Contents

1 Objective

2 Introduction
2.1 Turbulent flow . . . . . .
2.2 Apparatus . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Experimental description
2.4 Methodology . . . . . . .

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3 Observation Tables

4 Data Reduction Equations

5 Results and Discussion

6 Uncertainty analysis
6.1 General Uncertainty analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1 Uncertainty in density measurement . . . . .
6.1.2 Uncertainty in velocity measurement . . . . .
6.1.3 Uncertainty in pressure gradient calculations
6.1.4 Uncertainty in calculating friction factor . . .
6.2 Confidence Interval in Sample population . . . . . .
6.3 Detainled Uncertainty analysis . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Uncertainty in velocity measurement . . . . . . . . .
6.4.1 Uncertainty in bulk mean flow velocity . . . .
6.5 Uncertainty in friction factor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6 Standard uncertainty with 95% confidence . . . . . .

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7 Conclusions

16

8 References

19

MEL705: Experimental Methods

Laboratory Report
Submitted by : Manish, komal kumar, Kaushlendra Dubey

Objective

To study the development of fully developed turbulent flow through a pipe, having circular crosssection using pitot tube inserted at a distance from the entrance in fully developed region.To analyse
the experimental data obtained through uncertainty and regression analysis.

Introduction

Study of fluid flow through pipe is a very fundamental problem of engineering as it is exploited in
different areas such as power plant, refrigeration systems. On the basis of Reynolds number we classify
the flows through pipe to be laminar, if Reynolds number is less than 2300 or turbulent, if Re > 4000.

2.1

Turbulent flow

Characteristics of turbulent flows

A turbulent motion is an irregular motion. Turbulent fluid motion can be considered as an irregular
condition of flow in which various quantities (such as Velocity, pressure) show a random variation with
time and space in such a way that the statistical average of those quantities can be quantitatively
expressed.

2.2

Apparatus

Schematic information of the experimental set-up, which has been used in this experiments is as
shown in Figure 1. We use some pressure measuring device and a Temperature measuring device,
which measure ambient conditions of the air. In this experiment we have a pipe of circular cross
section, having a converging entrance for the smooth flow. On the pipe at different length some holes
are made, through these holes we connect the pipe to the manometer as shown in the diagram. We
measure pressure with the help of these pressure taps which is required to calculate the pressure loss
due to friction along the pipe length. In fabrication of these holes we ensure that some holes falls in
entry length region and most of them must lie in fully developed region. At sufficiently long distance in
fully developed region we put our pitot static probe to measure the velocity at that point. A traverse
mechanism (Having pitch of 2.77 mm) is incorporated in the pitot probe to make advancement of the
probe across the pipe to measure velocity at different radial location. At another end of the pipe we
have a suction blower, which suck the air at one end. Reason of putting the blower at another end to
ensure the smooth air flow through pipe, since blower has blades having curvature. Apart from this
2

Fully developed
turbulent velocity profile

circular pipe

Ambient air

Patm

Suction
Blower

entrance Region

pipe entrance

Pitot-static
probe

Pressure
Taps

Hm
z
x

inclined-tube
manometer

water

u-tube
manometer

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the experimental set up to measure the time averaged velocity at a
given cross section of a circular pipe, having suction blower at one end, other end is open to atmosphere.
one inclined tube manometer and one vertical tube manometer is incorporated to measure pressure
drop along the length of the pipe and flow velocity. Flow becomes fully developed after certain distance
that is called entrance region

2.3

Experimental description

In present experiment, we have a seven meter long pipe with a bell shaped entry and a suction blower
at the other end of the pipe to suck the air and so developed the flow in the pipe. As we know, when
fluid flow through the bounded surface there is always a boundary layer developed in the vicinity of
surface. In pipe flow boundary layer can developed upto the center of the pipe. After that we say
that flow becomes fully developed as velocity profile does not change after that length. we call that
length of the pipe as Entry Length (Le ). It depends on the Reynolds number of the flow. In turbulent
flow, the boundary layers grow faster, and Le is relatively shorter.

