ;
b = b + (10^ q ) * x ;
bb = bb /2;
bb = floor ( bb ) ;
q = q +1;
end
printf ( \ nThe b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t o f f i r s t no i s %f\n
\n ,b ) ;
printf ( The b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t o f s e c n d no i s %f\n\n
,a ) ;
for i =1:40
a1 ( i ) = modulo (a ,10) ;
a = a /10;
a = round ( a ) ;
b1 ( i ) = modulo (b ,10) ;
b = b /10;
b = round ( b ) ;
end
bro (1) =0;
for i =1:40
c1 ( i ) = a1 ( i ) - b1 ( i ) - bro ( i ) ; // f i n d i n g t h e
d i f f e r e n c e of the given inputs
if c1 ( i ) == -1 then
bro ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
elseif c1 ( i ) == -2 then
bro ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =0;
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else
bro ( i +1) =0;
end
end
re =0;
format ( v ,18) ;
for i =1:40
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
end
printf ( The d i f e r e n c e o f g i v e n two numbers i s %f\n\
n , re ) ;
q =1;
b =0;
f =0;
a = re ;
while (a >0)
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
c =m -1
f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
end
printf ( Sum i n d e c i m a l n o t a t i o n i s %d\n\n ,f ) ; //
d i s p l a y i n g the r e s u l t s
Scilab code Exa 6.5 adding 8 bit unsigned numbers

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// e x a m p l e 6 . 5
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clc ;
clear ;
a =0;
b =0;
q =0;
// aa=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e f i r s t no ( i n d e c i m a l ) : ) ;
// bb=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e number from which f i r s t no
aa =150;
bb =85;
while ( aa >0)
// c o n v e r t i n g t h e i n p u t s i n
t o b i n a r y numbers
a = a + (10^ q ) * x ;
aa = aa /2;
aa = floor ( aa ) ;
q = q +1;
end
q =0;
while ( bb >0)
b = b + (10^ q ) * x ;
bb = bb /2;
bb = floor ( bb ) ;
q = q +1;
end
printf ( \n The b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t o f f i r s t no i s %f\
n\n ,a ) ;
,b ) ;
for i =1:40
a1 ( i ) = modulo (a ,10) ;
a = a /10;
a = round ( a ) ;
b1 ( i ) = modulo (b ,10) ;
b = b /10;
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b = round ( b ) ;
37 end
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39 car (1) =0;
40 for i =1:40
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c1 ( i ) = car ( i ) + a1 ( i ) + b1 ( i ) ; // addng b o t h t h e
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inputs
if c1 ( i ) == 2 then
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =0;
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
else
car ( i +1) =0;
end
end
c1 (41) = car (41) ;
re =0;
format ( v ,18) ;
for i =1:41
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
end
printf ( The sum o f g i v e n two b i n a r y numbers i s %f\n
\n , re ) ;
q =1;
b =0;
f =0;
a = re ;
while (a >0)
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
c =m -1;
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f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
73 end
74 printf ( Sum i n d e c i m a l n o t a t i o n
i s %d\n\n ,f ) ;
//
displaying results
75 hex = dec2hex ( f ) ;
76 printf ( The sum i n h e x a d e c i m a l n o t a t i o n
i s %sH \n ,
hex ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.6 subtraction of unsigned numbers

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// exmple 6 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
a =0;
b =0;
q =0;
// bb=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e f i r s t no ( i n d e c i m a l ) : ) ;
// aa=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e number from which f i r s t no
aa =150;
bb =85;
while ( aa >0) // // c o n v e r t i n g t h e i n p u t s i n t o b i n a r y
numbers
a = a + (10^ q ) * x ;
aa = aa /2;
aa = floor ( aa ) ;
q = q +1;
end
nn = a
q =0;
while ( bb >0)
b = b + (10^ q ) * x ;
bb = bb /2;
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bb = floor ( bb ) ;
25
q = q +1;
26 end
27 printf ( \ nThe b i n a r y
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e q u i v a l e n t o f f i r s t no i s %f\n
\n ,b ) ;
,a ) ;
for i =1:40
a1 ( i ) = modulo (a ,10) ;
a = a /10;
a = round ( a ) ;
b1 ( i ) = modulo (b ,10) ;
b = b /10;
b = round ( b ) ;
end
bro (1) =0;
for i =1:40
c1 ( i ) = a1 ( i ) - b1 ( i ) - bro ( i ) ;
if c1 ( i ) == -1 then
bro ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
elseif c1 ( i ) == -2 then
bro ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =0;
else
bro ( i +1) =0;
end
end
re =0;
format ( v ,18) ;
for i =1:40
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
end
printf ( The d i f e r e n c e o f g i v e n two numbers i s %f\n\
n , re ) ;
58 q =1;
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60 f =0;
61 a = re ;
62 while (a >0) // c o n v e r t i n g t h e b i n a r y
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r e s u l t to
decimal then to hexadecimal

b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
c =m -1
f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
end
printf ( Sum i n d e c i m a l n o t a t i o n i s %d\n\n ,f ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.7 overflow case

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// e x a m p l e 6 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
a =0;
b =0;
q =0;
// aa=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e f i r s t no ( i n d e c i m a l ) : ) ;
// bb=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e number from which f i r s t no
aa =175;
bb =118;
while ( aa >0)
// c o n v e r t i n g t h e i n p u t s i n t o b i n a r y
numbers
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a = a + (10^ q ) * x ;
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aa = aa /2;
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aa = floor ( aa ) ;
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q = q +1;
17 end
18 q =0;
19 while ( bb >0)
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b = b + (10^ q ) * x ;
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bb = bb /2;
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bb = floor ( bb ) ;
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q = q +1;
25 end
26 printf ( \n The b i n a r y
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e q u i v a l e n t o f f i r s t no i s %f\
n\n ,a ) ;
,b ) ;
for i =1:8
a1 ( i ) = modulo (a ,10) ;
a = a /10;
a = round ( a ) ;
b1 ( i ) = modulo (b ,10) ;
b = b /10;
b = round ( b ) ;
end
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37 car (1) =0;
38 for i =1:8
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c1 ( i ) = car ( i ) + a1 ( i ) + b1 ( i ) ; // a d d i n g t h e b i n a r y
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numbers ( b i n a r y a d d t i o n )
if c1 ( i ) == 2 then
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =0;
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
else
car ( i +1) =0;
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end
end
c1 (9) = car (9) ;
re =0;
format ( v ,18) ;
for i =1:8
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
end
printf ( I f o n l y 8 b i t s a r e t a k e n t h e r e s u l t w i l l be
a s shown b e l o w \n\n ) ;
printf ( and t h e sum o f g i v e n two b i n a r y numbers
w i l l be %f\n\n , re ) ;
q =1;
b =0;
f =0;
a = re ;
while (a >0) // c o n v e r t i n g t h e b i n a r y o u t p u t t o
hexadecimal
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
c =m -1;
f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
end
printf ( Sum i n d e c i m a l n o t a t i o n i s %d\n\n ,f ) ;
printf ( The sum i n h e x a d e c i m a l n o t a t i o n i s %sH \n ,
hex ) ;
printf ( \n w i t h an o v e r f l o w o f %d\n\n , car (9) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.8 2s compliment

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1 // e x a m p l e 6 . 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 re =0;
5 aaa = input ( e n t e r t h e number ( i n d e c i m a l ) : ) ; //
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t a k i n g t h e s i g n e d number
m = aaa ;
if aaa <0 then
aa = -1* aaa ;
else aa = aaa ;
end
a =0;
q =0;
while ( aa >0)
// c o n v e r t i n g from d e c i m a l t o
binary
a = a + (10^ q ) * x ;
aa = aa /2;
aa = floor ( aa ) ;
q = q +1;
end
mm = a ;
for i =1:8
a1 ( i ) = modulo (a ,10) ;
a = a /10;
a = round ( a ) ;
b1 ( i ) =0;
end
b1 (1) =1;
if aaa <0 then // making two s complement i f t h e
number i s l e s s t h a n z e r o
for i =1:8
a1 ( i ) = bitcmp ( a1 ( i ) ,1) ;
end
car (1) =0;
for i =1:8
c1 ( i ) = car ( i ) + a1 ( i ) + b1 ( i ) ; // a d d i n g one ( a s a
part o f f i n d i n g 2 s compliment
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if c1 ( i ) == 2 then
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car ( i +1) = 1;
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c1 ( i ) =0;
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car ( i +1) = 1;
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c1 ( i ) =1;
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else
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car ( i +1) =0;
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end ;
44 end ;
45 c1 (9) = car (9) ;
46 re =0;
47 format ( v ,18) ;
48
for i =1:9
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re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
50
end ;
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printf ( \ nThe b i n a r y c o n t e n t s a r e %d\n\n ,
re ) ;
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else
re = mm ;
end ;
if ( aaa >0)
printf ( \ nThe b i a r y c o n t e n t s a r e %d\n\n , mm ) ;
end ;
q =1;
b =0;
f =0;
a = re ;
while (a >0) // c o n v e r t i n g t h e r e s u l t t o d e c i m a l t h e n
to hexadecimal
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
c =m -1
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f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
72 end
73 hex = dec2hex ( f ) ;
74 printf ( The H e x a d e c i m a l c o n t e n t s a r e %sH , hex ) ; //
d i s p l a y i n the r e s u l t
Scilab code Exa 6.9 2s compliment

// e x a m p l e 6 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
// aaa=i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e number ( i n d e c i m a l ) : ) ;
aaa = -19750 // g i v e n i n p u t
aa = -1* aaa ;
format ( v ,18) ;
a =0;
q =0;
while ( aa >0)
// c o n v e r t i n g
i t to binary
a = a + (10^ q ) * x ;
aa = aa /2;
aa = floor ( aa ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for i =1:16
a1 ( i ) = modulo (a ,10) ;
a = a /10;
a = round ( a ) ;
b1 ( i ) =0;
end
b1 (1) =1;
for i =1:16
// / f i n d i n g t h e 2 s
compliment
25
a1 ( i ) = bitcmp ( a1 ( i ) ,1) ;
26
end
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car (1) =0;

for i =1:16
c1 ( i ) = car ( i ) + a1 ( i ) + b1 ( i ) ;
if c1 ( i ) == 2 then
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =0;
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
else
car ( i +1) =0;
end ;
end ;
c1 (17) = car (17) ;
re =0;
for i =1:17
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
end ;
printf ( \n The 2 s c o m p l i m e n t i s ) ;
disp ( re ) ;
q =1;
b =0;
f =0;
a = re ;
while (a >0)
// c o n v e r t i n g t o h e x a d e c i m a l
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
c =m -1
f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
end
printf ( \n I n H e x a d e c i m a l n o t a t i o n i s %sH\n\n , hex )
; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
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disp ( As t h e memory o f a f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n
m i c r o c u m p u t e r i s o r g n i s e d i n b y t e s . The l o w e r
b y t e i s s t o r e d i n 2 0 0 0 a d d r e s s and t h e h i g h e r
byte i s s t o r e d i n 2001 a d d r e s s . );
Scilab code Exa 6.10 2s compliment subtraction

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// e x a m p l e 6 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
format ( v ,18) ;
// bb=i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e f i r s t number ( i n d e c i m a l ) : ) ;
// aaa=i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e s e c o n d number ( n e g a t i v e ) : ) ;
aaa = -12618
bb =18357;
aa = -1* aaa ;
a =0;
q =0;
while ( aa >0)
// f i n d i n g t h e b i n a r y
equivalents
a = a + (10^ q ) * x ;
aa = aa /2;
aa = floor ( aa ) ;
q = q +1;
end
r =0;
b =0;
while ( bb >0)
b = b + (10^ r ) * x ;
bb = bb /2;
bb = floor ( bb ) ;
r = r +1;
end
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m=b
for i =1:16
a1 ( i ) = modulo (a ,10) ;
a = a /10;
a = round ( a ) ;
p1 ( i ) =0;
b1 ( i ) = modulo (b ,10) ;
b = b /10;
b = round ( b ) ;
end
p1 (1) =1;
for i =1:16
// f i n d i n g t h e 2 s c o m p l i m e n t
o f s e c o n d number
a1 ( i ) = bitcmp ( a1 ( i ) ,1) ;
end
car (1) =0;
for i =1:16
c1 ( i ) = car ( i ) + a1 ( i ) + p1 ( i ) ;
if c1 ( i ) == 2 then
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =0;
car ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
else
car ( i +1) =0;
end ;
end ;
re =0;
for i =1:16
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
end ;
printf ( The b i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f f i r s t
number i s ) ;
disp ( m ) ;
printf ( The 2 s c o m p l i m e n t o f s e c o n d
nmber i s ) ;
disp ( re ) ;
91
63 a1 = c1 ;
64 ar (1) =0;
65 for i =1:8
66
c1 ( i ) = ar ( i ) + a1 ( i ) + b1 ( i ) ;
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
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80
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82
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85
86
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88
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93
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95
96
97
98
nmbers ( b i n a r y a d d i t i o n )
if c1 ( i ) == 2 then
ar ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =0;
ar ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
else
ar ( i +1) =0;
end
// a d d i n b o t h t h e
// l o w e r b y t e
end
c1 (9) = ar (9)
re =0;
format ( v ,18) ;
for i =1:8
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
end
printf ( The sum o f l o w e r b y t e s o f two b i n a r y
numbers i s %d\n , re ) ;
printf ( w i t h a c a r r y i s %d\n , ar (9) ) ;
for i =9:16
c1 ( i ) = ar ( i ) + a1 ( i ) + b1 ( i ) ; // u p p e r b y t e
if c1 ( i ) == 2 then
ar ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =0;
ar ( i +1) = 1;
c1 ( i ) =1;
else
ar ( i +1) =0;
end
end
c1 (17) = ar (17) ;
format ( v ,25) ;
92
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
ree =0;
for i =9:16
ree = ree +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -9) ) ) ;
end
for i =9:16
re = re +( c1 ( i ) *(10^( i -1) ) )
end
printf ( The sum o f u p p e r b y t e s o f t h e g i v e n
numbers i s %d\n , ree ) ;
printf ( w i t h a c a r r y i s %d\n , ar (17) ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g
results
printf ( The t o t a l sum i s ) ;
disp ( re ) ;
printf ( w i t h a c a r r y %d , ar (17) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.12 final carry in a CLA

// exmple 6 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
// a=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e f i r s t number A ( 4 b i t ) : ) ;
// b=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e f i r s t number B ( 4 b i t ) : ) ;
a =1111; // g i v e n v a l u e s f o r a and b
b =0001;
for i =1:4
a1 ( i ) = modulo (a ,10) ;
a = a /10;
a = round ( a ) ;
b1 ( i ) = modulo (b ,10) ;
b = b /10;
b = round ( b ) ;
end
for i =1:4
// f i n d i n g t h e g e n e r a t e and p r o p a g a t e
v a l u e s f o r ech b i t
17
g ( i ) = bitand ( a1 ( i ) , b1 ( i ) ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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10
11
12
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14
15
16
93
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
p ( i ) = bitor ( a1 ( i ) , b1 ( i ) ) ;
end
c (1) =0;
for i =1:4 // f i n d i n g t h e c a r r y
c ( i +1) = bitor ( g ( i ) , bitand ( p ( i ) ,c ( i ) ) ) ;
end
printf ( The f i n a l c a r r y i s C3 = %d , c (5) ) ; //
d i s p l a y i n g the r e s u l t
94
Chapter 7
Clocks and Timing Circuits
Scilab code Exa 7.1 clock cycle time

