Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
AAYUSH GAUR
31/VKA/2009
4TH YEAR, B.ARCH, 2012
096371782
VASTU KALA ACADEMY
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
SECULAR HOUSE, 9/1 INSTITUTIONAL AREA,
ARUNA ASAF ALI MARG, NEW DELHI - 110067
DECLARATION
STUDENT NAME:
MR. AAYUSH GAUR .. ..
(SIGNATURE)
CERTIFIED BY:
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT
FOREWARD
I am sure that the architects and designers along with the hotel owners will
find this document very useful, and that it would facilitate the process for
achieving improved energy performances in hotel buildings.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER - 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
INTRODUCTION
HYPOTHESIS
NEED OF STUDY
AIM
OBJECTIVE
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER - 5 : CONCLUSION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The construction sector poses a major challenge to the environment. Globally,
buildings are responsible for at least 40% of energy use. An estimated 42% of the
global water consumption and 50% of the global consumption of raw materials is
consumed by buildings when taking into account the manufacture, construction,
and operational period of buildings. In addition, building activities contribute an
estimated 50% of the worlds air pollution, 42% of its greenhouse gases, 50% of
all water pollution, 48% of all solid wastes and 50% of all CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons) to the environment.
India too faces the environmental challenges of the construction sector. The
gross built-up area added to commercial and residential spaces was about 40.8
million square metres in 200405, which is about 1% of annual average
constructed floor area around the world and the trends show a sustained growth
of 10% over the coming years. With a near consistent 8% rise in annual energy
consumption in the residential and commercial sectors, building energy
consumption has seen an increase, from a low 14% in the 1970s to nearly 33% in
200405. Energy consumption would continue to rise unless suitable actions to
improve energy efficiency are taken up immediately.
Hotels are large consumers of energy and fossil fuels to provide high quality
services to guests. Indias current growth potential for hotel construction will
continue to result in an increasing energy consumption trend.
The hospitality sector itself accounts for a large proportion of energy use in
commercial buildings. In any operational hotel building, electricity accounts for
more than 50% of total energy utilization and is used for heating, ventilation and
air conditioning (HVAC),lighting system etc.
India is rapidly becoming a preferred destination for tourism, both International as
well as Domestic, with an annual growth of about 15%. The hospitality sector is a
major consumer of energy in different forms for various end-uses.
Hotels have been an exceedingly complex industrial product with a lifetime of
decades. Emerging issues relating to the internal & external environmental
impacts have intensified awareness of the role buildings play on our well being.
While certain efforts have been on going to control and manage individual
aspects of the environmental qualities of hotels (i.e. energy codes, automation &
control schemes and thermal comfort etc.), however, comprehensive approach
has been lacking, particularly in the design stages of a buildings lifespan.
1.2 HYPOTHESIS :
Implementation of passive design strategies in a hotel can reduce the energy
consumption pattern without affecting the guest comfort. Using energy modelling
and performance analysis, the impact of passive features can be exactly
calculated and hence the techniques can be accurately used in best possible
way, to achieve maximum savings and a more eco-friendly and comfortable
hotel.
The hospitality sector itself accounts for a large proportion of energy use in
commercial buildings. In any operational hotel building, electricity accounts
for more than 50% of total energy utilization and is used for heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC),lighting system etc. The load on
the mechanical system, if taken care of during the designing stage can be
reduced up to a very high percentage. Thereby reducing the load on the
active system installed in a hotel.
1.4 AIM:
1.5 OBJECTIVE:
1.6 LIMITATIONS:
1.7 METHODOLOGY:
The hotel industry constitues one of the most energy and resource intensive
branches of the tourist industry. Substantial quantities of energy are consumed
provinding comfort and services to guests, many of who are accustomed to, and
willing to pay for exclusive amenities, treatment and entertanment. The energy
efficiency of many different end users in hotel facilities is frequently low, and the
resulting environmental impacts are, therefore, typically greater than those
caused by other types of buildings of similar size. The effects on the environment
are caused by excessive consumption of local/imported resources, as well as by
emissions released to air, water and soil. The large quantities of waste products
generated in hotel facilities pose a further significant environmental threat.