2.4

Methodology

Steps to be followed during the experiments are:1. In the beginning check the set-up as well as pipe and pressure taps to ensure that there is no
leakage or loose connections. check the position of the pitot tube. Initially it must be at the inner
surface of the pipe.
2. start the suction blower at the trailing end of the pipe and do wait for enough time so that flow
becomes steady in the pipe. Make sure that there must not be any disturbances present at the
entrance of the pipe because it may create flow unsteady at the entrance.
3. Measure the angle of inclination of the manometers to be used in the experiments if they are
tilted.
4. Take manometric readings from different taps located at various location along the length of the
pipe to calculate the pressure drop along the pipe length.
5. Measure certain pressure reading from the first tap to find out the density of air flowing through
the pipe.
6. Find the reading from all the taps provided at the pipe surface along the length to find the
pressure drop along the pipe length.
3

Figure 2: Schematic of the measurement we have taken in this experiment. We have shown here a
vertical manometer. In case of inclined tube manometer we read slant hight and in final reading we
multiply with sin where is the angle by which limbs are inclined.

7. Make advance the pitot tube with the help of mechanism provided with the tube in the traverse
direction (radial direction).
8. Take reading from the meniscus of inclined manometer at each location by advancing the pitot
tube several times till the other end is reached.

Observation Tables

We do experiment with the procedure mentioned above, in the previous section. While executing the
experiment, we have observed that there are random fluctuations in the meniscus of the manometric
fluid in both, left and right limb, so while taking the data at a certain point to obtain pressure and
thus velocity at the same point we have taken three readings of the meniscus in each limb. while
taking these measurement we have waited for sufficient time so that meniscus becomes stable at these
three location. we have maintained the same protocol between the consecutive measurement in radial
positions. In the Table-1, we have shown only two readings in each limb: maximum and minimum in
left and right limb. we have calculated flow velocity by using the maximum possible combination with
the available readings. One way of doing this is, calculate the pressure corresponds to the minimum
and maximum deflection in the manometer and other way is, first take mean value of the minimum
and maximum deflection in each limb then calculate the pressure and thus calculate the velocity.
Similarly we calculate the pressure gradient using an inclined-tube manometer having pressure taps
at different location on the pipe before the pitot tube.

Table 1: Measurement for the velocity at different locations in the cross section of the pipe (LL - Left Limb, RL - Right Limb of the manometer)

Radial
Distance
-39.35
-34.85
-32.14
-29.43
-26.72
-24.01
-21.29
-18.58
-15.87
-13.16
-10.45
-7.74
-5.03
-2.32
0.39
3.11
5.82
8.53
11.24
13.95
16.66
19.37
22.08
24.79
27.51
30.22
32.93
35.64
38.35
39.35

H1(cm)
min LL
38.00
37.50
37.20
36.10
36.50
36.00
35.90
35.50
35.40
35.40
35.20
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
34.80
34.90
35.10
35.00
35.20
35.50
36.00
36.50
36.50
36.80
37.10
37.40
37.80
38.00

H1(cm)
max LL
38.00
38.80
38.30
38.00
37.50
37.00
37.50
37.00
36.60
37.00
36.20
36.50
36.00
35.60
35.60
35.50
35.20
36.00
35.90
36.50
36.00
36.40
36.50
37.40
37.00
38.00
37.90
38.00
39.00
38.00

H2(cm)
min RL
38.00
48.50
49.40
49.80
49.50
50.00
50.30
50.20
51.10
51.20
51.80
51.40
51.50
52.00
52.50
52.40
52.50
52.30
51.20
51.50
52.00
51.80
51.40
50.80
50.80
49.90
49.50
49.00
49.00
38.00

H2,(cm)
max RL
38.00
50.00
50.50
51.00
51.40
51.50
51.80
52.20
52.50
52.50
53.00
53.00
52.90
53.00
52.90
52.90
52.90
53.00
53.00
52.80
52.80
52.40
52.50
51.40
51.80
51.20
50.40
50.00
49.50
38.00

H1
avg LL
38.00
38.15
37.75
37.05
37.00
36.50
36.70
36.25
36.00
36.20
35.70
35.75
35.50
35.30
35.30
35.25
35.00
35.45
35.50
35.75
35.60
35.95
36.25
36.95
36.75
37.40
37.50
37.70
38.40
38.00