1 // e x a m p l e 7 . 1
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4
// f o r 50 kHz c l o c k
5
clk_frq1 = 50000;
6
c_t_500 = 1000/ clk_frq1 ;
7
// f o r 8MHz c l o c k
8
clk_frq2 = 8000000;
9
c_t_8 = 10000000/ clk_frq2 ;
10
printf ( C y c l e t i m e f o r 500kHz c l o c k
11
i s %f
m i l l i s e c o n d s \n , c_t_500 ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t s
printf ( C y c l e t i m e f o r 8MHz c l o c k i s %f m i c r o
s e c o n d s , c_t_8 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.2 maximum clock frequency

1 // e x a m p l e 7 . 2
2 clc ;
95
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clear ;
// p r o p d e l a y = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e p r o p a g a t i o n d e l a y i n
nano s e c o n d s : ) ;
prop_dely =24; // t a k i n g t h e g i v e n i n p u t
format ( v ,18) ; // s e t t i n g t h e p r e c i s i o n
max_clk_frq = 1/ prop_delay ; // making n e c e s s a r y
calculations
max_clk_frq = max_clk_frq *10^3;
printf ( maximum c l o c k f r e q u e n c y i s %f KHz ,
max_clk_frq ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
Scilab code Exa 7.3 frequency limits of the clock

1 // e x a m p l e 7 . 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 //ppm = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
s t a b i l i t y in parts per
m i l l i o n (PPM) : ) ;
// c l k f r q = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e c l o c k f r e q u e n c y i n MHz
: );
ppm = 5 // t a k i n g
the given values
clk_frq = 5
mill = clk_frq ; // making n e c e s s a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s
pp = mill * ppm ;
pp = round ( pp ) ;
clk_frq = clk_frq *10^6;
o (1 ,1) = clk_frq - pp ;
o (1 ,2) = clk_frq + pp ;
printf ( The c l o c k f r e q u e n c y w i l l be somewhere
b e t w e e n %d and %d Hz ,o ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
96
Figure 7.1: Schmitt trigger
97
Scilab code Exa 7.4 Schmitt trigger

1 // e x a m p l e 7 . 4
2 // s c h m i t t t r i g g e r i n v e r t e r
3 clear ;
4 clc ;
5 close ;
6 // peak= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e peak v o l t a g e
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
o f s i n e wave
in volts : ) ;
// utp = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e u p p e r t r i g g e r p o i n t i n
volts : ) ;
// l t p = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e l o w e r t r i g g e r p o i n t i n
volts : ) ;
peak =2; // t a k i n g g i v e n v a l u e s f o r i n p u t s
utp =1.7;
ltp =0.9;
for i =1:4000
sinn ( i ) = peak * sin ( i *2*3.1416/1000) ; // d r a w i n g
a s i n wave w i t h g i v e n a m p l i t u d e
end
for j =1:4000
// making c a l c u l a t i o n s t o p l o t
output
if modulo (j ,1000) < 250 then
if sinn ( j ) < utp then
result ( j ) =3.4;
else
result ( j ) =0.2;
end
elseif sinn ( j ) > ltp then
result ( j ) =0.2
else
result ( j ) =3.4;
end
end
subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
plot ( sinn ) ; // p l o t i n g t h e i n p u t and o u t p u t c u r v e s
xlabel ( n ) ;
title ( i n p u t )
98
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
ylabel ( v o l t s ) ;
subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ;
plot ( result , r ) ;
xlabel ( n ) ;
title ( o u t p u t )
ylabel ( v o l t s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.5 frequency of oscillation for 555 timer

1 // e x a m p l e 7 . 5
2 clc
3 clear
4 //Ra = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f t h e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
r e s i s t a n c e RA
i n Kohms : ) ;
//Rb = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f t h e r e s i s t a n c e RB
i n Kohms : ) ;
//C =i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f t h e C a p a c i t a n c e C i n
micro f a r a d s : ) ;
Ra =1 // t a k i n g t h e g i v e n i n p u t
Rb =1
C = 1 *10^ -3
T = ( Ra + 2* Rb ) * C ;
frq = 1.44 * (1/ T ) ; // s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t h e e q u t i o n
printf ( F r e q e n c y o f o s c i l l a t i o n i s %f KHz , frq ) ; //
displaying result
Scilab code Exa 7.6 finding Ra and C in 555 timer circuit

1 // e x a m p l e 7 . 6
2 clc
3 clear
99
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// r b=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f t h e r e s i s t a n c e RB i n
Kohms : ) ;
// dc =i n p u t ( E n t e r r e q u i r e d duty c y c l e i n % : ) ;
// c l k = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e p r o v i d e d c l o c k f r e q u e n c y i n
MHz : ) ;
rb =0.75 // t a k i n g t h e g i v e n v a l u e s f o r i n p u t
dc =25
clk =1
ra = ( rb *100/ dc ) - 2* rb ; // mking n e c c e s a r y
calculations
format ( v ,18) ;
t2 = dc /( clk *10^8) ;
C = t2 /(693* rb )
C = C *10^12;
//C=round (C) ;
printf ( The v a l u e o f RA i s %f Kohms\n , ra ) ; //
d i s p l a y i n g the output
printf ( The v a l u e o f C i s %f p i c o f a r a d s ,C ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.7 output pulse width for the timer
1 // e x a m p l e 7 . 7
2 clc
3 clear
5
6
7
8
9
i n Kohms : ) ;
Ra =10 // t a k i n g g i v e n v a l u e s
C =0.1
pw = 1.1* Ra * C // s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t h e e q u a t i o n
printf ( p u l s e w i d t h i s %f m i l l i s e c o n d s , pw ) ; //
displaying result
100
Scilab code Exa 7.8 value of C necessary to change pulse width to given
values
1 // e x a m p l e 7 . 8
2 clc
3 clear
5
6
7
8
9
i n Kohms : ) ;
//pw =i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f r e q u i r e d p u l s e w i d t h
in millisecndseconds : ) ;
Ra =10 // t a k i n g g i v e n v a l u e s
pw =10
C = pw /(1.1* Ra ) ; // s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t h e e q u a t i o n
printf ( The r e q u i r e d v a l u e o f c a p a c i t a n c e i s %f
m i c r o f a r a d s ,C ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t
Scilab code Exa 7.9 monostable multivibrator

1 // e x a m p l e 7 . 9
2 clear
3 clc
4 close
5 //R = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f t h e
r e s i s t a n c e R in
Kohms : ) ;
6 //C =i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f t h e C a p a c i t a n c e C i n
7 sp = input ( E n t e r t h e s p a c i n g b e t w e e n two i n p u t
p u l s e s i n micro s e c o n d s : );
101
Figure 7.2: monostable multivibrator
102
Figure 7.3: monostable multivibrator
103
R =1; // t a k i n g g i v e v a l u e s
C =0.01;
t = 693* R * C ; // c a l c u l t i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t
tt = t *10;
p =1;
len = sp *60 -1;
q =1;
for j =1: len
// p l o t i n t h e g r a p h s
lo = sp *10;
f = modulo (j , lo ) ;
if f ==0 then
inpu ( j ) =1;
else
inpu ( j ) =0;
end
inpu (1) =1;
o ( j ) =2;
end
while q < len
result ( q ) =0;
q = q +1;
end
while p < len
if inpu ( p ) ==1 then
for k =1: tt
result ( p + k ) =1;
end
p = p + tt ;
else
result ( p ) =0;
p = p +1;
end
end
subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ; // p l o t i n g b o t h e g r a p h s i n same
window
42 plot ( o ) ;
43 plot ( inpu ) ;
44 xlabel ( t i m e X107 s e c o n d s ) ;
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
104
Figure 7.4: 74123

45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
ylabel ( Manitude ) ;
title ( i n p u t p u l s e s ) ;
subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ;
plot ( o ) ;
plot ( result ) ;
xlabel ( t i m e X107 s e c o n d s ) ;
title ( Output ) ;
105
Figure 7.5: 74123
106
Scilab code Exa 7.10 74123

1 // e x a m p l e 7 . 1 0
2 clear
3 clc
4 close
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Kohms : ) ;
sp = input ( E n t e r t h e s p a c i n g b e t w e e n two i n p u t
p u l s e s i n micro s e c o n d s : );
R =10;
C =0.01;
// s p =50;
// s p =10;
t = 330* R * C ; // c a l c u l a t i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t
printf ( The o u t p u t p u l s e w i d t h w i l l be a b o u t %f
m i c r o s e c o n d s ,t ) ;
tt = t *10;
p =1;
len = sp *60+1;
q =1;
for j =1: len
// making a r r a y s t o p l o t t h e g r a p h s
lo = sp *10;
f = modulo (j , lo ) ;
if f ==0 then
inpu ( j ) =1;
else
inpu ( j ) =0;
end
inpu (1) =1;
o ( j ) =5;
end
if sp <40 then
while q <2* len
result ( q ) =0;
q = q +1;
107
33 end
34 else
35 while q <1.2* len
36
result ( q ) =0;
37
q = q +1;
38 end
39 end
40 while p < len
41
if inpu ( p ) ==1 then
42
for k =1: tt
43
result ( p + k ) =3;
44
end
45
p = p +1;
46
else
47
p = p +1;
48
end
49
50
end
51 subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ; // p l o t i n g b o t h e g r a p h s i n same
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
window
plot ( o ) ;
plot ( inpu ) ;
title ( i n p u t p u l s e s ) ;
subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ;
plot ( o ) ;
plot ( result ) ;
title ( Output ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.11 finding timing capacitor values

1
// e x a m p l e 7 . 1 1
108
2 clc
3 clear
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Kohms : ) ;
//pw =i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f r e q u i r e d p u l s e w i d t h
in millisecndseconds : ) ;
R =0.5; // t k i n g t h e g i v e n v a l u e s
format ( v ,18) ;
pw = 1 * 10^ -3;
C = pw /(0.33* R ) ; // c a l c u l a t i n g C
printf ( The r e q u i r e d v a l u e o f c a p a c i t a n c e i s %f
m i c r o f a r a d s \n ,C ) ;
printf ( The p u l s e d e l a y c a p a c i t o r i s %f m i c r o f a r a d s
,(2* C ) ) ;
109
Chapter 8
Flip Flops
Scilab code Exa 8.4 RS flipflop

1 // e x a m p l e 8 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 en = input ( E n t e r t h e e n a b l e i n p u t
l e v e l (1 or 0) : )
;
5 r = input ( e n t e r t h e R i n p u t
l e v e l ( 1 o r 0 ) : ) ; //
a c c e p t i n g t h e i n p u t s from t h e u s e r
6 s = input ( e n t e r t h e S i n p u t l e v e l ( 1 o r 0 ) : ) ;
7 qn = input ( E n t e r t h e p r e v i o u s o u t p u t v a l u e ( 1 o r 0 ) :
);
8
9 if en == 0 then // c l c u l a t i n g t h e o u t p u t
10
op = qn ;
11 elseif ( s ==0 & r ==0) then
12
op = qn ;
13 elseif ( s ==1& r ==1) then
14
disp ( The i n p u t s a r e i l l e g a l ) ;
15
return ;
16 else
17
op = s ;
18
110
19 end
20
21 printf ( \n \ n o u t p u t (Qn+1) = %d , op ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g
the output
Scilab code Exa 8.5 positive edge triggred RS flip flop

1 // e x a m p l e 8 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( Here what h a p p e n s a t e a c h p o i n t i n t i m e ) ;
5 disp ( Time
t 0 : S = 0 , R = 0 , no c h a n g e i n Q (Q
6
7
8
9
10
remains 0) );
disp ( Time t 1 : S = 1 , R = 0 , Q c h a n g e s from 0 t o 1
);
disp ( Time t 2 : S = 0 , R = 1 , Q r e s e t s t o 0 ) ;
disp ( Time t 3 : S = 1 , R = 0 , Q s e t s t o 1 ) ;
disp ( Time t 4 : S = 0 , R = 0 , no c h a n g e i n Q (Q
remains 1) );
disp ( N o t i c e t h a t e i t h e r R o r S , o r both , a r e
a l l o w e d t o c h a n g e s t a t e a t any time , w h e t h e r C i s
h i g h o r low . The o n l y t i m e b o t h R and S must be
s t a b l e ( u n c h a n g i n g ) i s d u r i n g t h e s h o r t PTs o f
the c l o c k . );
Scilab code Exa 8.6 negative edge triggred RS flip flop

1 // e x a m p l e 8 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( Here what h a p p e n s a t e a c h p o i n t i n t i m e ) ;
5 disp ( Time
t 0 : S = 0 , R = 0 , no c h a n g e i n Q (Q
remains 0) );
111
6
7
8
9
10
disp ( Time t 1 : S = 1 , R = 0 , Q c h a n g e s from 0 t o 1

);
disp ( Time t 2 : S = 0 , R = 1 , Q r e s e t s t o 0 ) ;
disp ( Time t 3 : S = 1 , R = 0 , Q s e t s t o 1 ) ;
disp ( Time t 4 : S = 0 , R = 0 , no c h a n g e i n Q (Q
remains 1) );
disp ( N o t i c e t h a t e i t h e r R o r S , o r both , a r e
a l l o w e d t o c h a n g e s t a t e a t any time , w h e t h e r C i s
h i g h o r low . The o n l y t i m e b o t h R and S must be
s t a b l e ( u n c h a n g i n g ) i s d u r i n g t h e s h o r t NTs o f
the c l o c k . );
Scilab code Exa 8.7 T flip flop

1 // e x a m p l e 8 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 printf ( For i n p u t J and K = 0 o t p u t Qn+1 = Qn i . e
o u t p u t d o e s n o t c h a n g e i t s s t a t e And f o r J = K =
1 , The Output Qn+1 = Qn i . e o u t p u t t o g g l e s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.9 JK master slave