A hotel can be seen as the architectural combination of three distinct zones, all
serving distinctly different purposes:
Guest room area - Individual spaces, often with extensive glazing, non
parallel utilization and varying energy loads.
Public area - Spaces with high rate of heat exchange with outdoor
environment and internal loads.
Service area - Energy intensive areas typically requiring advanced air
handling
5 Star-deluxe,
21650
5 Star, 11136
4 Star, 7330
Licensed, 94324
3 Star, 23061
2 Star, 9422
1 Star, 1816
57
40
Classified
Budget
Luxury
(kWh/room/day)
116
21618
15000
10000
Business ususual
2014-15
2013-14
2012-13
2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2008-09
3631
2007-08
5000
7074
2006-07
(GWh)
20000
Energy efficient
10
The most important characteristic of passive solar design is that it relies on the
integration of a building's architecture, materials selection and mechanical
systems to reduce heating and cooling loads. It takes into consideration local
climate conditions, such as temperature, solar radiation and wind; to create
climate responsive, energy conserving structures that can be powered with
renewable energy resources.
Passive solar design also helps conserve valuable fossil fuel resources and
reduces greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. The most important
step in the passive cooling process is to develop an energy efficient building
envelope to minimize heat gains and to catch cooling breezes.
Reducing energy loads is an issue for the hotels. It is important to orient the
building to take advantage of cooling breezes in a hot climate, and sunlight in a
cold climate. To minimize the energy loads, passive solar design can be effective.
Many of these valuable strategies can be employed in the hotel sector.
11
12
I.
Conduction :
Conduction is the term applied to heat flow within a solid from a high temperature
lower-temperature region through the molecules in the material. Conduction
requires that surfaces touch in heat to transfer. Because the different materials in
an insulated assembly touch each other, conduction heat loss through solid
components of the building envelope. In the case of a wall, heat is conducted
through the layers within the wall from the warmer side to the cooler side.
Thermal Insulation :
Insulation is one of the most effective way to improve the energy efficiency of a
hotel. Insulation of the building envelope helps keep heat in during the winter, but
let's heat out during summer to improve comfort and save energy
Benefits of insulation:
comfort is improved year-round;
it reduces the cost of heating and cooling by over 40%;
it pays for itself in around five to six years;
there is less need for heating and cooling which saves nonrenewable resources and reduces greenhouse gas emissions;
it virtually eliminates condensation on walls and ceilings;
some insulation materials can also be used for sound proofing
13
14
Bulk insulation:
Bulk insulation traps millions of tiny pockets of still air or other gases within its
structure. These air pockets provide the resistance to heat flow. Bulk insulation
reduces radiant, convective and conducted heat flow.
15
All insulation materials are rated for their performance in restricting heat transfer.
This is expressed as the R value, also known as thermal resistance or resistivity.
The R value is a guide to its performance as an insulatorthe higher the R value,
the greater the insulating effect.
R values are expressed using the metric units m2/K/W or h ft2 F/btu.
Sometimes insulation is rated in terms of its U value, rather than its R value. The
U value measures the transfer of heat through a material or a building element
(thermal transmittance), whereas the R value measures the resistance to heat
transfer.
The U value is expressed using the metric units (W/m2/K) or Btu/hr.ft2 F
II.
Convection:
III.
Radiation:
16
17
Low sun angles in the morning and late afternoon can result in substantial solar
heat gains as well as unwanted glare. The problem of excess solar heat gains
during the summer can be compounded by the build up of internal heat most
buildings experience late in the day.
18
Orientation is simply what compass direction the building faces. Does it face
directly south? 80 east-northeast?
Orientation can be the one of the most important step in providing a building with
passive thermal and visual comfort. Orientation should be decided together with
massing early in the design process, as neither can be truly optimized without the
other.
Orientation is measured by the azimuth angle of a surface relative to true north.
Successful orientation rotates the building to minimize energy loads and
maximize free energy from the sun and wind.
19
As with massing for visual comfort, buildings should usually be oriented east-west
rather than north-south. This orientation lets you consistently harness daylight
and control glare along the long faces of the building. It also lets you minimize
glare from the rising or setting sun.
20
Different faces of the building get very different amounts of heat from the sun. As
with massing, orientation for thermal comfort is similar to orientation for day
lighting, with some exceptions:
First, the amount of sunlight that is optimal for day lighting is often not
optimal for solar heat gain.