H2
avg RL
38.00
49.25
49.95
50.40
50.45
50.75
51.05
51.20
51.80
51.85
52.40
52.20
52.20
52.50
52.70
52.65
52.70
52.65
52.10
52.15
52.40
52.10
51.95
51.10
51.30
50.55
49.95
49.50
49.25
38.00

V from avg
limb fluct.
0.00
42.78
44.85
46.92
47.09
48.47
48.64
49.65
551.04
50.80
52.47
52.08
52.47
53.25
53.56
53.56
54.02
53.25
52.32
52.00
52.63
51.60
50.88
48.30
48.98
46.56
45.31
44.11
42.3
0.00

V from min
limb diff
0.00
39.99
42.78
44.11
44.48
46.30
45.94
46.65
48.89
48.39
50.72
49.56
50.55
52.00
52.79
52.79
53.41
51.84
50.23
49.73
51.36
50.39
49.56
47.00
47.70
44.29
43.73
42.59
40.60
0.00

V from max
0.00
45.40
46.83
49.56
49.56
50.55
51.20
52.47
53.10
53.10
54.17
54.48
54.33
54.48
54.33
54.33
54.63
54.63
54.33
54.17
53.87
52.79
52.16
49.56
50.23
48.73
46.83
45.58
43.92
0.00

Table 2: Measurements for pressure gradient in the pipe

Tube No.

x (cm)

x (m)

h (cm)

h(cm)

Pr (N/m2)

Pressure gradient ( P
x )

1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00

5.40
8.89
13.97
27.94
50.80
73.66
96.52
187.96
279.40
370.84
462.28
553.72
610.62

0.05
0.09
0.14
0.28
0.51
0.74
0.97
1.88
2.79
3.71
4.62
5.54
6.11

2.40
2.70
2.80
3.50
5.10
5.20
6.10
8.50
12.10
15.10
17.70
21.00
23.70

21.30
21.00
20.90
20.20
18.60
18.50
17.60
15.20
11.60
8.60
6.00
2.70
0.00

824.80
813.18
809.31
782.21
720.25
716.38
681.53
588.59
449.19
333.02
232.34
104.55
0.00

-332.86
-76.23
-194.03
-271.03
-16.94
-152.45
-101.64
-152.45
-127.04
-110.10
-139.75
-183.75
0.00

Mean Pressure Gradient

Pressure Gradient from trend line

-154.86
-130.66

(v r)dr

U sing Simpson Rule

0

8
M ean f low V elocity = 2
D

(V r)dr = 46.23m/s
0

Where D is the pipe diameter, V is the velocity calculated at a particular point inside the pipe at the
distance r from the center line of the pipe.

Data Reduction Equations

In this experiment we use following data reduction Eq (1) - (5)to calculate various parameter and
their associated uncertainties involved in the system e.g. Density, Velocity,
P = RT

P
,
RT

(1)

where is the density of air flowing through the pipe

T - room temperature
P = atmospheric pressure or pressure at which fluid is flowing, we have measured this pressure by
barometer. reading on the day of measurement was 757 mm of Hg so correspond pressure to this
barometric height will be 1.01 105
s
s
2(m )ghsin
2m ghsin

(2)
V elocity, V =

Reynolds N o (Re) =

P ressure gradient,

V D
,

dP
p2 p1
=
= g
dx
x2 x1

(3)

h2 h1
x2 x1




dP
4R
F riction f actor(f ) =
.
dx
V 2


sin,

(4)

(5)

Emperical relation of the friction factor given by the Blasius for fully developed Turbulent flow in
pipe having Moderate Reynolds No (Re < 105 )
f = 0.3164Re0.25

(6)

1. Density of air flowing through the pipe :

Density of air can be calculated by measuring the atmospheric pressure of the air using barometer in
the laboratory at room temperature. we measure the temperature with thermometer. Resolution of
the barometer scale is 1 mm and that of thermometer is deg. From equation 1 we can write
=

1.01 105
0.287 1000 7 295

= 1.19

kg
m3

2. Average velocity of the fluid in the pipe, as calculated through simpson rule is 46.23 m/s.
3. Reyonlds Number :
viscosity of the air is 1.85 105 kg/m.s
characteristic length will be the diameter of the pipe - 78.7 mm
Density of air = 1.19
4. friction factor
1.19 46.23 0.078
= 2.32 105
1.85 105
130.66 4 39.35
= 0.0081
f=
1000 1.19 (46.23)2

Re =

Results and Discussion

We have taken twenty nine measurement along the cross section of the pipe to calculate time averaged
velocities at each location inside the pipe and ten measurement along the length of the pipe to calculate
pressure drop due to friction from the pipe wall.Since there were fluctuations in the manometer limb,
so we have taken six measurement of the manometric height (three in left limb, another three in right
limb)at each location of pitot tube.