1 // e x a m p l e 8 . 9
2 clc
3 close
4 clear
5 disp ( s i n c e J=K=1 , t h e
f l i p f l o p s i m p l y t o g g l e s e c h
t i m e t h e c l o c k g o e s low , The waveform a t Q h a s a
p e r i o d t w i c e o f t h a t o f t h e wavefrm . I n o t h e r
112
Figure 8.1: JK master slave
113
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
words , t h e f r e q u e n c y o f Q i d o n l y oneh a l f o f
that o f . This c i r c u i t a c t s as a frequency
d i v i d e r t h e o u t p u t f r e q u e n c y d i v i d e by 2 . Note
t h a t Q c h a n g e s s t a t e on NTs o f t h e c l o c k . The
w a v e f o r m s a r e a s shown i n t h e f i g u r e ) ;
t =50; // t a k e n t i m e p e r i o d
p =1;
while p < t *10 // t k i n g v a l u e s f o r p l o t i n g t h e g r a p h
for k =1: t /2
cin ( p + k ) =0;
end
p = p + t /2;
else
cin ( p ) =1;
p = p +1;
end
end
t =100;
p =1;
while p < t *5
for k =1: t /2
dout ( p + k ) =0;
end
p = p + t /2;
else
dout ( p ) =1;
p = p +1;
end
end
y =[3 3];
subplot (2 ,1 ,1) // p l o t i n b o t h t h e p l o t s i n a s i n g l e
window
title ( i n p u t a t p i n C )
plot ( cin )
plot ( y )
subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
114
38
39
40
title ( o u t put a t p i n D )
plot ( dout )
plot ( y )
Scilab code Exa 8.10 fictitious flip flop excitation table

1 // Example 8 . 1 0
2 clc
3 clear
4 close
5 b =[0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1]; // g i v e n t r u t h
6
7
8
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23
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27
28
t b l e f o r the
fictitious flip flop
a = [0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1];
qn = [0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1];
for i =1:8
if ( a ( i ) ==0 & b ( i ) ==0) then
qn1 ( i ) = 0;
end ;
if ( a ( i ) ==1 & b ( i ) == 1) then
qn1 ( i ) = 1 ;
end ;
if ( a ( i ) ==1 & b ( i ) == 0) then
qn1 ( i ) = bitcmp ( qn ( i ) ,1) ;
end ;
if ( a ( i ) ==0 & b ( i ) == 1) then
qn1 ( i ) = ( qn ( i ) ) ;
end ;
end ;
for i = 1 : 8
// p r i n t i n t h e t r u t h t a b l e
Y (i ,1) = qn ( i ) ;
Y (i ,2) = a ( i ) ;
Y (i ,3) = b ( i ) ;
Y (i ,4) = qn1 ( i ) ;
end
disp ( The g i v e n t r u t h t a b l e
i s : );
115
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31
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65
disp ( Qn
A
B
Qn+1 ) ;
disp ( Y ) ;
disp ( The t r a n s i t i o n s a r e shown b e l o w ) ;
c1 =0;
c2 =0;
c3 =0;
c4 =0;
for j =1:8 // c h e c k i n g a l l p o s s i b l e c a s e s t o make a
transition table
if ( qn ( j ) ==0) then
if ( qn1 ( j ) == 0) then
if ( c1 ==0) then
disp ( t r a n s i t i o n from 0 > 0 ) ;
disp (
A
B );
c1 =1;
end ;
disp ( Y (j ,2:3) ) ;
end ;
end ;
end ;
for j =1:8
if ( qn ( j ) ==0) then
if ( qn1 ( j ) == 1) then
if ( c2 ==0) then
disp (
A
B );
c2 =1;
end ;
disp ( Y (j ,2:3) ) ;
end ;
end ;
end ;
for j =1:8
if ( qn ( j ) ==1) then
if ( qn1 ( j ) == 0) then
if ( c3 ==0) then
disp (
A
B );
116
66
c3 =1;
67
end ;
68
disp ( Y (j ,2:3) ) ;
69
end ;
70
end ;
71 end ;
72 for j =1:8
73
if ( qn ( j ) ==1) then
74
if ( qn1 ( j ) == 1) then
75
if ( c4 ==0) then
76
77
disp (
A
B );
78
c4 =1;
79
end ;
80
disp ( Y (j ,2:3) ) ;
81
end ;
82
end ;
83 end ;
Scilab code Exa 8.12 state transition diagram for given circuit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// e x a m p l e 8 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
qn =[0 ,0 ,1 ,1];
x =[0 ,1 ,0 ,1];
for i =1:4 // c a l c u l a t i n g Y f o r a l l p o s s i b l e c a s e s
d ( i ) = bitxor ( x ( i ) , qn ( i ) ) ;
qn1 ( i ) = d ( i ) ;
y ( i ) = bitand ( x ( i ) , bitcmp ( qn ( i ) ,1) ) ;
end ;
for i = 1 : 4 // d i s p l a y i n g t h e s t a t e t a b l e
Y (i ,1) = qn ( i ) ;
117
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Y (i ,2) = x ( i ) ;
Y (i ,3) = d ( i ) ;
Y (i ,4) = qn1 ( i ) ;
Y (i ,5) = y ( i ) ;
end
disp ( The s t a t e t a b l e
i s : );
disp (
Qn
X
D
Qn+1
disp ( Y ) ;
Y );
Scilab code Exa 8.13 D flip flop to RS flip flop

1 // e x a m p l e 8 . 1 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( For SR f l i p
f l o p Qn+1 = S + R Qn and f o r D
f l i p f l o p Qn+1 = D . ) ;
5 disp ( Thus w i t h D = S + R Qn we g e t c i r c u i t which
b e h a v e s l i k e SR f l i p f l o p . ) ;
118
Chapter 9
Registers
Scilab code Exa 9.1 shift register serial input

1 // e x a m p l e 9 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // s = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e number t o be
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
serially
s h i f t e d in to the s h i f t r e g i s t e r ) ;
s =0100; // g i v e n s e r i a l i n p u t
for i = 4: -1:1
se ( i ) = modulo (s ,10) ;
s = s /10;
s = round ( s ) ;
end
se ( i +4) =0;
k =0;
for i = 2:6 // making s t a t e t a b l e
clk ( k +1) = k ;
q ( i ) = se (i -1) ;
if i >1 then
r ( i ) = q (i -1) ;
else
r ( i ) =0;
119
21
end ;
22
if i >2 then
23
s ( i ) = r (i -1) ;
24
else
25
s ( i ) =0;
26
end ;
27
if i >3 then
28
t ( i ) = s (i -1) ;
29
else
30
t ( i ) =0;
31
end ;
32
k = k +1;
33 end
34 for i = 1 : 5 // p r i n t i n g t h e s t a t e
35
Y (i ,1) = clk ( i ) ;
36
Y (i ,2) = se ( i ) ;
37
Y (i ,3) = q ( i ) ;
38
Y (i ,4) = r ( i ) ;
39
Y (i ,5) = s ( i ) ;
40
Y (i ,6) = t ( i ) ;
41
end
42 disp ( The s t a t e t a b l e
i s : );
43 disp ( C l o c k
Input
Q
R
S
44 disp ( Y ) ;
table
T );
Scilab code Exa 9.2 shift register serial input and output graph
1 // e x a m p l e 9 . 2
2 clc
3 clear
4 close
5 t1 =100; // c l o c k p e r i o d
6 s =0100; // g i v e n s e r i a l i n p u t
120
Figure 9.1: shift register serial input and output graph
121
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8
9
10
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22
23
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31
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35
36
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38
39
40
41
42
43
44
for i = 4: -1:1
se ( i ) = modulo (s ,10) ;
s = s /10;
s = round ( s ) ;
end
se ( i +4) =0;
k =0;
for i = 2:6 // i n i t i a l l y making a s t a t e t a b l e
clk ( k +1) = k ;
q ( i ) = se (i -1) ;
if i >1 then
r ( i ) = q (i -1) ;
else
r ( i ) =0;
end ;
if i >2 then
s ( i ) = r (i -1) ;
else
s ( i ) =0;
end ;
if i >3 then
t ( i ) = s (i -1) ;
else
t ( i ) =0;
end ;
k = k +1;
end
for m =1:5
// d r a w i n g t h e g r a p h
if ( se ( m ) ==1) then
v = (( m -1) .* t1 )
for u = 1: t1
se1 ( u + v ) =1;
end
else
v = (( m -1) * t1 )
for u = 1: t1
se1 ( u + v ) =0;
end
122
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48
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51
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53
54
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57
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66
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71
72
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75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
end ;
if ( q ( m ) ==1) then
v = (( m -1) .* t1 )
for u = 1: t1
q1 ( u + v ) =1;
end
else
v = (( m -1) * t1 )
for u = 1: t1
q1 ( u + v ) =0;
end
end ;
if ( r ( m ) ==1) then
v = (( m -1) .* t1 )
for u = 1: t1
r1 ( u + v ) =1;
end
else
v = (( m -1) * t1 )
for u = 1: t1
r1 ( u + v ) =0;
end
end ;
if ( s ( m ) ==1) then
v = (( m -1) .* t1 )
for u = 1: t1
s1 ( u + v ) =1;
end
else
v = (( m -1) * t1 )
for u = 1: t1
s1 ( u + v ) =0;
end
end ;
if ( t ( m ) ==1) then
v = (( m -1) .* t1 )
for u = 1: t1
123
83
t11 ( u + v ) =1;
84
end
85
else
86
v = (( m -1) * t1 )
87
for u = 1: t1
88
t11 ( u + v ) =0;
89
end
90
end ;
91
end ;
92 p =1;
93 while p < t1 *5
94
if p ==1 | modulo (p , t1 ) == 1 then
95
for k =1: t1 /2
96
cin ( p + k ) =0;
97
end
98
p = p + t1 /2;
99
else
100
cin ( p ) =1;
101
p = p +1;
102
end
103 end
104 y =[3 3];
105 subplot (6 ,1 ,1)
// making s u b p l o t s t o draw a l l
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
g r a p h s i n a s i n g l e window
title ( C l o c k )
plot ( cin )
plot ( y )
subplot (6 ,1 ,2)
title ( S e r i a l i n p u t )
plot ( se1 )
plot ( y )
subplot (6 ,1 ,3)
title ( Q )
plot ( q1 )
plot ( y )
subplot (6 ,1 ,4)
title ( R )
plot ( r1 )
124
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
plot ( y )
subplot (6 ,1 ,5)
title ( S )
plot ( s1 )
plot ( y )
subplot (6 ,1 ,6)
title ( T )
plot ( t11 )
plot ( y )
Scilab code Exa 9.4 54164 shift register

// e x a m p l e 9 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
// b= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e number o f b i t s : ) ;
// c= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e c l o c k f r e q u e n c y i n Mhz : ) ;
b = 8; // g i v e n v a l u e s
c =10;
t = 1000/ c ;
printf ( One c l o c k p e r i o d t a k e s %d n s \n ,t ) ; //
d i s p l y i n g the r e s u l t s
10 tt = t * b ;
11 printf ( Time r e q u i r e d by t o t a l b i t s r e q u i r e d i s %d
n s , tt ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Scilab code Exa 9.5 54164 shift register

1 // e x a m p l e 9 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // c= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e c l o c k
125
f r e q u e n c y i n Mhz : ) ;
6 c =10; // g i v e n c l o c k f r e q u e n c y
7 t = 1000/ c ;
8 printf ( The d a t a must be s t a b l e
f o r 30 n s \n ) ;
//
displaying results
9 tc = t -30;
10 printf ( The d a t a may be c h a n g i n g i n %d n s , tc ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.8 74ls174

1 // e x a p l e 9 . 8
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // s=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e s e t u p t i m e i n n s : ) ;
5 // h=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e h o l d t i m e i n n s : ) ;
6 s =20;
// g i v e n i n p u t v a l u e s
7 h =5;
8 printf ( The d a t a i n p u t l e v e l s must be h e l d s t e a d y
f o o r a minimum o f %d n s ,( s + h ) ) ;
the r e s u l t s
// d i s p l a y i n
Scilab code Exa 9.9 7495A

1 // e x a m p l e 9 . 9
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( The mode c o n t r o l
l i n e must be h i g h . The d a t a
l i n e s must be s t a b l e f o r more t h a n 10 n s p r i o r t o
t h e c l o c k NTs . I f t h e c l o c k i s s t o p p e d a f t e r
the t r a n s i t i o n time T, the l e v e l s n the input
d a t a l i n e s may be c h a n g e d . However , i f t h e c l o c k
i s n o t s t o p p e d , t h e i n p u t d a t a l e v e l s must be
mainted . )
126
Chapter 10
Counters
Scilab code Exa 10.1 ripple counter clock frequency

1 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // c= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e p e r i o d
micro seconds :
o f t h e waveform a t C i n
) ;
5 c =24; // g i v e n p e r i o d o f waveform
6 clk = c /8;
7 clkf = 1/( clk *10^ -3) ;
8 printf ( The c l o c k p e r i o d i s %f m i c r o s e c o n d s \n , clk
9
) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t s
printf ( The c l o c k f r e q u e n c must be %f
KHz , clkf ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.2 number of flip flops required to construct a counter
1 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clc
4 c =128; // g i v e n c o u n t e r s
127
Figure 10.1: Output waveforms for a 7493A connected as a mod 16 counter

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
d =32;
e =64;
fc = log2 ( c ) ; // making n e c e s s a r c a l c u l a t i o n s
fd = log2 ( d ) ;
printf ( A mod128 c o n t e r s h o u l d have %d f l i p f l o p s \n
, fc ) ;
printf ( A mod32 c o n t e r s h o u l d have %d f l i p f l o p s \n
, fd ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t s
fe = log2 ( e ) ;
n =2^ fe - 1 ;
printf ( The l a r g e s t d e c i m a l no t h a t can be s t o r e d
i n a mod64 c o u n t e r i s %d ,n ) ;
128
Scilab code Exa 10.3 Output waveforms for a 7493A connected as a mod
16 counter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
t =320;
p =1;
while p < t *1 // making a r r a y s f o r p l o t i n g
for k =1: t /2
qd ( p + k ) =0;
end
p = p + t /2;
else
qd ( p ) =1;
p = p +1;
end
end
t =160;
p =1;
while p < t *2
for k =1: t /2
qc ( p + k ) =0;
end
p = p + t /2;
else
qc ( p ) =1;
p = p +1;
end
end
t =80;
p =1;
129
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67
68
69
while p < t *4
for k =1: t /2
qb ( p + k ) =0;
end
p = p + t /2;
else
qb ( p ) =1;
p = p +1;
end
end
t =40;
p =1;
while p < t *8
for k =1: t /2
qa ( p + k ) =0;
end
p = p + t /2;
else
qa ( p ) =1;
p = p +1;
end
end
t =20;
p =1;
while p < t *16
for k =1: t /2
clk ( p + k ) =0;
end
p = p + t /2;
else
clk ( p ) =1;
p = p +1;
end
end
for i =320:350
130
70
clk ( i ) =0;
71
qa ( i ) =0;
72
qb ( i ) =0;
73
qc ( i ) =0;
74
qd ( i ) =0;
75 end ;
76 y =[3 3]; // p l o t i n g t h e g r a p h s
77 subplot (5 ,1 ,1)
78 title ( C l o c k )
79 plot ( clk )
80 plot ( y )
81 subplot (5 ,1 ,2)
82 title ( Qa )
83 plot ( qa )
84 plot ( y )
85 subplot (5 ,1 ,3)
86 title ( Qb )
87 plot ( qb )
88 plot ( y )
89 subplot (5 ,1 ,4)
90 title ( Qc )
91 plot ( qc )
92 plot ( y )
93 subplot (5 ,1 ,5)
94 title ( Qd )
95 plot ( qd )
96 plot ( y )
Scilab code Exa 10.5 Expression for AND gate connected to the leg of
OR gate that drives clock input to flip flop Qd in 74193
1 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 printf ( The c o r r e c t
e x p r e s s i o n i s : ( count up c l o c k )
131
( Qa ) (Qb) ( Qc ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.6 Expression for 4 input AND gate connected to the
leg of OR gate that conditions the J and K inputs to the Qd flip flop in a
74191
1 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 6
2
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
l o g i c e x p r e s s i o n i s : ( downup )
( Qa ) (Qb) ( Qc ) ( e n a b l e ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.7 number of flip flops required to construct a counter
1 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 mod = input ( E n t e r t h e n v a l u e i n y o u r d e s i r e d modn
c o u n t e r : ) ; // t a k i n g t h e i n p u t
5 m = mod ;
6 while 1
7
n = log2 ( mod ) ; // c h e c k i n g w h e t h e r t h e g i v e n number
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
i s a power o f 2
k = modulo (n ,1) ;
if k ==0 then
printf ( The number o f f l i p f l o p s u s e d i n mod%d
c o u n t e r a r e : ,m ) ; // i f y e s t h e p r i n t t h
outpu .
printf ( %d ,n ) ;
return ;
end
mod = mod +1;
132
15
end
Scilab code Exa 10.8 what modulus counters can be constructed with given
number of flip flops e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// e x a m p l e 1 0 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
// f f = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e no o f f l i p f l o p s : ) ;
ff =4; // g i v e n i n p u t
k =2^ ff ;
if ( k ==2) then // o u t p u t d i s p l a y
printf ( With g i v e n f l i p f l o p we can o n l y c o u n t 2 ,
we can have a modulus 2 c o u n t e r ) ;
else
printf ( With g i v e n number o f f l i p f l o p s t h e c o u n t e r
w i l l have a n a t u r a l c o u n t o f %d\n ,k ) ;
printf ( We can t h u s c o n s t r u c t any c o u n t e r t h a t h a s a
modulus b e t w e e n %d and 2 ,k )
end ;
Scilab code Exa 10.9 mod 6 counter