Second, since the sun's heat does not come from all directions like the
sun's light can, walls facing away from the sun's path get no heat gain,
even though they can still get large amounts of diffuse light.
Third, the sun's heat can be stored by thermal mass, which the sun's light
cannot. This can be useful for west-facing walls to store heat for the night.
The buildings that are longer than they are wide should usually be oriented eastwest rather than north-south. This orientation lets you consistently harness
thermal gain, or consistently avoid it, along the long face of the building. It also
lets you minimize the area thats subject to faster energy swings from the rising or
setting sun.
Solar heat gain on the east side can be acceptable or even useful, because it
happens in the morning after the cooler night; but solar heat gain on the west
side is rarely desirable at the end of an already warm day.
Material choices and glazing are part of a building's orientation for thermal
comfort. They can avoid solar heat gain, or--unlike day lighting--they can store
the sun's heat with thermal mass.
The orientation that supplies just enough daylight may supply too much heat, or
vice-versa. Equator-facing sides of the building are well suited to capture and
store the sun's heat via large windows and materials with high thermal mass,
while sides facing away from the sun's path are not.
To even out temperature swings at sunrise and sunset, east sides may benefit
from more window area for direct solar heat gain, while west sides may benefit
from smaller window areas and high thermal mass to absorb the heat and
release it through the night. The right strategy depends on the climate.
21
Fig 17 : Orientation for solar heat gain, more glazing to the east and more
thermal mass to the west can even out temperature swings from the suns heat.
In cold climates, sides facing away from the sun's path will usually benefit from
more insulation than sides facing the sun (which means less glazing or higherinsulation glazing), while in hot climates the opposite is true.
Advanced glazing can separate the harvesting of the sun's light from the sun's
heat. It can also pull in daylight from sides facing away from the sun, without
losing too much heat through lack of insulation (low U-value).
22
The building envelope, or "skin," consists of structural materials and finishes that
enclose space, separating inside from outside. This includes walls, windows,
doors, roofs, and floor surfaces.
Openings are located in the envelope to provide physical access to a building,
create views to the outside, admit daylight and/or solar energy for heating, and
supply natural ventilation. The form, size, and location of the openings vary
depending upon the role they play in the building envelope.
Decisions about construction details also play a crucial role in design of the
building envelope. Building materials conduct heat at different rates. Components
of the envelope such as foundation walls, sills, studs, joists, and connectors,
among others, can create paths for the transfer of thermal energyknown as
thermal bridgesthat conduct heat across the wall assembly. Wise detailing
decisions, including choice and placement of insulation material, are essential to
assure thermal efficiency.
While it consumes no energy itself, the hotel building envelope has a large
influence on a major energy consumer, the HVAC system. The envelope consists
of the buildings outside walls, its roof, windows, shading devices.etc.
23
I.
Roof
Of all the building elements, the roof is most exposed to climatic sources of heat
gain and heat loss. Throughout the day the roof is exposed to direct solar
radiation, which is potentially the most significant source of heat gain.
Conductance of heat from the roof can be very high if not insulated well. This can
result in increased cooling load if the space below is air conditioned or high
discomfort hours if the space below is naturally ventilated.
Daylight can be obtained by either a horizontal (un shaded) or vertical (shaded)
roof lights. In hot climates un shaded roof lights would be quite undesirable as
they would further add to the heat gain. By varying the roof projections with
respect to the building width pressure differences between the windward side and
leeward sides could either be increased or decreased. This would increase or
decrease natural ventilation.
In any climatic context, the roof can be relied upon as a means to enhance the
light levels indoors. The nature of the roof light would change with the climatic
context. In overheated areas, roof lighting would be shaded to prevent heat gain.
In a hot region, the roof should have enough insulating properties to minimize
heat gains. Some roof protection methods are as follows :
II.
III.
IV.
V.
24
Roof materials determine the amount of heat transfer through the roof inwards or
outwards as well as the time taken for this heat transfer to take place.
In hot and cold climates the roof should have a low transmittance value. This
would ensure maximum heat gain and heat loss, respectively. Using insulation
would minimize the heat stored by the roof. However, in the absence of
insulation, a low U -value would generally imply a high thermal capacity. In warm
humid climates heat storage is undesirable. The roof should, therefore, be light,
probably having high U-values and low heat capacities.