Figure 3: Velocity profile at different radial location at a certain cross section of the given pipe in fully
developed region, measured with the help of pitot tube. At each radial location we have measured three
different meniscus reading in each limb of the manometer. Corresponding to maximum, minimum
and average H of the manometer

Figure 4: Variation in pressure at different location along the length of the pipe. We use linear curve
fit to find the pressure gradient In this plot some initial point are not included to find the equation of

Uncertainty analysis

6.1

General Uncertainty analysis

Each experiment has some uncertainty in the results of any measured variable involved in the experiment due to uncertainty in the input variables and it propagates through the Data Reduction
Equation (DRE).In this experiment Density(), Velocity (V), Pressure(P), Friction factor(f) all are
interrelated with some DRE.

6.1.1

Uncertainty in density measurement







2 2
2 2
2 2
2
U =
Up +
UR +
UT
P
R
T

=
,
P
RT

(7)

P
,
RT

P
= 2 ,
R
R T

P
=
.
T
RT 2

From the relations given above, we can also find out the UMF (Uncertainty Magnification Factor)
values, which tells us the magnification in the unceratinty of resultant variable due to other variable
present in the data reduction equation:
 




P
P
R
R P
T
T P
U M FP =
=
= 1, U M FR =
=
= 1, U M FT =
=
= 1
P
RT
R
R2 T
T
RT 2
By putting the above values in Eq. 11 we get the following relation:







U 2
UP 2
UR 2
UT 2
=
+
+
(8)

P
R
T
Above equation relates the relative uncertainty in the experimental result, , to the relative uncertainty in measured variables and the gas constant. But the value of universal constant are typically
known with much greater accuracy than the measuremens that are made in this experiments as well
as in most of the experiments. We can assume uncertainty in gas constant negligible and set to it
equal to zero. above relation will be reduced to:


2


=

UP
P

2


+

UT
T

2
(9)

Let us assume that, if we have 1% error with 95% confidence in the measurement of pressure and
temperature then
 
p
U
= (0.012 ) + (0.012 )

U
= 0.0141

for = 1.19 Uncertainty in the calculation of air density will be 0.0168.

10

6.1.2

Uncertainty in velocity measurement

As we have discussed the data reduction equation [Eq.2], used to calculate the velocity from the
experimental data
s
2m gHsin
V elocity =
(10)

W hereH = H2 H1 . H2 , H1 are the Measured length in right and left manometer limb respectively.
Again, use the same Taylor approach to calculate uncertainty in the velocity which propagates through
the uncertainty in the measurement of manometric hight in both the limbs, air density which flows
through the pipe, and in the measurement of the angle by which the manometer inclined to increase
the resolution of the manometer.
If we consider, gravitational acceleration and density of the manometeric fluid (i.e. water) as a constant
than the variable which will be responsible in the propagation of error in the velocity measurement will
be H1 , H2 , air density air and, angle by which manometer is tilted. To write uncertainty equation
we can simplify the velocity relation by making a group constant i.e.
p
2w g = A
Then equation becomes
s
V =A

H2 H1
sin = A

During the experiment we have made the manometer vertical so in our case, = 90 .
Now from the above equation we can evaluate partial derivatives to calculate the propagated uncertainty.
s
s
A H
V
A
1
V
=
, ,
=
.
(11)

H
2 (H)
Here,
V V
,
H
are the UMF of the uncertainty in the measurement of , H respectively. With the help of these
relations we can write uncertainty in the velocity using the Taylors expansion.
UV2
=
V2

H V
V H

2 

UH
H

2


+

V
V

2 

2

Each term in the first bracket on the left hand side is Uncertainty magnification factor (UMF) corresponding to the variable on which uncertainty of the measured variable depends. By putting the
value of partial derivative we get a final expression for the uncertainty in velocity as :


UV
V

2

1
=
4

UH
H
11

2

1
+
4

2
(12)

If we assume 1% uncertainty in our measurement of manometer reading then % uncertainty in velocity

measurement will be
UV
= 0.00707
V
we have calculated V from simpson rule i.e 46.23 m/s, then UV = 0.327.
6.1.3

Uncertainty in pressure gradient calculations

!