1 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 9
2
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 c = [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0]; // t a k i n g t h e v a l u e s f o r a mod 6 c o u n t e r
133
Figure 10.2: mod 6 counter
134
7 q = [0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0];
8 a = [0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0];
9 b = [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0];
y1 = q ;
y2 = a ;
y3 = b ;
y11p =1;
y22p =1;
y33p =1;
y44p =1;
cp =1;
yf1p =1;
for i =1:25
// making a r r a y s t o draw t h e o u t p u t
for o =1:100
y11 ( y11p ) =1;
y11p = y11p +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
y11 ( y11p ) =0;
y11p = y11p +1;
end
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31 end
32 if y2 ( i ) ==1 then
33
for o =1:100
34
y21 ( y22p ) =1;
35
y22p = y22p +1;
36
end
37
else
38
for o =1:100
39
y21 ( y22p ) =0;
40
y22p = y22p +1;
41
end
135
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43
44
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46
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48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
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end
for o =1:100
y31 ( y33p ) =1;
y33p = y33p +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
y31 ( y33p ) =0;
y33p = y33p +1;
end
end
if c ( i ) ==1 then
for o =1:100
c1 ( cp ) =1;
cp = cp +1;
end
else
for o =1:100
c1 ( cp ) =0;
cp = cp +1;
end
end
end
z =[2 2];
subplot (4 ,1 ,1) ; // p l o t i n g t h e o u t put
title ( Timing Diagram ) ;
plot ( c1 ) ;
plot ( z ) ;
ylabel ( C ) ;
subplot (4 ,1 ,2) ;
plot ( y11 ) ;
ylabel ( Q ) ;
plot ( z ) ;
subplot (4 ,1 ,3) ;
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plot ( y21 ) ;
ylabel ( A ) ;
plot ( z ) ;
subplot (4 ,1 ,4) ;
plot ( z ) ;
ylabel ( B ) ;
plot ( y31 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.10 Expression for a gate to decode count 8 in a 7492A
1 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
e x p r e s i o n i s 8 = Qd Qc Qb
Qa ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.12 mod 12 counter

1 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 2
2 clc
3 clear
4 // p r o= ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e t o w h i c c o u n t e r s h o u l d
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progress : ) ;
pro =11; // g i v e n i n p u t
q =1;
aa = pro ;
for i =1:4
// c o n v e r t i n g t h e g i v e n number
in to binary
b(q)=x;
aa = aa /2;
aa = floor ( aa ) ;
q = q +1;
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end
bi = ;
// t h e n p r i n t i n g t h e NAND g a t e i n p u t s
for i =1:4
if i ==1 & b ( i ) ==1 then
bi = strcat ([ bi Qa ]) ;
elseif i ==1 & b ( i ) == 0 ;
bi = strcat ([ bi Qa ]) ;
end
if i ==2 & b ( i ) ==1 then
bi = strcat ([ bi Qb ]) ;
elseif i ==2 & b ( i ) == 0 ;
bi = strcat ([ bi Qb ]) ;
end
if i ==3 & b ( i ) ==1 then
bi = strcat ([ bi Qc ]) ;
elseif i ==3 & b ( i ) == 0 ;
bi = strcat ([ bi Qc ]) ;
end
if i ==4 & b ( i ) ==1 then
bi = strcat ([ bi Qd ]) ;
elseif i ==4 & b ( i ) == 0 ;
bi = strcat ([ bi Qd ]) ;
end
end
disp ( The NAND g a t e i n p u t s must be : ) ;
disp ( bi )
Scilab code Exa 10.13 4 bit binary counter presettable

1 // e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 3
2 clc ;
3 clear
4 // p r e=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e number where t h e c o u n t e r
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is
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p r e s e t ) ;
pre = 1001; // g i v e n p r e s e t v a l u e
q =1;
b =0;
f =0;
a = pre ;
while (a >0) // c o n v e r t i n g t o d e c i m a l
b (1 , q ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
q = q +1;
end
for m =1: q -1
c =m -1
f = f + b (1 , m ) *(2^ c ) ;
end
disp ( The c o u n t e r w i l l c o u n t down t o 15 , Then
p r e s e t back t o %d , The r e s u l t i n g s t a t e d i a g r a m i s
shown b e l o w ) ;
for k =1:3
for i =9: -1:0 // t h i s w i l l p r i n t t h e s t a t e s
printf ( %d ,i ) ;
end ;
printf ( 15
);
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28 end ;

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139
Scilab code Exa 10.14 self correcting modulo 6 counter

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// e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 4
// t h i s program u s e s t h e f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n s
// kmap3 . s c i
// n o o f . s c i and n o o f 0 . s c i
// t h e a b o v e p r o g r a m s s h o u l d be e x e c u t e d b e f o r e
e x e c u t i n g t h e s e programs
clc ;
n = [ 0 0 0;
0 0 1;
0 1 0;
0 1 1;
1 0 0;
1 0 1;
1 1 0;
1 1 1];
for i = 1 : 5
n1 (i ,:) = n ( i +1 ,:)
end
for i =6:8
n1 (i ,:) =[0 0 0]
end ;
p =1;
for i = 1:3 // making t h e s t a t e t a b l e
for j = 1:8
if n (j , i ) == 0
jf (j , p ) = n1 (j , i ) ;
jf (j , p +1) = 2;
elseif n (j , i ) == 1
jf (j , p ) =2;
jf (j , p +1) = bitcmp ( n1 (j , i ) ,1) ;
end
end
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32
p = p +2
33 end ;
34 disp ( S t a t e
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t a b e l f o r mod 6 c o u n t e r : ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g
the s t a t e t a b l e
di = [ n n1 jf ];
disp (
Cn
Bn
An
Cn1
Bn1
An1
Jc
Kc
Jb
Kb
Ja
Ka ) ;
disp ( di ) ;
disp ( Here 2 r e p r e s e n t s a don t c a r e c o n d i t i o n
);
disp ( These b e l o w Karnaugh maps g i v e t h e d e s i g n
e q u a t i o n s );
40
41 jc =[0 0 1 0;2 2 2 2] // Krnaugh Maps f o r t h e d e s i g n
equations
42 JC = kmap3 ( jc ) ;
// c a l l i n g t h e 3 v a r i a b l e kmap
43 printf ( \n\nJC = %s \n , JC ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
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kc =[2 2 2 2;0 1 1 1]
KC = kmap3 ( kc ) ; // c a l l i n g t h e 3 v a r i a b l e kmap
printf ( \n\nKC = %s \n , KC ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
jb =[0 1 2 2;0 0 2 2]
JB = kmap3 ( jb ) ; // c a l l i n g t h e 3 v a r i a b l e kmap
printf ( \n\nJB = %s \n , JB ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
kb =[2 2 1 0;2 2 1 1]
KB = kmap3 ( kb ) ; // c a l l i n g t h e 3 v a r i a b l e kmap
printf ( \n\nKB = %s \n , KB ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
ja =[1 2 2 1;1 2 2 0]
JA = kmap3 ( ja ) ; // c a l l i n g t h e 3 v a r i a b l e kmap
printf ( \n\nJA = %s \n , JA ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
ka =[2 1 1 2;2 1 1 2]
KA = kmap3 ( ka ) ; // c a l l i n g t h e 3 v a r i a b l e kmap
printf ( \n\nKA = %s \n , KA ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
141

kmap2.sci
Scilab code Exa 10.15 sequence generator

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// e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 5
// t h i s program u s e kmap2 . s c i
// kmap2 . s c i s h o u l d be e x e c u t e d b e f o r e e x e c u t i n g t h i s
program
clc ;
a = [0 0 1 1]
b = [0 1 0 1]
y = [1 1 0 1]
k = [1 1 ; 0 1]
bi = kmap2 ( k ) ; // c a l l i n g 2 v a r i a b l e kmap
disp (
A
B
Y ) ;
for i =1:3
Y (i ,1) = a ( i ) ;
Y (i ,2) = b ( i ) ;
Y (i ,3) = y ( i ) ;
end
disp ( Y ) ;
disp ( The m i n i m i s e d e x p r e s s i o n from k a r n a u g h map i s
) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e r e s u l t
disp ( bi ) ;
142
Chapter 11
Design of Sequential Circuit
kmap3a.sci
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Scilab code Exa 11.1 synchronous sequential logic circuit

1 // e x a m p l e 1 1 . 1
2 clc ;
3 // t h i s program r e q u i r e s
4 // kmap3a . s c i
t o f i n d t h e kmap
5 // n o o f . s c i f u n c t i o n u s e d i n s i d e kmap
6 // n o o f 0 . s c i f u n c t i o n u s e d i n s i d e kmap
7 n = [ 0 0 0;
8
0 0 1;
9
0 1 0;
10
0 1 1;
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1
1
1
1
0 0;
0 1;
1 0;
1 1];
for i = 1:8
// p r i n t i n g t h e s t a t e s y n t h e s i s
table
an1 (i ,1) = n (i ,3) ;
dn (i ,1) = n (i ,3) ;
if n (i ,1) ==1 & n (i ,2) ==1 & n (i ,3) ==0 then
z (i ,1) =1;
else
z (i ,1) =0;
end
end ;
dis =[ n an1 dn z ];
disp ( S t a t e S y n t h e s i s t a b l e : ) ;
disp (
An
X
Y
An1
Dn
disp ( dis ) ;
printf ( \n\n D e s i g n e q u a t i o n s : \ n ) ;
Dn = [ 0 1 1 0;0 1 1 0];
Z = [ 0 0 0 0;0 0 0 1];
dn1 = kmap3a ( Dn ) ;
t h e 3 v a r i b l e kmap o f Dn
32 printf ( \n
Dn = %s \n\n , dn1 ) ;
the minimized e x p r e s s i o n
33 z1 = kmap3a ( Z ) ;
t h e 3 v a r i a b l e kmap o f Z
34 printf ( \n
Z = %s \n\n , z1 ) ;
the minimized e x p r e s s i o n
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Z );
// f i n d i n g
// f i n d i n g
Scilab code Exa 11.2 vending machine

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// e x a m p l e 1 1 . 2
// t h i s c o d e n e e d s
// d o n k m a p i j . s c i // f u n c t i o n t o m i n i m i z e g i v e n
e x p r e s s i o n u s i n g a kmap
// n o o f 1 . s c i
// a b o v e two s h o u l b be e x e c u t e d b e f o r e e x e c u t i n g t h i s
code
clc ;
tt =[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; // g i v e n s t a t e s y n t h e s i s
table
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1;
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0;
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1;
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1;
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0;
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0;
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0;
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0;
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0;
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0];
disp ( S t a t e s n t h e s i s t a b l e f o r Vending machine
p r o b l e m ) ; // p r i n t i n g t h e s t a a t e s y n t h e s i s t a b l e
disp ( P r e s e n t s t a t e
input
Next s t a t e
Output
Db
Da ) ;
disp (
Bn
An
I
J
Bn1
An1
X
Y
);
disp ( tt ) ;
printf ( \n\n D e s i g n e q u a t i o n s : \ n ) ;
22
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24
25 printf ( \n D e s i g n e q u a t i o n f o r DB\n ) ;
26 db =[ 0 0 2 1 ; 0 0 2 1 ;1 0 2 0 ;0 1 2 0];
27 DB = donkmapij ( db ) ; // m i n i m i z i n g t h e e x p r e s i o n
using
4 v a r i a b l e kmap
28 printf ( \n
DB = %s \n\n , DB ) ; // d i s p l a i n g r e s u l t
29
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30 printf ( \n D e s i g n e q u a t i o n f o r DA\n ) ;
31 da =[ 0 1 2 0;0 1 2 0 ;0 0 2 0;1 0 2 0];
32 DA = donkmapij ( da ) ; // m i n i m i z i n g t h e e x p r e s i o n
using
4 v a r i a b l e kmap
33 printf ( \n
DA = %s \n\n , DA ) ; // d i s p l a i n g r e s u l t
34
35 printf ( \n D e s i g n e q u a t i o n f o r X\n ) ;
36 x =[0 0 2 0;0 0 2 0;0 1 2 1; 0 0 2 1];
37 X = donkmapij ( x ) ; // m i n i m i z i n g t h e e x p r e s i o n u s i n g 4
v a r i a b l e kmap
38 printf ( \n
X = %s \n\n ,X ) ; // d i s p l a i n g r e s u l t
39
40 printf ( \n D e s i g n e q u a t i o n f o r Y\n ) ;
41 y =[0 0 2 0;0 0 2 0;0 0 2 1;0 0 2 0];
42 Y = donkmapij ( y ) ; // m i n i m i z i n g t h e e x p r e s i o n
using 4
v a r i a b l e kmap
43 printf ( \n
Y = %s \n\n ,Y ) ; // d i s p l a i n g r e s u l t
Scilab code Exa 11.5 Reducing state transition diagrams