Conventional Case :
Roof finish +150-mm concrete slab + internal plaster : U-value =
0.31 btu/h ft2 F
II.
Walls
Walls are a major part of the building envelope and receive large amounts of
solar radiation. The heat storage capacity and heat conduction property of walls
are key to meeting desired thermal comfort conditions. The wall thickness,
material, and finishes can be chosen based on the heating and cooling needs of
the building.
In designing the walls consideration should be given to the different conditions
that they will be exposed at each time of day and season depending on their
orientation. In some cases there are conflicting opportunities or constraints at
different times of year, e.g. a west facing wall may benefit from the heat of the
sun in winter, but suffer in the summer.
Heat loss in walls is primarily by conduction of energy through the wall
components. Adding insulation will greatly reduce conductive losses, however,
careful consideration must be given to ease of installation to ensure cost
effectiveness.
Appropriate thermal insulation and air cavities in walls reduce heat transmission
into the building, which is the primary aim in a hot region.
Thermal performance of walls can be improved by following ways:
1. Increasing wall thickness
2. Providing air cavity between walls and hollow masonry blocks
3. Applying insulation on the external surface.
4. Applying light coloured distemper on the exposed side of the wall.
25
Conventional Case:
External plaster + 230-mm brick wall + internal plaster : U-value =
0.329 btu/h ft2 F
III.
Glass
Of all the elements in the building envelope, windows and other glazed areas are
most vulnerable to heat gain or losses. Proper location, sizing, and detailing of
windows and shading form an important part of bioclimatic design as they help to
keep the sun and wind out of a building or allow them when needed.
The location of openings for ventilation is determined by prevalent wind direction.
Openings at higher levels naturally aid in venting out hot air. Size, shape and
orientation of openings moderate air velocity and flow in the room; a small inlet
and large outlet increase velocity and distribution of airflow through the room.
When possible, the house should be so positioned on the site that takes it
advantage of prevailing winds. The prevailing wind direction is from the south/
south-east during summer.
26
Conventional Case:
Single Glazed Unit : U-value = 1.084 btu/h ft2 F. , SHGC = 0.81 , VLT = 0.88
27
IV.
Shading Devices:
28
South Orientation
South openings can be used as solar radiation collectors during winter, and by
using the appropriate shading device direct radiation can be avoided during
summer.The benefits from the south orientation are the following:
Better distribution of solar gains through the day than to other orientations.
Energy savings in heating.
Less risk of overheating than East and West orientation in summer.
Simple horizontal sun-shading devices, (overhangs, balconies) are
effective.
The following best practice guidelines are valid for south oriented buildings and
facades:
29
Fig 23 : Daylight during the whole period of the year for south oriented buildings
North Orientation
North openings provide better quality of lighting to a space because they only
allow diffused light and not direct. They are more useful during summer, but they
should be of a limited size because otherwise they cause high thermal losses
during winter.
30
The following best practice guidelines are valid for north oriented buildings and
facades:
East and west openings have very few advantages throughout the year, which is
why it is advisable to have them only if it is absolutely necessary for lighting
reasons or in order to have a view. West openings, especially, increase the
temperature and therefore the cooling load, of interior spaces during summer, as
they allow direct radiation in the afternoon. Generally, if there are East or West
openings then the shading devices that should be used, must be external and
vertical in order to be effective.
The following are the best practice guidelines:
31
Architectural energy analysis rely on the use of models which describe the
energy performance of buildings. They are representations of buildings as energy
systems and include only those characteristics and relationships which determine
their energy performance.
Quantitative models used in energy analysis are mathematical representations of
complex thermodynamic or luminous behaviour of buildings. Everything is
described numerically; the weather, the building and its operation, the consumed
energy. The behaviour of buildings is simplified in models.
Quantitative models offer convenient parametric analysis of energy performance:
the effect of planned change in a single energy parameter of a building.
Properties of buildings or the characteristics of their use are changed by
modifying values which represent them. Long-term change (eg. performance over
a whole year) can be simulated and analyzed in a short time.
Simulations are developed by combining the conduction, convection and
radiation relationships which describe the heat-flow rates occurring in a building.