U dp 2  U 2
U 2
h
2
dx
=
+
Cos
dp
h
sin

(13)

dx

If we take 1% uncertainty in measuring the angle by which the manometer is tilted then uncertainty
in the pressure gradient will be
!
U dp
dx
= 0.0981
dp
dx

6.1.4

Uncertainty in calculating friction factor


2

2

2
 2
 2
Uf
2 Upg
2 UV
2 UD
2 U
= (1)
+ (2)
+ (1)
+ (1)
f
pg
V
D

(14)

again if there is 1% uncertainty in measuring diameter of the pipe

 
Uf
= (0.01981)2 + 4 (0.007072 ) + (0.01)2 + (0.0141)2 = 0.1006
f

6.2

Confidence Interval in Sample population

t95% =

(15)

sx

At a point we have taken three measurement so, N = 3.

sx
sx
V t < < V + t
N
N
2.71
2.71
42.72 4.3 < < 42.72 + 4.3
3
3
35.99 < < 49.44

6.3

Detainled Uncertainty analysis

Using the Taylor series method, The systematic standard uncertainty b of the calculated result can
be written as,
b2


=

2

b2P


+

2

b2T ,

Where bP and bT are the systematic standard uncertainty associated with the pressure and temperature measurement. We have neglected the correlated systematic error terms which contains a
12

covariance factor bP T . We have neglected such terms as we measure pressure and temperature individually. There is no direct dependence between the two measurements.
We have measured pressure using barometer, which has a least count of 1 mm and temperature with
a thermometer having a least count 1 C.

P = RT

m gh
P
=
,
RT
RT

(16)

In the given experiment we do not have any calibration data neither any manufacturers information
to find out the systematic uncertainty associated with these measurement so only thing we have the
resolution.
Systematic uncertainty in pressure and temperature measurement will be due to resolution of the
barometer and thermometer scales respectively.
We can rewrite the eq.
  

  
 2 
b
P 2 bP 2
T 2 bT 2
=
+
,

P
P
T
T


2


=

bP
P

2


+

bT
T

2
,

= 1.19kg/m3 ;
bh = 0.5 mm. bT = 1 C or in K., T = 295 K;
P = m .g.h = 13.6 1000 757/1000 = 1.01 105 N/m2
bp will be the pressure corresponds to 0.5 mm barometer height.
bp =

13.6 103 9.81 0.5

= 66.71N/m2 .
1000
bp
= 6.61 104
p

similarly
bT
0.5 2
=
= 1.695 10 3
T
295
By putting all the values in above equation we get b / = 0.00182 = 0.18

= 1.19kg/m3 b = 0.002165 = 0.216%

We can write similar equation for the random standard uncertainty Sr of the calculated results is:
s2


=

2

s2P


+

2

s2T ,

we have only single data to calculate density of the air so we can neglect this uncertainty. In the
foregoing discussion we will use only systematic standard uncertainty associated with the measurement
of the pressure and temperature. s = 0
q
u = b2p + bT 2
(17)
s = 0;
u = b = 0.00216
From here onwards we can use

= 0.00182.

13

6.4

Uncertainty in velocity measurement

As we have discussed in detail in the general uncertainty analysis, data reduction equation for velocity
measurement is given bys
2w gH
V =
(18)

At a particular radial location in the pipe we have taken three measurement of H (Hmax , Hmin , Havg ).
From these H we have calculated three velocity at that point in the pipe. So by doing this we get
three velocities V1 , V2 , V3 corresponding to these H
To find out systematic standard uncertainty in velocities we will use Taylor series method.


bV
V

2

 

   2
b
1
bH 2
1
=
+
,
4
H
4

where H = H2 H1 ,


H
H1

q
b2H1 + b2H2

b2H =

bH

2

b2H1 +

H
H2

2

b2H2 ,

2bH1

bH1 = bH2

Resolution of manometer scale = 1 mm.bH1 = bH2 = 0.5 mm or 0.05 cm.