1 // e x a m p l e 1 1 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( O r i g i n a l
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
t a b l e : ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g o r i g i n a l
table
disp ( P r e s e n t S t a t e
Next S t a t e
P r e s e n t Output ) ;
disp (
X=0
X=1
);
disp (
a
a
b
0
);
disp (
b
c
d
0
);
disp (
c
d
e
1
);
disp (
d
c
b
0
);
disp (
e
b
c
1
);
disp ( For s t a t e s b and d e x c e p t f o r n e x t s t a t e X=1
r e s t a r e same . NOw b and d would have b e e n
e q u i v a l e n t i f these next s t a t e s are e q u i v a l e n t .
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For b n e x t s t a t e i s d and d , n e x t s t a t e i s b .
Thus bd a r e e q u i v a l e n t i f n e x t s t a t e s db a r e
e q u i v a l e n t which can a l w a y s be t r u e . Thus b and d
a r e e q u i v l e n t and s t a t e b i s r e t a i n e d . )
disp ( T a b l e a f t e r f i r s t row e l i m i n a t i o n : ) ; // a f t e r
f i r s t row e l i m i n a t i o n
Next S t a t e
disp (
X=0
X=1
);
disp (
a
a
b
0
);
disp (
b
c
b
0
);
disp (
c
b
e
1
);
disp (
e
b
c
1
);
disp ( Now r e p e a t i n g t h e same a b o v e s t e p f o r c and e
. R e t a i n i n g c and r e p l a c i n g a r l l c s w i t h e we
g e t the below t a b l e );
disp ( T a b l e a f t e r s e c o n d row e l i m i n a t i o n : ) ; // a f t e r
s e c o n d row e l i m i n a t i o n
Next S t a t e
disp (
X=0
X=1
);
disp (
a
a
b
0
);
disp (
b
c
b
0
);
disp (
c
b
c
1
);
disp ( I m p l i c a t i o n t a b l e method ) ; // by i m p l i c a t i o n
method
29 printf ( d : d\ nc : d ( c e ) \ nb : d ( Ce ) ( bd ) \ na : ( c e ) ( bd ) a \nP=(
c e ) ( bd ) ( a ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.6 asynchronous sequential circuit

1 // e x a m p l e 1 1 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( To a n a l y e t h e
where
c i r c u i t we c o n s i d e r x = X( t )
i s t h e c u m m u l a t i v e p r o p a g a t i n d e l a y from
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7
8
9
10
i n p u t s i d e up t o X . For a l l
possible
c o m b b i n a t i o n s o f xAB we g e t X and Y f o l l o w i n g t h e
l o g i c r e l a t i o n a s shown i n t h e c i r c u i t and
p r e p a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g Karnaugh map ) ;
disp ( Karnaugh map ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e kmap
disp ( AB )
disp ( x
00
01
11
10 ) ;
disp ( 0
0 /0
0 /0
1/0
0 /0 ) ;
disp ( 1
0/0
0/1
1 /1
1 /0 ) ;
disp ( S t a t e where X = x a r e s t a b l e and p r i m e d .
Outputs c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o e c h s t a t e and i n p t
c o m b i n a t i o n a r e shown b e s i d e . ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.7 asynchronous sequential circuit problem in operation

1 // e x a m p l e 1 1 . 7
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( Given k a r n a u g h map ) ; // g i v e n kmap
5 disp (
00
01
11
10 ) ;
6 disp ( 00
11
00
11
00 ) ;
7 disp ( 01
01
11
11
01 ) ;
8 disp ( 11
10
11
11
10 ) ;
9 disp ( 10
10
10
11
11 ) ;
10 disp ( Yes , t h e c i r c u i t may f a c e p r o b l e m i n i t s
o p e r a t i o n . When t h e c i r c u i t i s a t s t a b l e s t a t e
xyAB = 1 1 1 1 and i n p u t AB c h a n g e s from 11 > 10
t h e c i r c u i t o s c i l l a t e s b e t w e e n xyAB = 1 1 1 0 and xy
AB = 1 0 1 0 . A l s o t h e r e can be a c r i t i c l r a c e
p r o b l e m i f a t s t a b l e s t a t e xyAB = 0 0 0 1 , i n p u t AB
c h n g e from 01 t o 0 0 . The c i r c u i t may s e t t l e a t
xyAB = 0 1 0 0 o r xyAB = 1 0 0 0 d e p e n d i n g on which o f
x and y c h a n g e s f i r s t a t t h e f e e d b c k p a t h . Non
c r i t i c a l race s i t u a t u i o n occurs i f at s t a b l e
148
s t a t e xyAB = 0 0 1 0 t h e i n p u t AB c h a n g e from 10 t o
0 0 . );
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Scilab code Exa 11.8 asynchronous sequential circuit

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// e x a m p l e 1 1 . 8
// t h i s program r e q u i r e s
// kmp3abx . s c i
// n o o f . s c i
// n o o f 0 . s c i
// a b o v e t h r e e f u n c t i o n s a r e f i r s t e x e c u t e b e f o r e
e x e c u t i n g t h i s program
clc ;
disp ( S t a t e t a b l e t h r o u g h k a r n a u g h map ) ; // s t a t e
t a b l e t h r o u g h kmap
disp (
00
01
11
10 ) ;
disp ( a
a
a
b
b );
disp ( b
a
b
b
b );
disp ( I f we r e p r e s e n t c u r r e n t s t a t e a a s x = 0 and b
a s x =1 t h e n o u t p u t X can be e x p r e s s e d a s ) ;
j =[0 0 1 1 ; 0 1 1 1];
J = kmap3abx ( j ) ; // f i n d i n g t h e m i n i m i z e d e x p r e s i o n
u s i n g 3 v a r i a b l e kmap
disp ( The m i n i m i s e d e x p r e s s i o n J ) ;
disp ( J ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e m i n i m i z e d e x p r e s s i o n
149
Chapter 12
D to A Conversion and A to D
conversion
Scilab code Exa 12.1 binary equivalent weight of each bit in a 4bit system
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// c h a p t e r 12
// Example 1 2 . 1
//Q . Find t h e b i n a r y e q u i v a l e n t o f e a c h b i t i n a 4
b i t system
// s o l u t i o n :
clc ;
clear ;
LSB = 1/(2^4 -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i n g b i n a r y w e i g h t s
LSB2 = 2*1/(2^4 -1) ;
LSB3 = 4*1/(2^4 -1) ;
MSB = 8*1/(2^4 -1) ;
disp ( B i n a r y w e i g h t o f e a c h b i t i n a 4 b i t system ) ;
d i s p ( LSB = ) ; // d i s p l a i n g t h e r e s u l t
d i s p ( LSB ) ;
d i s p ( LSB2 = ) ;
d i s p ( LSB2 )
d i s p ( LSB3 = ) ;
d i s p ( LSB3 )
d i s p ( MSB = ) ;
150
19
d i s p (MSB) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.2 5 bit resistive divider

1 // Example 1 2 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 LSB = 1/(2^5 -1) ;
// c a l c u l a t i n g w e i g h t s
5 LSB2 = 2*1/(2^5 -1) ;
6 LSB3 = 4*1/(2^5 -1) ;
7 change_LSB = 10 * LSB ;
8 change_LSB2 = 10 * LSB2 ;
9 change_LSB3 = 10* LSB3 ;
10 op_vol = (10*2^0 + 0*2^1 + 10*2^2 +0*2^3 +10*2^4)
/(2^5 -1) ; // c a l c u l a t i n g o u t p u t v o l t a g e
disp ( ( a ) LSB = ) ;
disp ( LSB ) ;
disp ( ( b ) S e c o n d LSB = ) ;
disp ( LSB2 )
disp ( T h i r d LSB3 = ) ;
disp ( LSB3 )
disp ( ( c ) c h a n g e i n o u t p u t v o l t a g e c a u s e d by ) ;
disp ( c h a n g e i n LSB = ) ;
disp ( change_LSB ) ;
disp ( c h a n g e i n s e c o n d LSB = ) ;
disp ( change_LSB2 )
disp ( c h a n g e i n t h i r d LSB = ) ;
disp ( change_LSB3 )
disp ( ( d ) o u t p u t v o l t a g e f o r a d i g i t a l i n p u t o f 1 0 1 0 1
= ) ;
25 disp ( op_vol ) ;
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Scilab code Exa 12.3 5 bit ladder

151
1 // Example 1 2 . 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 for i =1:5
5
op_v (1 , i ) = 10/2^ i ; // c a l c u l a t i n g
otput v o l t a g e s
c o r r e s p o n d i n g to each b i t
6 end
7 disp ( o u t p u t v o l t a g e s
c o r r e s p o n d i n g to each b i t are
) // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t
8 disp ( op_v ) ;

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// Example 1 2 . 4
clc
clear
V_A =0
// a=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e b i n a r y d i g i t ( 5 b i t s ) : ) ;
a =11010
for i =1:5
b (1 , i ) = r ;
a = a /10;
a = floor ( a ) ;
end
for j =1:5
V_A = V_A + 10* b (1 , j ) *2^( j -1) ;
end ;
V_A = V_A /2^5;
disp ( The o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n v o l t s i s ) ;
d i s p ( V A ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g t h e v a l u e

152
1 // Example 1 2 . 5
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 ful_scale_voltage = 0 ;
5 for i =1:5
6
op_v (1 , i ) = 10/2^ i ;
7
ful_scale_voltage = ful_scale_voltage + op_v (1 , i
) ; // c a l c u l a t i n g t h e f u l l
8 end
9 disp ( f u l l s c a l e o u t p u t v o l t a g e
10 disp ( ful_scale_voltage )
scale voltage
i n v o l t s i s = ) ;

1 // Example 1 2 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 I =10/(3*10^3) ;
5 printf ( C u r r e n t e a c h i n p u t
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
d i g i t a l v o l t a g e must be
c a p a b l e o f s u p p l y i n g i s =%f mA\n ,I *1000)
ful_scale_voltage = 0 ;
for i =1:5
op_v (1 , i ) = 10/2^ i ;
ful_scale_voltage = ful_scale_voltage + op_v (1 , i
);
end
V_A = ful_scale_voltage * (2*1000) /(1000+(2*1000) ) ;
printf ( \n Output v o l t a g e Va = %f V , V_A ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.8 DAC0808

1 // Example 1 2 . 8
2 clc ;
153
3 clear ;
4 V0 = 10*((1/2) +(1/4) +(1/32) +(1/128) ) ; // c a l c u l a t i n g
v o l t a g e when 1 , 2 , 5 , 7 r e h i g h
5 printf ( Output v o l t a g e = %f V , V0 ) // d i s p l a y i n r e s u l t
Scilab code Exa 12.9 resolution of 9 bit D to A

1 // Example 1 2 . 9
2 clc ;
3 clear
4 resol = 1/512 * 100 ; // c a l c u l a t i n g r e s o l
5 vol_resol = 1/512 *5 *1000;
6 printf ( R e s o l u i t i o n i n p e r c e n t a g e = %f , resol ) ;
7
8 printf ( \n\n V o l t a g e r e s o l u t i o n = %f mV , vol_resol ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.10 resolution

1 // Example 1 2 . 1 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( The LSB o f an 11 b i t s y s t e m h a s a r e s o l u t i o n
o f 1/2048 );
5 re = ceil (10000/2048) ; // c a l c u l t i n g t h e
6 printf ( \n\n 1 / 2 0 4 8 x 10 = %d mV , re ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.11 counter type A to D converter

1 // Example 1 2 . 1 1
2 clc ;
154
resolution
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clear ;
// b i t = i n p u t ( S p e c i f y t h e c o n v e r t e r b i t l e n g t h : )
// f r e = i n p u t ( s p e c i f y t h e c l o c k f r e q u e n c y i n kHz
:)
bit =8;
fre = 500
max_conv_time = 2^ bit * (1/( fre *1000) ) ;
avg_conv_time = 0.5 * max_conv_time ;
max_conv_rate = 1/ max_conv_time ;
disp ( Maximum C o n v e r s i o n Time = ) ;
disp ( max_conv_time ) ;
disp ( A v e r a g e C o n v e r s i o n Time = ) ;
disp ( avg_conv_time ) ;
disp ( Maximum C o n v e r s i o n Rate = ) ;
disp ( max_conv_rate ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.13 10 bit A to D converter

1 // Example 1 2 . 1 3
2 clc
3 clear
4 quat_err = 1/1024 *100 ;
5 disp ( I f t h e a n a l o g p o r t i o n t o be c o n s t r u c t e d
6
t i an
accuracy of 0 .1 )
printf ( \ nThe o v e r a l l a c c u r a c y i s i n p e r c e n t a g e = %f
,0.1 + quat_err )
155
Chapter 13
Memory
Scilab code Exa 13.2 structure of binary address

1 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // cp = i n p u t ( e n t e r t h e c a p a c i t y
6
7
8
9
10
o f t h e memory
system in b i t s : ) ;
cp =1024; // g i v e n c a p a c i t y
n = log2 ( cp ) ;
printf ( The no o f b i t s i n t h e a d d r e s s word a r e : %d\
n ,n ) ;
printf ( The number o f r e q u i r e d r o w s a r e : %d\n ,2^( n
/2) ) ;
printf ( The number o f r e q u i r e d c o l u m n s a r e : %d ,2^(
n /2) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.3 decimal and hexadecimal address for the given binary address
156
1 // e x a m p l e 1 3 . 3
2 clc
3 clear
4 // b i n ( 1 , 1 ) = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
f i r s t half string of
b i n a r y number : ) ;
// b i n ( 1 , 2 ) = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e s e c o n d h a l f s t r i n g o f
b i n a r y number : ) ;
bin =[ 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 ]; // g i v e n b i n r y a d d r e s s
dec = bin2dec ( bin ) ; // f i n d i n g d e c i m a l e q u i v l e n t
hex = dec2hex ( dec ) ; // f i n d i n h e x d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t
disp ( The d e c i m a l a d d r e s s i s : ) ;
disp ( dec ) ;
disp ( The h e x a d e c i m a l a d d r e s s i s : ) ;
disp ( hex ) ;
157
Chapter 14
Digital Integrated circuits
Scilab code Exa 14.1 diode forward or reverse

1 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 vdc = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f DC v o l t a g e Vdc i n
v o l t s : );
6 r = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f r e s i s t a c e i n K ohms :
);
7 v = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f v o l t a g e a c r o s s d i o d e
i n v o l t s : );
8
9 i = ( vdc - v ) / r ;
10 format ( v ,4) ;
11 if (i >0)
// c h e c k i n g w h e t h e r t h e d i o d e
12
13
14
15
16
17
i s forward or
r e v e r s e b i a s e d by c h e c k i n g c u r r e n t
disp ( The d i o d e i s i n f o r w a r d b i a s ) ;
disp ( The d i o d e c u r r e n t i n mA i s : ) ;
disp ( i ) ;
else
disp ( The d i o d e i s i n R e v e r s e b i a s ) ;
disp ( The d i o d e c u r r e n t i n mA i s : 0 . 0 ) ;
158
18 end ;
Scilab code Exa 14.2 Diode current

