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Chapter 1:
Introduction to Natural Gas
What is Production?
Gaining
Access
Exploration
Transportation
Appraisal
Storage
Development
Processing
Production
Extraction
Once a well has been drilled and the presence of commercially viable quantities of
fossil fuel has been verified, the next step is actually lifting the natural gas out of
the ground and processing it for transportation.
Formula
Mole Fraction
Methane
CH4
0.8407
Ethane
C2H6
0.0586
Propane
C3H8
0.0220
i-Butane
C4H10
0.0035
n-Butane
C4H10
0.0058
i-Pentane
C5H12
0.0027
n-Pentane
C5H12
0.0025
Hexane
C6H14
0.0028
>C6
0.0076
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
0.0130
Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S
0.0063
Nitrogen
N2
0.0345
Coal-bed methane is the methane gas in minable coal beds with depths
less than 3,000 ft. Although the estimated size of the resource base seems
significant, the recovery of this type of gas may be limited owing to practical
constraints
Geopressured reservoirs are found in many parts of the world trapped fluid
under clays the pressure and temperature of which exceed those normally
anticipated at reservoir. located predominantly both onshore and offshore in a
band along the Gulf of Mexico; In length, the band extends from Florida to Texas;
in width, it extends from about 100 miles inland to the edge of the continental
shelf
Gas hydrates, discovered in 1810, are snow-like solids in which each water
molecule forms hydrogen bonds with the four nearest water molecules to build
a crystalline lattice structure that traps gas molecules in its cavities. Gas hydrate
is a highly concentrated form of natural gas
Types of Wells
Types of Wells
Natural gas accumulations in geological traps can be classified as reservoir,
field, or pool.
A field is an area that consists of one or more reservoirs all related to the
same structural feature.
A pool contains one or more reservoirs in isolated structures.
Wells in the same field can be classified as gas wells, condensate wells, and
oil wells.
- Gas wells: producing gas-oil-ratio (GOR) > 100,000 scf/stb;
- Condensate wells: 5,000 < producing GOR < 100,000 scf/stb;
- Oil wells: producing GOR < 5,000 scf/stb
Well
OilOil
Wells
Condensate Well
5,000
Gas Wells
100,000
Reserves
Two terms are frequently used to express reserves:
Proved reserves: quantities that have been found by the drill. They can be
proved by known reservoir characteristics such as production data, pressure
relationships, and other data, so that volumes of gas can be determined with
reasonable accuracy.
Potential resources: quantities that are believed to exist in various rocks of
the Earth's crust but have not yet been found by the drill. They are future
supplies beyond the proved reserves.
According to current estimates, more than 81% of the world's proven oil reserves are
located in OPEC Member Countries, with the bulk of OPEC oil reserves in the Middle
East, amounting to 66% of the OPEC total.
US Gas Wells
1993
1998
2003
2008
2013
http://aleklett.wordpress.com/2013/01/20/u-s-rig-count-for-oil-and-gas-and-future-economic-growth/
PG
q
H H
24 PG
q
H
24 PG
q
H
Class Assignment 1
1-1 Natural gas from the Morgan County, Colorado, D-Sand, has a heating
value of 1,228 Btu/scf. If this gas is combusted to drive a gas turbine for a gas
compressor of 1,000 hp, what is the required gas flow rate in MMscf/day?
Assume that the overall efficiency is 30% (1 hp = 2,544 Btu/h).
1-2 Natural gas from the William County, North Dakota, Red River formation,
has a heating value of 1,032 Btu/scf. If this gas is used to generate electricity at
a rate of 1 MMscf/day, how many watts of electricity would the generator
produce if the overall efficiency is 50% (1 kW = 3412 Btu/h)?
1-3 Natural gas with a heating value of 1,400 Btu/scf is used to generate
2000 kW of electricity at a rate of 0.292 MMscf/day. What is the overall
efficiency (1 kW = 3412 Btu/h)?
Chapter 2:
Properties of Natural Gas
Gas-specific gravity
Pseudocritical pressure and temperature
Viscosity
Compressibility factor
Gas density
Gas compressibility
Gas-Specific Gravity
Gas-specific gravity (gg) is defined as the ratio of the apparent molecular
weight (MW) of a natural gas to that of air, itself a mixture of gases.
The molecular weight of air (79% N2 and 21% O2) = 28.97
M
g g 28.97
For natural gas
N
M yiM i
i 1
Critical Properties
In physical chemistry, thermodynamics, chemistry and
condensed matter physics, a critical point, also known as a
critical state, occurs under conditions (such as specific values
of temperature, pressure or composition) at which no phase
boundaries exist.
Above the critical temperature, a liquid cannot be formed by an
increase in pressure, even though a solid may be formed under
sufficient pressure. The critical pressure is the vapor pressure at
the critical temperature.
Pseudocritical Properties
Gases can be converted to liquids
by compressing the gas at a
suitable temperature.
Gases become more difficult to
liquefy as the temperature
increases because the kinetic
energies of the particles that make
up the gas also increase.
A critical point, also known as a
critical state, occurs under
conditions at which no phase
boundaries exist.
The critical temperature of a substance is the temperature at and above which
vapor of the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is
applied. Every substance has a critical temperature. The critical pressure of a
substance is the pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature.