bH1 = bH2 = bH3
Case 1. at R = -34.8 mm, V1 = 42.78 m/s, H1 = 11.1 cm.
p
0.052 + 0.052
bH
=
bH1
= 0.00637;
H1

b
= 0.00182;

bV1
= 0.00331
V1

Simillarly
at R = -34.8 mm, V2 = 39.9 m/s, H2 = 9.7 cm.
bH2
= 0.00729;
H2

b
= 0.00182;

bV2
= 0.00376
V2

at R = -34.8 mm, V3 = 45.4 m/s, H3 = 12.5 cm.

bH3
= 0.00566;
H3

b
= 0.00182;

bV3
= 0.00297
V3


1 q 2
V1 + V2 + V3
= 42.72m/s;
bV = bVavg =
bV1 + b2V2 + b2V3
3
3
Systematic random uncertainty sV can be calculated by direct method for given sample size of 3.
Vavg =

s2Vavg =

3
1 X
(Vi Vavg )2
N 1
N =1

sVavg

q
1
=
(Vavg V1 )2 + (Vavg V2 )2 + (Vavg V3 )2
2
14

we get standard random uncertainty in the velocity at a point - sVavg = 2.71

standard systematic uncertainty bVavg = 0.082.
uVavg =

q
s2Vavg + bVavg 2 = 2.711.

uVavg
= 0.0634
Vavg
6.4.1

or

6.34%

Uncertainty in bulk mean flow velocity

Bulk mean flow velocity (Vmf ) can be calculated by simpsons 1/3rd rule as we have shown earlier in
this report. In similar fashion we can calculate the systematic and random uncertainty in this velocity
with the help of the sum of variance of all the data points.
Vmf = 46.23 m/s
30

2
1 X
sVavg i
N

s2Vmf =

N =1

sVmf = 0.337
bVmf = 0.0129
uVmf = 0.337

6.5

Uncertainty in friction factor



uf
f

2


=

upg
pg

2


+4

uVmf
Vmf

2
+

 u 2
D


+

2

To calculate uncertainty in friction factor we can use above relation. we are not measuring the
diameter of the pipe so we do not have data to calculate the uncertainty, it will depend on the pitch
of the knob which we use to traverse the probe. We will use the standard uncertainty u for diameter
variation and pressure gradient, from the general uncertainty analysis, We must be careful in taking
the values directly. In the detailed analysis so far we did not use the uncertainty with some level of
confidence, but in case of general uncertainty analysis we have used the values for uncertainty at 95%
confidence level. So here we will take half of the value that has been given there. So
!
 
u dp
u
dx
= 0.00182
= 0.0491
dp

dx

u 
D

= 0.005
D
 
uf
= 0.0515
f
uf = 4.16 104

15

6.6

Standard uncertainty with 95% confidence

Till now we have calculated systematic and random uncertainty individually and then we calculate
standard uncertainty. But if we want to say that these values of uncertainty are with 95% confidence
then we can calculate U95%
p
U95% = 2 u = 2 b2 + s2
U
= 0.003638

Uvmf
= 0.0146
vmf
Udp/dx
dp
dx

= 0.0981

Uf
= 0.103
f

Conclusions

From the results it is clear that there is a large fluctuation in the measured data. It may be due to
following reasons:
1. As it is apparent from the Reynolds number of the flow, our flow is turbulent. Due to turbulence
each velocity component will have some random fluctuations (u, v, w). During the measurement
through pitot tube, we get time averaged value for velocity but this averaging takes some time to
make the reading stable.
2. we are using blower at one end of the pipe. Blower has blades which has certain curvature. Since
we are using pitot tube very close to the blower, so some turbulence would be generated near the
measurement zone, that will contribute in the fluctuation.
3. Since the blower is nearer to the pitot tube. Vibration due to electric motor transmits in the
pipe may cause a huge disturbance in the flow, which may also contribute to the fluctuation in the
meniscus reading. We can isolate the