1 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 vdc = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f DC v o l t a g e Vdc i n
6
7
8
9
10
11
v o l t s : );
r = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f r e s i s t a c e i n K ohms :
);
// v = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f v o l t a g e a c r o s s
diode in v o l t s : ) ;
v = 1.6;
i = ( vdc - v ) / r ; // / c a l c u l a t i n g t h e c u r r e n t
disp ( The d i o d e c u r r e n t i n mA i s : ) ;
disp ( i ) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.3 current in the given circuit

1 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 3
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 v1 = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f V1 i n
6
7
8
9
10
11
taking the inpt voltage

disp ( CASE a ) ; // c a s e a
if ( v1 ==0) then
disp ( V2 = 5 V ) ;
disp ( I = 0 mA ) ;
else
disp ( V2 = 0 V )
159
v o l t s : ) ; //
12
disp ( I = 5 mA )
13 end
14 disp ( CASE b ) ; // c a s e b
15 if ( v1 ==0) then
16
disp ( V2 = 5 V )
17
disp ( I = 5 mA )
18 else
19
disp ( V2 = 0 V ) ;
20
disp ( I = 0 mA ) ;
21
22 end
Scilab code Exa 14.4 n channel MOSFET inverter

1 // e x a m p l e 1 4 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 v1 = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f V1 i n
p a r t a : v1 =0 ; p a r t b : v1 =5v
5 if ( v1 ==0) then // c h e c k i n g f o r V1
6
disp ( V2 = 5 V ) ;
7
disp ( I = 0 mA ) ;
8
else
9
disp ( V2 = 0 V ) ;
10
disp ( I = 0 . 5 mA ) ;
11 end
160
v o l t s : ) ; //
Chapter 15
Applications
Scilab code Exa 15.1 Timing of a six digit display

1 // e x a m p l e 1 5 . 1
2 // t i m i n g f o r a s i x d i g i t d i s p l a y
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // f=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e r e p e t i t i o n r a t e i n Hz : ) ;
6 // d= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e l e n g t h o f d i s p l a y : ) ;
7 f =125; // g i v e n i n p u t s
8 d =6;
9 format ( v ,5) ; // c h a n g i n g t h e p r e c i s i o n o f t h e
calculation
10 k =1000/ f ;
11 l =1000/( f * d ) ; // making n e c c e s a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s
12 m =k - l ;
13 printf ( A l l d i g i t s must be s e r v i c e d o n c e e v e r y %f
m i l l i s e c o n d s \n ,k ) ;
printf ( Each d i g i t w i l l be ON f o r : %f m i l l i s e c o n d s \
n ,l ) ;
15 printf ( and OFF f o r : %f m i l l i s e c o n d s ,m ) ; //
displaying results
14
161
Scilab code Exa 15.4 Basic frequency counter

1 // e x a m p l e 1 5 . 4
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // f=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e i n p u t s q u a r e wave s i g n a l
f r e q u e n c y i n kHz : ) ;
5 // t=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e g a t e e n b l e t i m e i n s e c o n d s ) ;
6 // f i r s t p a r t :
7 f =7.50;
8 t =0.1;
9 format ( v ,18) ;
10 m = t * f *1000; // making n e c c e s a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s
11 printf ( For t = %f s e c o n d s \n ,t ) ;
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
results
printf ( The c o u n t e r
// p a r t 2
t =1;
printf ( \n\ nFor t =
m = t * f *1000;
// p a r t 3
t =10;
m = t * f *1000;
printf ( \n\ nFor t =
w i l l c o u n t up t o : %f\n ,m ) ;
%f s e c o n d s \n ,t ) ;
%f s e c o n d s \n ,t ) ;
Scilab code Exa 15.5 4 decimal digit frequency counter

1 // e x a m p l e 1 5 . 5
2 clc ;
162
disp ( Assuming t h e c o u n t e r began a t 0 0 0 0 , t h e

d i s p l a y would r e a d 200 a t t h e end o f t h e f i r s t
measurment p e r i o d . I t w i l l r e a d 4 0 0 , t h e n 600 and
s o on a t t h e end o f s u c c e e d i n g p e r i o d s . T h i s i s
because the counter c a p a c i t y i s exceeded each
time , and i t s i m p l y r e c y c l e s t h r o u g h 0 0 0 0 . ) ;
Scilab code Exa 15.6 instrument to measure time period

1 // e x a m p l e 1 5 . 6
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // s= i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e c l k f r e q e n c y i n kHz : ) ;
5 // f=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e unknown i n p u t
i n Hz : ) ;
s =100; // t a k i n g t h e i n p u t s
f =200;
g =1000000/ f ; // making n e c c e s a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s
c = g * s /1000;
c = round ( c ) ;
p = c *1000/ s ;
disp ( Assuming t h a t t h e c o n t e r and t h e d i s p l a y a r e
i n i t i a l l y a t 0 0 0 0 0 ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t s
13 printf ( E n a b l e g a t e t i m e i n m i c r o s e c n d s w i l l be :
%d\n ,g ) ;
14 printf ( D u r i n g t h e g a t e t i m e t h e c o u n t e r w i l l be
a d v c e d by ( number o f c o u n t s ) %d \n ,c ) ;
15 printf ( The t i m e p e r i o d o f t h e unknown i n p u t i n
micro s e c o n d s i s : %d ,p ) ;
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Scilab code Exa 15.9 ADC0804

1
// e x a m p l e 1 5 . 9
163
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // p a r t ( a )
5 // an=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e a n a l o g i n p u t i n v o l t s
6 format ( v ,12) ; // c h a n g i n g t h e p r e c i s i o n o f
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
: ) ;
calculation
an =2.5;
k = an *1000/19.53;
k = round ( k ) ;
m = dec2bin ( k ) ; // c o n v e r t i n g from d e c m a l t o b i n a r y
printf ( The d i g i t a l o u t p u t i s : %s\n ,m ) ;
// p a r t ( b )
// dg=i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e d i g i t a l o u t p u t a s a s t r i n g : ) ;
dg = 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 ;
f = bin2dec ( dg ) ; // c o n v e r t i n g b i n a r y t o d e c i m a l
y = f *19.53*10^ -3;
printf ( The a n a l o g i n p u t i n v o l t s i s : %f ,y ) ;

1 // e x a m p l e 1 5 . 1 0
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 // v = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
reference voltage in volts

: ) ;
// an = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e a n a l o g i n p u t v o l t a g e i n
volts : ) ;
v =2; // t a k i n g g i v e n i n p u t
an =1.25;
count = 2000* an / v ;
count = round ( count ) ;
printf ( The c c o u n t h e l d i n t h e c o u n t e r f o r g i v e n
a n a l o g i n p u t w i l l be : %f , count ) ;
d = an / v ;
printf ( \ nThe duty c y c l e i s : %f ,d ) ;
164

1 // e x a m p l e 1 5 . 1 1
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( The f u l l s c a l e c o u n t f o r ADC3511 i s 1 9 9 9 and
f o r t h e ADC3711 i s 3 9 9 9 . So , t h e l a r g e s t v a l u e
p o s s i b l e f o r t h e MSD i n e i t h e r c a s e i s 3 = 0 0 1 1 .
c l e a r l y t h e MSB i s n o t n e e d e d f o r t h m a g n i t u e o f
t h e MSD. I t i s t h u s c o n v e n i e n t t o s p e c i f
p o s i t i v e number when t h i s b i t i s a 0 and a
n e g t i v e number when t h i s b i t i s a 1 . ) ;
Scilab code Exa 15.12 ADD3501

1 // exmple 1 5 . 1 2
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 disp ( These two c o m p on e n t s e s t a b l i s h
the i n t e r n a l
o s c i l l a t o r frequency used as the c l o c k frequency
in the c n v e r t e r according to the r e l a t i o n s h i p f i
=0.6/RC . I n t h i s c a s e f i =320 kHz . ) ;
165
Chapter 16
A Simple Computer Design
Scilab code Exa 16.1 size of PC IR ACC MAR MDR

1 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 1
2 clc
3 clear
4 // l e n = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e l e n g t h
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
o f e a c h memory
location in bits : ) ;
// op = i n p u t ( E n t e r t h e l e n g t h o f Opcode : ) ;
len =16;
op =4;
nop = 2^4;
// c a l c u l a t i n g
nab = len - op ;
memloc = 2^ nab ;
memsize = memloc *16;
mem = memsize /1024;
printf ( ( a ) Maximum Number o f Opcodes = %d \n , nop ) ;
printf ( ( b ) S i z e o f memory i n K i l o b i t s = %d \n , mem
);
printf ( ( c ) S i z e o f PC and MAR = %d \n , nab ) ;
printf (
S i z e o f IR = %d\n , op ) ;
printf (
S i z e o f ACC and MDR = %d \n , len ) ;
166
Scilab code Exa 16.6 Number of clock cycles needed to execute a program
1 // e x a m p l e 1 6 . 6
2 lda = input ( E n t e r t h e number o f LDA i n s t r u c t i o n s
: )
; // a c c e p t i n g t h e i n p u t from t h e u s e r
3 add = input ( E n t e r t h e number o f ADD i n s t r u c t i o n s
: )
;
4 sub = input ( E n t e r t h e number o f SUB i n s t r u c t i o n s
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
: )
;
sta = input ( E n t e r t h e number o f STA i n s t r u c t i o n s :
;
shl = input ( E n t e r t h e number o f SHL i n s t r u c t i o n s :
;
hlt = input ( E n t e r t h e number o f HLT i n s t r u c t i o n s :
;
k = lda + add + sub + sta ;
l = shl + hlt ;
c = k *5 + l *4; // c a l c u l a t i n g t h e t o t a l no . o f c l c k
cycles required
printf ( T o t a l c l o c k c y c l e s r e q u i r e d t o e x e c u t e a r e
%d ,c ) ; // d i s p l a y i n g r e s u l t .
167
)
)
)
Appendix
Scilab code AP 1 3-variable kmap(abx)
//3VARIABLE KMAP
// u s e s n o o f . s c i and n o o f 0 . s c i
// a b o v e two f u n c t i o n s s h o u l d be e x e c u t e d b e f o r e
executing this function .
4 function bi = kmap3abx ( k )
5
n =4;
6
m =2
1
2
3
7
8 // k =[0 0 0 1 ;
9
// 0 1 1 1 ] ;
10 k (: ,: ,2) = zeros (m , n ) ;
11
var =[ x A B ];
12
// v a r = [ w x y z ] ;
13
p1 =[ x x ];
14
p2 =[ A B ; A B ; AB ; AB ];
15
cmn4 =4;
16
cmn2 =2;
17
temp =1;
18
// p r i n t f ( The m i n i m a l e c p r e s s i o n o f t h e g i v e n
19
20
21
22
23
24
Kmap ) ;
disp ( k (: ,: ,1) ) ;
// d i s p ( i s : ) ;
// p r i n t f ( f ) ;
// p r i n t f (=) ;
bi = ;
168
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
// 8 c e l l s
for i =1: m
for j =1: n
if ( k (i , j ) ~=1 & k (i , j ) ~=2)
temp =0;
break ;
end
end
end
if ( temp ==1)
bi = strcat ([ bi 1 ]) ;
return ;
end
// 4 c e l l s
z1 = ones (1 ,4) ;
z2 = ones (4 ,1) ;
z3 = ones (2 ,2) ;
temp1 =[ 0 1 ];
temp2 =[ 00 ; 01 ; 11 ; 10 ];
for t =1: m
z = k (t ,: ,1) ;
no = noof ( k (t ,: ,2) ) ;
if ( noof0 ( z ) ==0 & no < cmn4 & noof ( z ) >0)
k (t ,: ,2) = z1 ;
a = strsplit ( temp1 (1 , t ) ) ;
for in =1: max ( size ( a ) )
if ( a ( in ) == 0 )
bi = strcat ([ bi var ( in )
]) ;
end
if ( a ( in ) == 1 )
bi = strcat ([ bi var ( in ) ]) ;
end
end
bi = strcat ([ bi + ]) ;
end
end
for i =1: m -1
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for j =1: n
t1 = i +1;
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z4 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) k ( t1 , t2
,1) ];
z5 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) k ( t1 , t2
,2) ];
no = noof ( z5 ) ;
if ( noof0 ( z4 ) ==0 & no < cmn4 & noof ( z4 ) >0)
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 , t2 ,2) =1;
a = strsplit ( temp2 (j ,1) ) ;
b = strsplit ( temp2 ( t2 ,1) ) ;
c = strcmp (a , b ) ;
for in =1: max ( size ( c ) )
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
bi = strcat ([ bi var (1+ in )
]) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
bi = strcat ([ bi var (1+ in ) ])
;
end
end
end
end
end
// 2 c e l l s
z6 =[1 1];
z7 = z6 ;
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for i =1: m
for j =1: n
t1 = i +1;
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z8 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ];
z9 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ];
no1 = noof ( z9 ) ;
if ( noof0 ( z8 ) ==0 & no1 < cmn2 & noof ( z8 ) >0)
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
bi = strcat ([ bi p1 (1 , i ) ]) ;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
]) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
;
end
end
end
end
end
for i =1: m -1
for j =1: n
t1 = i +1;
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
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else
t2 = j +1;
end
z10 =[ k (i ,j ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) ];
z11 =[ k (i ,j ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) ];
no2 = noof ( z11 ) ;
if ( noof0 ( z10 ) ==0 & no2 < cmn2 & noof ( z10 )
>0)
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
bi = strcat ([ bi p2 (j ,1) ]) ;
end
end
end
// s i n g l e c e l l
for i =1: m
for j =1: n
if ( k (i ,j ,2) ==0 & k (i ,j ,1) ==1)
bi = strcat ([ bi p1 (1 , i ) ]) ;
bi = strcat ([ bi p2 (j ,1) ]) ;
end
end
end
// d i s p ( )
endfunction
Scilab code AP 2 returns number of 1s in a matrix
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function res = noof ( a ) // t h i s f u n c t i o n r e t u r n s t h e

no o f 1 s i n t h e g i v e n m a t r r i x
res =0;
for i =1: max ( size ( a (: ,1) ) )
for j =1: max ( size ( a (1 ,:) ) )
if ( a (i , j ) ==1)
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res = res +1;

end
end
end
endfunction
Scilab code AP 3 returns number of 0s in a matrix
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function res = noof0 ( a ) // t o f i n d t h e no o f z e r o s i n