The choice of building simulation software depends upon user requirements and
the capabilities of the building simulation program. With the growing trend
towards environmental protection, the design of energy efficient buildings from
the point of view of the building owner as well as the society will surely gain
attention. Computer aided building simulation is important in the study of energy
performance and the design and operation of energy efficient buildings. Building
simulation is one of the key technologies that contribute to the construction of
future buildings which will be more energy efficient, health responsive and
environmental friendly. Future development and application of information
technology in the building industry will lead to completely new building design
philosophy and methodology.
2.6.1 NEED AND ADVANTAGES OF ENERGY MODELING
32
Making trade-offs: Architects, for various reasons, often cannot select the
most energy-conserving materials or solutions. Comparative estimates of
the extent to which each choice affects the building's energy performance
are important in making of trade-offs.
Deciding how to proceed with design: It helps in deciding which design
alternative is more energy efficient and which one should be pursued.
Understanding how different conditions of use affect the building's energy
performance: Energy consumption in a building is a function of its use and
changing weather. Energy analysis allows the architect to understand how
to deal with the peculiarities of the weather.
33
In brief,
Elements of simulation :
The essential elements of building simulation include:
Load Calculation : The peak loads of the building are estimated in order to
determine the size of HVAC plant and equipment.
Energy Calculation: The annual energy requirements are calculated on the
basis of the required loads.
Objectives :
Output:
34
35
G + 10
G+1
G + 10
N
Fig 27 : Site plan of Leela Hotel
36
I.
Walls :
Therefore,
R Value - 13.05 h ft2 F/btu.
U Value - 1 / R - 1 / 13.05 - 0.077 btu/h ft2 F.
37
II.
Roof:
Therefore,
R Value of horizontal surface ( Roof ) - 11.85 h ft2 F/btu.
U Value - 1 / R - 1 / 11.85 - 0.084 btu/h ft2 F.
38
III.
Windows:
WWR is the ratio of window area ( glass and frame ) to the exterior wall area: the
zone floor to floor height times the zone width. The gross WWR for the Leela is
30%.
Double Glazed Unit : U-value = .20 W/m2-K , SHGC = 0.28 , VLT = 0.48
The efficient building envelope reduces the cooling demand.
The glazing for the building has been designed to maximize the effect of natural
light, largely eliminating the need for artificial light during day time. At the same
time, the high performance window glass, while allowing light inside, does not
allow heat.
HVAC System:
II.
It is determined via simulation that the project saves 51.22% in Energy costs over
the ASHRAE 90.12004 baseline.
39
40
G+8
N
Fig 31 : Site Plan
41
I.
Walls:
Therefore,
R Value - 3.05 h ft2 F/btu.
U Value - 1 / R - 1 / 3.05 - 0.33 btu/h ft2 F.
42
II.
Roof:
Therefore,
R Value - 8.62 h ft2 F/btu.
U Value - 1 / R - 1 / 8.62 - 0.116 btu/h ft2 F.
43
III.
Windows:
I.
HVAC System:
II.
44
Roof
Walls
Glass
Shading devices
For the purpose of evaluation the building has been modelled in eQuest. It is
simulation software which helps in evaluating the energy performance of the
building through simulating and accounts for the many energy related
components. The goal of eQuest is to accurately predict the energy use of a
building to either test the energy performance of the building with regards to an
established standard, or to compare and contrast two buildings in order to find
the resulting energy savings.