16

Table 3: Uncertainty analysis corresponds to 1st measurement

R

H1L

H1R

H1

bH1
H1

-39.35
-34.85
-32.14
-29.43
-26.72
-24.01
-21.29
-18.58
-15.87
-13.16
-10.45
-7.74
-5.03
-2.32
0.39
3.11
5.82
8.53
11.24
13.95
16.66
19.37
22.08
24.79
27.51
30.22
32.93
35.64
38.35
39.35

38.00
38.15
37.75
37.05
37.00
36.50
36.70
36.25
36.00
36.20
35.70
35.75
35.50
35.30
35.30
35.25
35.00
35.45
35.50
35.75
35.60
35.95
36.25
36.95
36.75
37.40
37.50
37.70
38.40
38.00

38.00
49.25
49.95
50.40
50.45
50.75
51.05
51.20
51.80
51.85
52.40
52.20
52.20
52.50
52.70
52.65
52.70
52.65
52.10
52.15
52.40
52.10
51.95
51.10
51.30
50.55
49.95
49.50
49.25
38.00

0.00
11.10
12.20
13.35
13.45
14.25
14.35
14.95
15.80
15.65
16.70
16.45
16.70
17.20
17.40
17.40
17.70
17.20
16.60
16.40
16.80
16.15
15.70
14.15
14.55
13.15
12.45
11.80
10.85
0.00

0.00000
0.00637
0.00580
0.00530
0.00526
0.00496
0.00493
0.00473
0.00448
0.00452
0.00423
0.00430
0.00423
0.00411
0.00406
0.00406
0.00399
0.00411
0.00426
0.00431
0.00421
0.00438
0.00450
0.00500
0.00486
0.00538
0.00568
0.00599
0.00652
0.00000

17

V1 (m/s)
0.00
42.78
44.85
46.92
47.09
48.47
48.64
49.65
51.04
50.80
52.47
52.08
52.47
53.25
53.56
53.56
54.02
53.25
52.32
52.00
52.63
51.60
50.88
48.30
48.98
46.56
45.31
44.11
42.30
0.00

bV1
V1

0.00091
0.003312
0.003037
0.0028
0.002782
0.002643
0.002626
0.002534
0.002415
0.002435
0.002304
0.002334
0.002304
0.002248
0.002226
0.002226
0.002195
0.002248
0.002316
0.00234
0.002293
0.002371
0.002429
0.002659
0.002595
0.002838
0.002982
0.003131
0.003383
0.00091

Table 4: Uncertainty analysis corresponds to 2nd measurement

R

H2L

H2R

H2

bH2
H2

-39.35
-34.85
-32.14
-29.43
-26.72
-24.01
-21.29
-18.58
-15.87
-13.16
-10.45
-7.74
-5.03
-2.32
0.39
3.11
5.82
8.53
11.24
13.95
16.66
19.37
22.08
24.79
27.51
30.22
32.93
35.64
38.35
39.35

38.00
38.80
38.30
38.00
37.50
37.00
37.50
37.00
36.60
37.00
36.20
36.50
36.00
35.60
35.60
35.50
35.20
36.00
35.90
36.50
36.00
36.40
36.50
37.40
37.00
38.00
37.90
38.00
39.00
38.00

38.00
48.50
49.40
49.80
49.50
50.00
50.30
50.20
51.10
51.20
51.80
51.40
51.50
52.00
52.50
52.40
52.50
52.30
51.20
51.50
52.00
51.80
51.40
50.80
50.80
49.90
49.50
49.00
49.00
38.00

0.00
9.70
11.10
11.80
12.00
13.00
12.80
13.20
14.50
14.20
15.60
14.90
15.50
16.40
16.90
16.90
17.30
16.30
15.30
15.00
16.00
15.40
14.90
13.40
13.80
11.90
11.60
11.00
10.00
0.00

0.00000
0.00729
0.00637
0.00599
0.00589
0.00544
0.00552
0.00536
0.00488
0.00498
0.00453
0.00475
0.00456
0.00431
0.00418
0.00418
0.00409
0.00434
0.00462
0.00471
0.00442
0.00459
0.00475
0.00528
0.00512
0.00594
0.00610
0.00643
0.00707
0.00000