given matrix
res =0;
for i =1: max ( size ( a (: ,1) ) )
for j =1: max ( size ( a (1 ,:) ) )
if ( a (i , j ) ==0)
res = res +1;
end
end
end
endfunction
Scilab code AP 4 4-variable kmap with dont cares
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//4 V a r i a b l e KMAP
// r e t u r n s a s t r i n g o f t h e m i n i m i z e d e x p r e s s i o n
// r e q u i r e s n o o f 1 . s c i
// n o o f 1 . s c i s h o u l d be e x e c u t e d b e f o r e e x e c u t i n g t h i s
function
function bi = donkmapij ( k )
n =4;
k (: ,: ,2) = zeros (n , n ) ;
var =[ I J Bn An ];
p1 =[ I J I J I J I J ];
p2 =[ Bn An ; Bn An ; BnAn ; BnAn ];
cmn4 =4;
cmn2 =2;
temp =1;
bi = ;
disp ( k (: ,: ,1) ) ;
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for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( k (i , j ) ~=1 | k (i , j ) ~=2)
temp =0;
break ;
end
end
end
if ( temp ==1)
printf ( 1 ) ;
abort ;
end
// c h e c k i n g t h e 8 c e l l s c a s e s
z1 = ones (2 ,4) ;
z2 = ones (4 ,2) ;
temp1 =[ 00 01 11 10 ];
temp2 = temp1 ;
for i =1: n
if ( i ==4)
t =1;
else
t = i +1;
end
z =[ k (i ,: ,1) ; k (t ,: ,1) ];
if ( noof1 (z ,0) ==0 & noof1 (z ,1) >1)
k (i ,: ,2) =[1 1 1 1];
k (t ,: ,2) =[1 1 1 1];
a = strsplit ( temp2 (i ,1) ) ;
b = strsplit ( temp2 (t ,1) ) ;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
]) ;
break ;
else
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
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bi = strcat ([ bi var ( in ) ])
;
break ;
end
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end
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end
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end
60 end
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for j =1: n
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if ( j ==4)
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t =1;
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else
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t = j +1;
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end
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z =[ k (: ,j ,1) k (: ,t ,1) ];
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if ( noof1 (z ,0) ==0 & noof1 (z ,1) >0)
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k (: ,j ,2) =[1;1;1;1];
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k (: ,t ,2) =[1;1;1;1];
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a = strsplit ( temp1 (1 , j ) ) ;
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b = strsplit ( temp1 (1 , t ) ) ;
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if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
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;
break ;
else
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
;
break ;
end
end
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end
end
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end
z1 = ones (1 ,4) ;
z2 = ones (4 ,1) ;
z3 = ones (2 ,2) ;
temp1 =[ 00 01 11 10 ];
temp2 = temp1 ;
for t =1: n
z = k (t ,: ,1) ;
no = noof1 ( k (t ,: ,2) ,1) ;
if ( noof1 (z ,0) ==0 & no < cmn4 & noof1 (z ,1)
>0)
k (t ,: ,2) = z1 ;
if ( a ( in ) == 0 )
]) ;
end
if ( a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
end
end
for t =1: n
z = k (: ,t ,1) ;
no = noof1 ( k (: ,t ,2) ,1) ;
if ( noof1 (z ,0) ==0 & no < cmn4 & noof1 (z ,1) >0)
k (: ,t ,2) = z2 ;
a = strsplit ( temp2 (t ,1) ) ;
if ( a ( in ) == 0 )
;
end
if ( a ( in ) == 1 )
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bi = strcat ([ bi var (2+ in ) ]) ;

end
end
end
end
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z4 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) k ( t1 , t2
,1) ];
z5 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) k ( t1 , t2
,2) ];
no = noof1 ( z5 ,1) ;
if ( noof1 ( z4 ,0) ==0 & no < cmn4 & noof1 ( z4
,1) >0)
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 , t2 ,2) =1;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
bi = strcat ([ bi , var ( in )
]) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
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end
end
b = strsplit ( temp1 (1 , t2 ) ) ;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
bi = strcat ([ bi , var (2+ in )
]) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
;
end
end
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end
end
end
// 2 c e l l s
z6 =[1 1];
z7 = z6 ;
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z8 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ];
z9 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ];
no1 = noof1 ( z9 ,1) ;
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if ( noof1 ( z8 ,0) ==0 & no1 < cmn2 & noof1 ( z8

,1) >0)
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
bi = strcat ([ bi p1 (1 , i ) ]) ;
bi = strcat ([ bi , var (2+ in )
]) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
bi = strcat ([ bi p1 (1 , i ) ]) ;
;
end
end
end
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end
end
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z10 =[ k (i ,j ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) ];
z11 =[ k (i ,j ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) ];
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no2 = noof1 ( z11 ,1) ;

if ( noof1 ( z10 ,0) ==0 & no2 < cmn2 & noof1 (
z10 ,1) >0)
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
bi = strcat ([ bi p2 (j ,1) ]) ;
]) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
bi = strcat ([ bi p2 (j ,1) ]) ;
end
end
end
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end
end
// c h e c k i n g t h e s i n g l e c e l l c a s e s
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( k (i ,j ,2) ==0 & k (i ,j ,1) ==1)
b = strsplit ( temp2 (i ,1) ) ;
for in =1: max ( size ( a (: ,1) ) )
if ( a ( in ,1) == 1 )
bi = strcat ([ bi var ( in +2) ]) ;
else
if ( a ( in ,1) == 0 )
bi = strcat ([ bi var (2+ in
) ]) ;
end
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end
end
for in =1: max ( size ( b (: ,1) ) )
if ( b ( in ,1) == 1 )
else
if ( b ( in ,1) == 0 )
]) ;
end
end
end
end
end
end
endfunction
Scilab code AP 5 number of zeros and ones
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function res = noof1 (a , z ) // t h i s f u n c t i o n r e t u r n s b o t h

t h e no o f z e r o s and o n e s i n
given matrix
res =0;
for i =1: max ( size ( a (: ,1) ) )
for j =1: max ( size ( a (1 ,:) ) )
if ( a (i , j ) == z )
res = res +1;
end
end
end
endfunction
Scilab code AP 6 3-variable kmap(a)
1
2
//3VARIABLE KMAP
181
// t h i s f u n c t i o n r e t u r n s t h e a s t r i n g c o n t a i n i n g t h e
minimized e x p r e s s i o n f o r the given 3 v a r i a b l e
kmap
// t h i s f u n c t i o n r e q u i r e s
// n o o f . s c i
// n o o f 0 . s c i
function bi = kmap3a ( k )
n =4;
m =2
k (: ,: ,2) = zeros (m , n ) ;
var =[ An X Y ];
p1 =[ An An ];
p2 =[ X Y ; X Y ; XY ; XY ];
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7
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12
13
14
15
cmn4 =4;
16
cmn2 =2;
17
temp =1;
18
disp ( k (: ,: ,1) ) ;
19 bi = ;
20 // c h e c k i n g a l l t h e 8 1 s c a s e s
21
for i =1: m
22
for j =1: n
23
if ( k (i , j ) ~=1 & k (i , j ) ~=2)
24
temp =0;
25
break ;
26
end
27
end
28
end
29
if ( temp ==1)
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31
return ;
32
end
33 // c h e c k i n g a l l t h e 4 1 s c a s e s
34
z1 = ones (1 ,4) ;
35
z2 = ones (4 ,1) ;
36
z3 = ones (2 ,2) ;
37
temp1 =[ 0 1 ];
38
temp2 =[ 00 ; 01 ; 11 ; 10 ];
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for t =1: m
z = k (t ,: ,1) ;
no = noof ( k (t ,: ,2) ) ;
k (t ,: ,2) = z1 ;
if ( a ( in ) == 0 )
]) ;
end
if ( a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
end
end
for i =1: m -1
for j =1: n
t1 = i +1;
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z4 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) k ( t1 , t2
,1) ];
z5 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) k ( t1 , t2
,2) ];
no = noof ( z5 ) ;
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 , t2 ,2) =1;
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if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
]) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
;
end
end
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end
end
end
// c h e c k i n g a l l t h e 2 1 s c a s e s
z6 =[1 1];
z7 = z6 ;
for i =1: m
for j =1: n
t1 = i +1;
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z8 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ];
z9 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ];
no1 = noof ( z9 ) ;
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
bi = strcat ([ bi p1 (1 , i ) ]) ;
184
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
]) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
;
end
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end
end
end
end
for i =1: m -1
for j =1: n
t1 = i +1;
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z10 =[ k (i ,j ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) ];
z11 =[ k (i ,j ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) ];
no2 = noof ( z11 ) ;
>0)
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
bi = strcat ([ bi p2 (j ,1) ]) ;
end
end
end
// c h e c k i n g i f any s i n g l e i s o l a t e d 1 s a r e l e f t
for i =1: m
for j =1: n
if ( k (i ,j ,2) ==0 & k (i ,j ,1) ==1)
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151
152
bi = strcat ([ bi p1 (1 , i ) ]) ;
bi = strcat ([ bi p2 (j ,1) ]) ;
end
end
end
endfunction
Scilab code AP 7 2-variable kmap
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26
// t h i s f u n c t i o n m i n i m i z e s a two v r i a b l e b o o l e a n
e x p r e s s i o n u s i n g kmap
function bi = kmap2 ( k )
var =[ A B A B AB AB ]
temp =1
for i =1:2 // i n t i a l l y c h e c k i n g f o r a l l 1 s
for j =1:2
if k (i , j ) ==1 then
temp = temp + 1;
end
end
end
v =0;
bi = ;
if temp == 5 then
disp ( The m i n i m a l e x p r e s s i o n i s : 1 ) ;
v =1;
else
f o r i = 1 : 2 // c o n s i d e r i n g a l l 2 1 s c a s e s
i f k ( i , 1 ) == 1 & k ( i , 2 ) == 1 t h e n
i f i== 1 t h e n
b i = s t r c a t ( [ b i A ] ) ; v =1;
else
b i = s t r c a t ( [ b i A ] ) ; v =1;
end
bi = strcat ( [ bi + ] ) ;
end
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i f k ( 1 , i ) == 1
i f i==
bi
else
bi
end
end
& k ( 2 , i ) == 1 t h e n
1 then
= s t r c a t ( [ b i B ] ) ; v =1;
= s t r c a t ( [ b i B ] ) ; v =1;
end
end ;
one ( 1 )=k ( 2 , 1 ) ;
f =2;m=2; i =1;
f o r j =1:2
one ( f )=k ( i , j )
f=f +1;
end
i =2;
f o r j =2: 1:1
one ( f )=k ( i , j )
f=f +1;
end
one ( 6 )=k ( 1 , 1 ) ;
i f v==0 t h e n // f o r i s o l a t e d 1 s
f o r i =2:5
i f one ( i )==1 & one ( i +1)== 0 & one ( i 1) ==0
then
i f m>0
bi = strcat ( [ bi + ] ) ;
end ;
b i = s t r c a t ( [ b i v a r ( i 1) ] ) ;
m=m+1;
end
end
end
e n d f u n c t i o n // f i n a l r e s u l t w i l l be s t o r e d i n b i
//3VARIABLE KMAP
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// t h i s f u n c t i o n r e t u r n s t h e a s t r i n g c o n t a i n i n g t h e
minimized e x p r e s s i o n f o r the given 3 v a r i a b l e
kmap
// t h i s f u n c t i o n r e q u i r e s
// n o o f . s c i
// n o o f 0 . s c i
function bi = kmap3 ( k )
n =4;
m =2
k (: ,: ,2) = zeros (m , n ) ;
var =[ Cn Bn An ];
p1 =[ Cn Cn ];
p2 =[ Bn An ; Bn An ; BnAn ; BnAn ];
cmn4 =4;
cmn2 =2;
temp =1;
disp ( k (: ,: ,1) ) ;
bi = ;
for i =1: m
for j =1: n
if ( k (i , j ) ~=1 & k (i , j ) ~=2)
temp =0;
break ;
end
end
end
if ( temp ==1)
return ;
end
z1 = ones (1 ,4) ;
z2 = ones (4 ,1) ;
z3 = ones (2 ,2) ;
temp1 =[ 0 1 ];
temp2 =[ 00 ; 01 ; 11 ; 10 ];
for t =1: m
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z = k (t ,: ,1) ;
no = noof ( k (t ,: ,2) ) ;
k (t ,: ,2) = z1 ;
if ( a ( in ) == 0 )
]) ;
end
if ( a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
end
end
for i =1: m -1
for j =1: n
t1 = i +1;
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z4 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) k ( t1 , t2
,1) ];
z5 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) k ( t1 , t2
,2) ];
no = noof ( z5 ) ;
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 , t2 ,2) =1;
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if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
]) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
;
end
end
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end
end
end
z6 =[1 1];
z7 = z6 ;
for i =1: m
for j =1: n
t1 = i +1;
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z8 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ];
z9 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ];
no1 = noof ( z9 ) ;
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
bi = strcat ([ bi p1 (1 , i ) ]) ;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
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end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
;
end
end
end
end
end
for i =1: m -1
for j =1: n
t1 = i +1;
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z10 =[ k (i ,j ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) ];
z11 =[ k (i ,j ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) ];
no2 = noof ( z11 ) ;
>0)
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
bi = strcat ([ bi p2 (j ,1) ]) ;
end
end
end
// c h e c k i n g i f any s i n g l e i s o l a t e d 1 s a r e l e f t
for i =1: m
for j =1: n
if ( k (i ,j ,2) ==0 & k (i ,j ,1) ==1)
bi = strcat ([ bi p1 (1 , i ) ]) ;
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bi = strcat ([ bi p2 (j ,1) ]) ;
end
end
end
endfunction
Scilab code AP 9 4-variable kmap(sx1x2)
function []= kmapsx ( k ) // t h i s f n c t i o n s p r i n t s t h e