Plans showing model zoning :
45
%
Reduction
in Heat
0%
AS
DESIGNED
ASHRAE
BASECASE
WALL
OPTIMIZATIO
ROOF
OPTIMIZATIO
GLASS
OPTIMIZATIO
SHADING
DEVICES
WALL
ROOF
Fig 36 : Heat load from envelope
10.6%
11.6%
30.3%
50.0%
GLASS
SHADING
DEVICES
46
As designed case:
Exterior walls :
Roof :
Glazing :
Shading devices :
Exterior walls :
Roof :
Glazing :
Shading devices :
None
47
Wall optimization:
U value : 0.07 Btu/hr.ft2 F
Exterior walls :
Material
Outside Air Film
Ext. Plaster
AAC Block
XPS
Int. Plaster
Inside Air Film
Resultant U Value
Thickness
(inch)
NA
0.17
8.00
1.00
0.17
NA
9.34
0.07
Resultant R
(F-sqft - hr / Btu)
0.30
1.00
5.20
0.30
0.17
0.05
8.00
5.20
0.05
0.68
14.15
Btu/hr - Sqft -F
Roof :
Glazing :
Shading devices :
None
48
Roof optimization:
Exterior walls :
Roof :
Material
Outside Air Film
Screed
Geotextile
Damp Proof membrane
Insulation
Water Proof Layer
RCC Slab
Inside Air Film
Resultant U Value
Thickness
(inch)
NA
2.00
0.04
0.04
3.00
0.04
6.00
Resultant R
(F-sqft - hr / Btu)
0.17
5
5
5.20
6.5
0.10
NA
0.05
0.17
0.34
0.20
0.20
15.60
0.26
0.60
0.92
18.29
Btu/hr - Sqft -F
Glazing :
Shading devices :
None
The insulation is provided on the roof which thereby decreases the U -value
of the roof. Since the building is a G+8 structure the insulation on the roof
provided leads to negligible variation in the reduction of the heat load.
There is 11.6 % of reduction in the heat load as compared to the ASHRAE
base case.
49
Glass Optimization :
Exterior walls :
Roof :
Glazing :
Shading devices :
None
Since the glazing used in the as designed case is an efficient option, there
is no change in the glass type. There is 30.3 % of reduction in the heat load
as compared to the ASHRAE base case.
Shading Devices :
Exterior walls :
Roof :
Glazing :
Shading devices :
The depth of the shading devices are increased from 600mm to 750mm.
There is 50 % of reduction in the heat load as compared to the ASHRAE
base case.
50
5. CONCLUSIONS :
ENVELOPE
BASECASE
AS-DESIGNED
CASE
PROPOSED
CASE
EXTERIOR LOADS
Walls
Roof
U-Value:
Btu/hrft
F
U-Value:
Btu/hrft
F
U- 0.124
0.33
0.07
U-0.063
0.116
0.05
WINDOWS
Glazing
Shades
Window
Wall Ratio
40%
(Uniformly
distributed)
20%
20%
U-Value :
Btu/hrft
F
1.20
.24
.24
SC
0.29
0.20
0.20
VLT : %
N/A
24%
24%
Type
N/A
600mm deep
750mm deep
51
The graph shown above depicts that the envelope load of the as designed
building is the highest : 2.24 W/sqft. Therefore the envelope parameters
for the as designed case are the worst.
The ASHRAE base case performs slightly better than the as designed
case, having the envelope load of 2.20 W/sqft.
Further improvement in the walls, roof, glass and shading devices reduce
the envelope load to 1.11 W/sqft.
It can be seen that Rodas although is a LEED Gold rated hotel building, its
envelope does not even meet the ASHRAE base case.
The designers did not focus on design and envelope parameters in the
early design stage.
This kind of analysis should be done after the design has been conceived
for a building in order to achieve maximum benefit. Buildings already
constructed can be retrofitted with other materials or construction details
after their simulation is done but this shall not reap as good results as it
would have before the construction.
52
LIST OF FIGURES:
Fig 1 : Percentage of energy consumption in a hotel
Fig 2 : Number of rooms available in India
Fig 3 : Energy performance index of Indian hotels
Fig 4 : Energy saving potential in hotels of India
Fig 5 : Passive hotel design features
Fig 6 : Typical breakup of heat gain in a building
Fig 7 : Types of internal and external load
Fig 8 : Summer gains in a building
Fig 9 : Winter gains in a building
Fig 10 : Bulk Insulation
Fig 11 : Reflective insulation
Fig 12 : Forms of building's heat transfer
Fig 13 : Heat flow through a building
Fig 14 : Different building orientations
Fig 15 : Azimuth angle
Fig 16 : Orientation for day lighting
Fig 17 : Orientation for solar heat gain
Fig 18 : Orientation for maximum passive ventilation
Fig 19 : Building envelope
Fig 20 : Various roof forms and their areas of exposure
Fig 21 : Location of openings
Fig 22 : Location of shading devices
Fig 23 : Opening on south
Fig 24 : Day lighting through an opening on south
53
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
54