18

V2 (m/s)

bV2
V2

0.00
39.99
42.78
44.11
44.48
46.30
45.94
46.65
48.89
48.39
50.72
49.56
50.55
52.00
52.79
52.79
53.41
51.84
50.23
49.73
51.36
50.39
49.56
47.00
47.70
44.29
43.73
42.59
40.60
0.00

0.00091
0.00376
0.00331
0.00313
0.00308
0.00287
0.00291
0.00283
0.00260
0.00265
0.00244
0.00254
0.00246
0.00234
0.00228
0.00228
0.00224
0.00235
0.00248
0.00253
0.00239
0.00247
0.00254
0.00279
0.00272
0.00311
0.00318
0.00334
0.00365
0.00091

Table 5: Add caption

H3L

H3R

H3

bH3
H3

-39.35
-34.85
-32.14
-29.43
-26.72
-24.01
-21.29
-18.58
-15.87
-13.16
-10.45
-7.74
-5.03
-2.32
0.39
3.11
5.82
8.53
11.24
13.95
16.66
19.37
22.08
24.79
27.51
30.22
32.93
35.64
38.35
39.35

38.00
37.50
37.20
36.10
36.50
36.00
35.90
35.50
35.40
35.40
35.20
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
35.00
34.80
34.90
35.10
35.00
35.20
35.50
36.00
36.50
36.50
36.80
37.10
37.40
37.80
38.00

38.00
50.00
50.50
51.00
51.40
51.50
51.80
52.20
52.50
52.50
53.00
53.00
52.90
53.00
52.90
52.90
52.90
53.00
53.00
52.80
52.80
52.40
52.50
51.40
51.80
51.20
50.40
50.00
49.50
38.00

0.00
12.50
13.30
14.90
14.90
15.50
15.90
16.70
17.10
17.10
17.80
18.00
17.90
18.00
17.90
17.90
18.10
18.10
17.90
17.80
17.60
16.90
16.50
14.90
15.30
14.40
13.30
12.60
11.70
0.00

0.00000
0.00566
0.00532
0.00475
0.00475
0.00456
0.00445
0.00423
0.00414
0.00414
0.00397
0.00393
0.00395
0.00393
0.00395
0.00395
0.00391
0.00391
0.00395
0.00397
0.00402
0.00418
0.00429
0.00475
0.00462
0.00491
0.00532
0.00561
0.00604
0.00000

V3 (m/s)

bV3
V3

0.00
45.40
46.83
49.56
49.56
50.55
51.20
52.47
53.10
53.10
54.17
54.48
54.33
54.48
54.33
54.33
54.63
54.63
54.33
54.17
53.87
52.79
52.16
49.56
50.23
48.73
46.83
45.58
43.92
0.00

0.00091
0.00297
0.00281
0.00254
0.00254
0.00246
0.00240
0.00230
0.00226
0.00226
0.00218
0.00216
0.00217
0.00216
0.00217
0.00217
0.00215
0.00215
0.00217
0.00218
0.00221
0.00228
0.00233
0.00254
0.00248
0.00262
0.00281
0.00295
0.00316
0.00091

References

1. Coleman, H.W. and Steele W. G., Experimentation, Validation, and Uncertainty Analysis for
Engineers.
2. Som S.K., Biswas G, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines

19

Table 6: Uncertainty analysis in the velocity measurement at each point at radial location in the pipe
Vavg
0.00
42.72
44.82
46.86
47.04
48.44
48.59
49.59
51.01
50.76
52.45
52.04
52.45
53.24
53.56
53.56
54.02
53.24
52.29
51.97
52.62
51.59
50.87
48.29
48.97
46.53
45.29
44.09
42.27
0.00

sV avg
0.00
2.71
2.03
2.73
2.54
2.13
2.63
2.91
2.11
2.36
1.73
2.46
1.89
1.24
0.77
0.77
0.61
1.40
2.05
2.22
1.26
1.20
1.30
1.28
1.27
2.22
1.55
1.50
1.66
0.00

20

bV avg
0.0000
0.0822
0.0788
0.0762
0.0759
0.0741
0.0740
0.0729
0.0713
0.0716
0.0699
0.0703
0.0699
0.0692
0.0689
0.0689
0.0685
0.0692
0.0701
0.0704
0.0697
0.0707
0.0714
0.0742
0.0734
0.0765
0.0781
0.0799
0.0828
0.0000