m i n i m i e d e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e g i v e n kmap .
2 // i t r e q u i r e s n o o f . s c i
3 // s o t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d f u n c t i o n shoub be e x e c u t e
before executing this function .
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n =4;
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k (: ,: ,2) = zeros (n , n ) ;
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var =[ X2 X3 S X1 ];
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9 p1 =[ X2 X3 X2 X3 X2X3 X2X3 ];
10 p2 =[ S X1 ; S X1 ; SX1 ; SX1 ];
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cmn4 =4;
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cmn2 =2;
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temp =1;
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disp ( k (: ,: ,1) ) ;
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disp ( i s : ) ;
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disp ( )
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// c h e c k i n g t h e 16 c e l l s c a s e
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for i =1: n
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for j =1: n
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if ( k (i , j ) ~=1)
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temp =0;
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break ;
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end
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end
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end
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printf (
);
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if ( temp ==1)
printf ( 1 ) ;
abort ;
end
z1 = ones (2 ,4) ;
z2 = ones (4 ,2) ;
temp1 =[ 00 01 11 10 ];
temp2 = temp1 ;
for i =1: n
if ( i ==4)
t =1;
else
t = i +1;
end
z =[ k (i ,: ,1) ; k (t ,: ,1) ];
if ( z == z1 )
k (i ,: ,2) =[1 1 1 1];
k (t ,: ,2) =[1 1 1 1];
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
printf ( %s , var ( in ) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
break ;
else
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
printf ( var ( in ) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
break ;
end
end
end
end
end
for j =1: n
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if ( j ==4)
t =1;
else
t = j +1;
end
z =[ k (: ,j ,1) k (: ,t ,1) ];
if ( z == z2 )
k (: ,j ,2) =[1;1;1;1];
k (: ,t ,2) =[1;1;1;1];
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
printf ( %s , var (2+ in ) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
break ;
else
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
printf ( var (2+ in ) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
break ;
end
end
end
end
end
z1 = ones (1 ,4) ;
z2 = ones (4 ,1) ;
z3 = ones (2 ,2) ;
temp1 =[ 00 01 11 10 ];
temp2 = temp1 ;
for t =1: n
z = k (t ,: ,1) ;
no = noof ( k (t ,: ,2) ) ;
if ( z == z1 & no < cmn4 )
k (t ,: ,2) = z1 ;
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if ( a ( in ) == 0 )
end
if ( a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
for t =1: n
z = k (: ,t ,1) ;
no = noof ( k (: ,t ,2) ) ;
if ( z == z2 & no < cmn4 )
k (: ,t ,2) = z2 ;
if ( a ( in ) == 0 )
end
if ( a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
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else
t2 = j +1;
end
z4 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) k ( t1 , t2
,1) ];
z5 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) k ( t1 , t2
,2) ];
no = noof ( z5 ) ;
if ( z4 == z3 & no < cmn4 )
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 , t2 ,2) =1;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
printf ( + ) ;
end
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end
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end
// c h e c k i n g a l l t h e 2 c e l l s c a s e s
z6 =[1 1];
z7 = z6 ;
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z8 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ];
z9 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ];
no1 = noof ( z9 ) ;
if ( z8 == z6 & no1 < cmn2 )
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
printf ( p1 (1 , i ) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
printf ( p1 (1 , i ) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
end
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end
end
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z10 =[ k (i ,j ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) ];
z11 =[ k (i ,j ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) ];
no2 = noof ( z11 ) ;
if ( z10 == z7 & no2 < cmn2 )
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
printf ( p2 (j ,1) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
printf ( p2 (j ,1) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
end
end
end
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// c h e c k i n g a l l t h e s i n g l e c e l l c a s e s
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( k (i ,j ,2) ==0 & k (i ,j ,1) ==1)
for in =1: max ( size ( a (: ,1) ) )
if ( a ( in ,1) == 1 )
printf ( var ( in +2) ) ;
else
if ( a ( in ,1) == 0 )
printf ( %s , var (2+ in ) )
;
end
end
end
for in =1: max ( size ( b (: ,1) ) )
if ( b ( in ,1) == 1 )
else
if ( b ( in ,1) == 0 )
end
end
end
if ( i ~=4 & j ~=4)
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
end
end
printf ( 0 ) ;
endfunction
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// t h i s f u n t i o n p r i n t s t h e m i n i m a l e x p r e s s i o n o f a
g i v e n 4 v r i a b l e kmap
// t h i s program r e q u i r e s n o o f . s c i
function []= kmap ( k )
n =4;
k (: ,: ,2) = zeros (n , n ) ;
var =[ A B C D ];
p1 =[ A B A B AB AB ]
p2 =[ C D ; C D ; CD ; CD ];
cmn4 =4;
cmn2 =2;
temp =1;
disp ( k (: ,: ,1) ) ;
disp ( i s : ) ;
disp ( )
// c h e c k i n g f o r 16 c e l l s
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( k (i , j ) ~=1)
temp =0;
break ;
end
end
end
printf (
);
if ( temp ==1)
printf ( 1 ) ;
abort ;
end
// c h e c k i n g 8 c e l l s c a s e s
z1 = ones (2 ,4) ;
z2 = ones (4 ,2) ;
temp1 =[ 00 01 11 10 ];
temp2 = temp1 ;
for i =1: n
if ( i ==4)
t =1;
else
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t = i +1;
end
z =[ k (i ,: ,1) ; k (t ,: ,1) ];
if ( z == z1 )
k (i ,: ,2) =[1 1 1 1];
k (t ,: ,2) =[1 1 1 1];
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
printf ( + ) ;
break ;
else
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
printf ( + ) ;
break ;
end
end
end
end
end
for j =1: n
if ( j ==4)
t =1;
else
t = j +1;
end
z =[ k (: ,j ,1) k (: ,t ,1) ];
if ( z == z2 )
k (: ,j ,2) =[1;1;1;1];
k (: ,t ,2) =[1;1;1;1];
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if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
printf ( + ) ;
break ;
else
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
printf ( + ) ;
break ;
end
end
end
end
end
// c h e c k i n g a l l 4 c e l l s c a s e s
z1 = ones (1 ,4) ;
z2 = ones (4 ,1) ;
z3 = ones (2 ,2) ;
temp1 =[ 00 01 11 10 ];
temp2 = temp1 ;
for t =1: n
z = k (t ,: ,1) ;
no = noof ( k (t ,: ,2) ) ;
if ( z == z1 & no < cmn4 )
k (t ,: ,2) = z1 ;
if ( a ( in ) == 0 )
end
if ( a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
for t =1: n
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z = k (: ,t ,1) ;
no = noof ( k (: ,t ,2) ) ;
if ( z == z2 & no < cmn4 )
k (: ,t ,2) = z2 ;
if ( a ( in ) == 0 )
end
if ( a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z4 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) k ( t1 , t2
,1) ];
z5 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) k ( t1 , t2
,2) ];
no = noof ( z5 ) ;
if ( z4 == z3 & no < cmn4 )
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 , t2 ,2) =1;
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if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
end
// c h e c k i n g a l l 2 c e l l s c a s e s
z6 =[1 1];
z7 = z6 ;
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
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else
t2 = j +1;
end
z8 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ];
z9 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ];
no1 = noof ( z9 ) ;
if ( z8 == z6 & no1 < cmn2 )
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
printf ( p1 (1 , i ) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
printf ( p1 (1 , i ) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
end
end
end
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
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end
z10 =[ k (i ,j ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) ];
z11 =[ k (i ,j ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) ];
no2 = noof ( z11 ) ;
if ( z10 == z7 & no2 < cmn2 )
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
printf ( p2 (j ,1) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
printf ( p2 (j ,1) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
end
end
end
// c h e c k i n g f o r i s o l a t e d c e l l
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( k (i ,j ,2) ==0 & k (i ,j ,1) ==1)
for in =1: max ( size ( a (: ,1) ) )
if ( a ( in ,1) == 1 )
else
if ( a ( in ,1) == 0 )
printf ( %s , var (2+ in ) )
;
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end
end
end
for in =1: max ( size ( b (: ,1) ) )
if ( b ( in ,1) == 1 )
else
if ( b ( in ,1) == 0 )
end
end
end
if ( i ~=4 & j ~=4)
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
end
end
printf ( 0 ) ;
endfunction
Scilab code AP 11 4-variable kmap pos
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// t h i s f u n t i o n p r i n t s t h e m i n i m a l e x p r e s s i o n i n t h e
P r u d u c t o f sums form f o r a g i v e n 4 v r i a b l e kmap
// t h i s program r e q u i r e s n o o f . s c i
function []= kmappos ( k )
n =4;
k (: ,: ,2) = zeros (n , n ) ;
var =[ A B C D ];
p1 =[ A + B A + B A + B A + B ];
p2 =[ C + D ; C + D ; C + D ; C + D ];
cmn4 =4;
cmn2 =2;
temp =1;
disp ( k (: ,: ,1) ) ;
disp ( i s : ) ;
disp ( )
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for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( k (i , j ) ~=1)
temp =0;
break ;
end
end
end
printf (
);
if ( temp ==1)
printf ( 1 ) ;
abort ;
end
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( k (i , j ) ~=0)
temp =0;
break ;
end
end
end
printf (
);
if ( temp ==1)
printf ( 0 ) ;
abort ;
end
// c h e c k i n g f o r 8 c e l l s c a s e s
z1 = zeros (2 ,4) ;
z2 = zeros (4 ,2) ;
temp1 =[ 00 01 11 10 ];
temp2 = temp1 ;
for i =1: n
if ( i ==4)
t =1;
else
t = i +1;
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end
z =[ k (i ,: ,1) ; k (t ,: ,1) ];
if ( z == z1 )
printf ( ( ) ;
k (i ,: ,2) =[1 1 1 1];
k (t ,: ,2) =[1 1 1 1];
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
break ;
else
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
break ;
end
end
end
printf ( ) ) ;
end
end
for j =1: n
if ( j ==4)
t =1;
else
t = j +1;
end
z =[ k (: ,j ,1) k (: ,t ,1) ];
if ( z == z2 )
printf ( ( ) ;
k (: ,j ,2) =[1;1;1;1];
k (: ,t ,2) =[1;1;1;1];
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if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
break ;
else
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
break ;
end
end
end
printf ( ) )
end
end
// c h e c k i n g f o r 4 c e l l s c a s e s
z1 = zeros (1 ,4) ;
z2 = zeros (4 ,1) ;
z3 = zeros (2 ,2) ;
temp1 =[ 00 01 11 10 ];
temp2 = temp1 ;
for t =1: n
z = k (t ,: ,1) ;
no = noof ( k (t ,: ,2) ) ;
if ( z == z1 & no < cmn4 )
printf ( ( )
k (t ,: ,2) =[1 1 1 1];
if ( a ( in ) == 0 )
if in ~= 1 then
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
if ( a ( in ) == 1 )
if in ~= 1 then
printf ( + ) ;
end
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end
end
printf ( ) ) ;
end
end
for t =1: n
z = k (: ,t ,1) ;
no = noof ( k (: ,t ,2) ) ;
if ( z == z2 & no < cmn4 )
printf ( ( ) ;
k (: ,t ,2) =[1;1;1;1];
if ( a ( in ) == 0 )
if in ~= 1 then
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
if ( a ( in ) == 1 )
if in ~= 1 then
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
end
printf ( ) ) ;
end
end
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
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else
t2 = j +1;
end
z4 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) k ( t1 , t2
,1) ];
z5 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) k ( t1 , t2
,2) ];
no = noof ( z5 ) ;
if ( z4 == z3 & no < cmn4 )
printf ( ( )
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 , t2 ,2) =1;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
end
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
printf ( + ) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
printf ( + ) ;
end
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end
printf ( ) ) ;
end
end
end
z6 =[0 0];
z7 = z6 ;
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z8 =[ k (i ,j ,1) k (i , t2 ,1) ];
z9 =[ k (i ,j ,2) k (i , t2 ,2) ];
no1 = noof ( z9 ) ;
if ( z8 == z6 & no1 < cmn2 )
printf ( ( ) ;
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k (i , t2 ,2) =1;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
printf ( p1 (1 , i ) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
printf ( ) ) ;
end
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if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
printf ( p1 (1 , i ) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
printf ( ) ) ;
end
end
end
end
end
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( i == n )
t1 =1;
else
t1 = i +1;
end
if ( j == n )
t2 =1;
else
t2 = j +1;
end
z10 =[ k (i ,j ,1) ; k ( t1 ,j ,1) ];
z11 =[ k (i ,j ,2) ; k ( t1 ,j ,2) ];
no2 = noof ( z11 ) ;
if ( z10 == z7 & no2 < cmn2 )
printf ( ( ) ;
k (i ,j ,2) =1;
k ( t1 ,j ,2) =1;
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 0 )
printf ( p2 (j ,1) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
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printf ( ) ) ;
end
if ( c ( in ) ==0 & a ( in ) == 1 )
printf ( p2 (j ,1) ) ;
printf ( + ) ;
printf ( ) ) ;
end
end
end
end
end
// f o r s i n g l e c e l l
for i =1: n
for j =1: n
if ( k (i ,j ,2) ==0 & k (i ,j ,1) ==0)
printf ( ( ) ;
for in =1: max ( size ( a (: ,1) ) )
if ( a ( in ,1) == 1 )
printf ( + ) ;
else
if ( a ( in ,1) == 0 )
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
end
for in =1: max ( size ( b (: ,1) ) )
if ( b ( in ,1) == 1 )
if ( in ~= max ( size ( b (: ,1) ) ) )
printf ( + ) ;
end
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else
if ( b ( in ,1) == 0 )
if ( in ~= max ( size ( b (: ,1) ) ) )
printf ( + ) ;
end
end
end
end
printf ( ) ) ;
end
end
end
endfunction
216

Scilab textbook companion for digital principals and applications

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Scilab textbook companion for digital principals and applications

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

Digital Principals And Applications

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

3 Combinational Logic Circuits

4 Data processing circuits

5 Number Systems and Codes

7 Clocks and Timing Circuits

11 Design of Sequential Circuit

12 D to A Conversion and A to D conversion

14 Digital Integrated circuits

16 A Simple Computer Design

List of Scilab Codes

Finding duty cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Realizing boolean equation using 8 to 1 mux . . . . .

asynchronous sequential circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . .

shift register serial input and output graph . . . . . . . . . .

10.1 Output waveforms for a 7493A connected as a mod 16 counter 123

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Finding duty cycle

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Maximum decimal count for a counter

Scilab code Exa 2.1 7404 waveform

Figure 2.1: 7404 waveform

Scilab code Exa 2.2 7404 waveform

Figure 2.2: 7404 waveform

frq =0.5 ; //KHz

Scilab code Exa 2.3 truth table for given figure

Scilab code Exa 2.4 truth table for given figure

Scilab code Exa 2.11 timing diagram for NOR NOR

Figure 2.3: timing diagram for NOR NOR

plot the timing

Figure 2.4: timing diagram for NAND NAND circuit

plot the timing

Scilab code Exa 2.15 detecting all bits low in a register

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Boolean Algebra

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Boolean Algebra

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Testing a circuit using logic clip

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Sum of Products

t a b l e has high output f o r

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Boolean Algebra

Scilab code Exa 3.6 Gives a simplified Boolean equation

check Appendix AP 10 for dependency:

check Appendix AP 10 for dependency:

Scilab code Exa 3.9 Product of sums

( b (2 ,1) + b (2 ,2) + b (2 ,3) ) ( b

Scilab code Exa 3.10 sop for the karnaugh map

Scilab code Exa 3.11 POS form of karnaugh map

check Appendix AP 11 for dependency:

Scilab code Exa 3.12 POS form of karnaugh map

Scilab code Exa 3.13 Quine Mc clusky method

Scilab code Exa 3.14 Dynamic hard

Figure 3.1: Dynamic hard

Scilab code Exa 4.1 4 to 1 mux using 2 to 1 mux

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Realizing boolean equation using 8 to 1 mux

decimal values for

Scilab code Exa 4.3 32 t0 1 mux using 16 to 1 and 2 to 1 muxes

Scilab code Exa 4.4 74154 IC y12

6 sel = input ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e s o f ABCD : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.7 realizing boolean equation using 3 to 8 decoder

Scilab code Exa 4.8 current in LED

Scilab code Exa 4.10 output of 74147 when button 6 is pressed

check Appendix AP 9 for dependency:

Scilab code Exa 4.11 priority encoder

Scilab code Exa 5.1 Binary to decimal conversion

Scilab code Exa 5.2 Binary to decimal conversion