Pseudocritical Properties
N
Mixing rule:
P yiPi
i 1
Pseudocritical pressure
Pseudocritical temperature
Pseudocritical Properties
Pseudoreduced properties:
p
p pr
p pc
T
Tpr
Tpc
1.008
12.011
14.0065
15.9995
32.064
C1
C2
C3
i-C4
n-C4
i-C5
n-C5
C6
C7+
N2
CO2
H2S
0.775
0.083
0.021
0.006
0.002
0.003
0.008
0.001
0.001
0.050
0.030
0.020
Pseudocritical Properties
Compound
C1
C2
C3
i-C4
n-C4
i-C5
n-C5
C6
C7+
N2
CO2
H2S
yi
MWi
0.775
0.083
0.021
0.006
0.002
0.003
0.008
0.001
0.001
0.050
0.030
0.020
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
58.12
72.15
72.15
86.18
114.23
28.02
44.01
34.08
1.000
yiTci (oR)
12.43
2.50
0.93
0.35
0.12
0.22
0.58
0.09
0.11
1.40
1.32
0.68
266.60
45.65
13.99
4.40
1.53
2.49
6.78
0.92
1.02
24.60
16.44
26.12
MWa = 20.71
gg = 0.71
673
709
618
530
551
482
485
434
361
227
1073
672
ppc =
521.58
58.85
12.98
3.18
1.10
1.45
3.88
0.43
0.36
11.35
32.19
13.45
661
344
550
666
733
766
830
847
915
1024
492
548
1306
Tpc =
411
Assignment 2:
For the gas composition given in the following text, determine apparent
molecular weight, gas specific gravity, pseudocritical pressure, and
pseudocritical temperature of the gas using the mixing rule.
C1
C2
C3
i-C4
n-C4
i-C5
n-C5
C6
C7
C8
N2
CO2
H2S
yi
85.00%
5.40%
1.60%
0.60%
0.20%
0.30%
0.50%
0.10%
0.10%
0.10%
3.50%
1.80%
0.80%
Tci, (oF)
pci (psia)
-116.67
666.4
89.92
706.5
206.06
616
274.46
527.9
305.62
550.6
369.1
490.4
385.8
488.6
453.6
436.9
512.7
396.8
564.2
360.7
-232.51
493.1
87.91
1071
212.45
1300
oR
= oF + 459.67
Atomic weights
H
C
N
O
S
1.008
12.011
14.0065
15.9995
32.064
Viscosity
Gas viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow exerted by the gas.
Kinematic viscosity () is related to the dynamic viscosity () through density ()
( y
(y
i i
i
Mi )
Mi )
Viscosity
Gas
Symbol
Temperature (Deg. C)
0
100
250
500
Fluid
cP(Centipoise)
Oxygen
Helium
Air
Nitrogen
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
O2
He
N2
CO2
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
19
18
17
16.5
13.7
85
13.8
8,5
7.7
8
2.2
24
22
21
21
18
10,5
30
28
27
265
24
12,5
39
37
35
35
34
16,5
11,5
10
10,5
15,5
13,2
14,2
22,5
18
20
Dynamic
viscosity
Carbon Dioxide
0,014
Chlorine
Ethylene
Helium
Hydrogen
0,0129
0,0097
0,0186
0,00835
Hydrogen Chloride
0,0138
Hydrogen Sulphide
Methane
Oxygen
0,0117
0,0103
0,0192
Viscosity
Example Problem
Calculate the dynamic viscosity of the following gas mixture at 0 C
C1
C2
C3
i-C4
n-C4
He
N2
CO2
H2S
yi
85.00%
5.80%
1.60%
0.60%
0.20%
0.40%
3.80%
1.80%
0.80%
Pentane
Heptane
Iso-octane
Hexane
At 20 C
Viscosity (cP)
0.23 (.002296)
0.42
0.50
0.31
Viscosity
At elevated temperature (Dempsey 1965):
Tpr
1 1HC 1CO 1H S 1N
2
Viscosity
Assignment 3a:
Estimate the viscosity of the gas of Assignment 2 at 1000 psia and
70 F using the mixing rule and Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows template.
Compressibility Factor
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is transported in containers at high
pressures. CNG is used in some countries as alternative fuel to
conventional gasoline or diesel.
compressibility factor, z
Ideal Gas
Real Gas
pV = nRT
pV = nzRT
At constant T,
p1V1
z
p2V2
Vreal
z
Videal
pV
z
nRT
Z-factor is usually estimated from charts
The calculated value of the compressibility factor can be used to size natural gas
pipelines
Compressibility Factor
Compressibility Factor
Compressibility Factor
Compressibility Factor
Compressibility Factor
Brill and Beggs correlation
Dranchuk-Abou-Kassem correlation
Gas Density
Real Gas
pV = nzRT
density,
m
M
n
m pM
V zRT
2.7
pg g
zT
lbm/ft3
p = Pressure in psia
T = Temperature in oR
gg = Gas specific gravity
z = Compressibility factor
ps zT
Vr nzRT ps
Bg
Vs
p nzs RTs
pTs
When Ps = 1 atm and Ts = 60oF
ft3/scf
m3/sm3
zT
Bg 0.0283
p
zT
Bg 0.3507
p
1
Gas Expansion Factor, E E
Bg
b/scf
zT
Bg 0.00504
p
1 V
c g
V p
1 1 z
cg
p z p T
1
cg
p
z is constant = 1
Gas Pseudopressure
It is used in mathematical modeling of gas well inflow performance
relationship (IPR).
Real gas pseudopressure m(p)
p
2p
m( p) dp
z
pb
Real gas normalized pressure n(p)
n( p )
pr
pr
dpr
z
pb = base pressure
usually 1 atm
Gas Pseudopressure
Problems
Assignment 3b:
Complete the information on the spreadsheet of Assignment 2.