Professional Documents
Culture Documents
,
. ,
(release agent).
() , ,
, ,
, , ,
. ( )
(2,7 2,85 g/cm3)
, .
7,3 %
. ,
, (Al2O3 . SiO2 .
2H2O), (KHMg2Al2(SiO4)3), (Be3Al2Si6O18),
(CaAl2Si2O8 CaO . Al2O3 . 2SiO2)
, Al2O3 , (
Al2O3), ( SiO2 ,
), (MgO . Al2O3)
Al ,
. (Al2O3 . H2O)
(Al2O3 . 3H2O), Fe2O3, TiO2 SiO2,
Al2O3 55-65%.
,
:
(Al2O3) , Bayer.
Al , . ,
Al :
NaOH
(Autoclave) 5-6 Atm
160C, Al2O3 ,
:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH
135 , , " "
: A ....
3 , 160
, 100
.
, 3
, .
;
. ,
, ""
. , ,
, .
Davy, 1807,
Oerstead . 1845,
Woehler ,
: "" .
1855 1886, Deville
- .
1886, - -
( ). Hall Heroult
Bayer 1888,
.
18 $ 4,50 $.
....
1
14 kWh (),
scrap 5% .
,
.
,
. (
60% )
.
, 30%
30.
, '
,
.
,
.
.
,
1920 . scrap
, .
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. 1/3 .
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.
(70.000 Pa) 3 .
,
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.
,
,
.
.
.
,
( ).
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, (
). .
" Aluminium does not rust, only corrodes in a lovely dust "
,
, - -
.
, ( 50 100 Angstrom)
.
,
pH 4 8, ,
.
pH 4 8, Al3+ ,
AlO2.
.
, :
1. : ( ) : Al =( Al3+) + 3e
2. : ( ) : ( +) + e = H2
, :
: ,
, .. .
, ,
:
( .. ).
: 2
(
) .
,
"" ,
. 2
brazing ( )
. ,
, .
,
2 .
( mV
99,5 % NaCl)
mV
(+) 1000
(+) 850
18/8
(+) 750
(+) 700 to (+)
800
(+) 550
(+) 500
(7075 6)
(+) 480
(+) 300
(+) 150 to (+)
180
Al-Cu-Mg (2024 T6)
(+) 100
(+) 100
AlSi 12
(+) 30 to (+) 60
K
0 to (+) 20
Al-Mn (3003)
(+) 10 to (+) 20
Al-Mg-Si 1 (6082)
0 to (+) 10
99,5%
0
Al-Mg-Mn (3004)
(-) 10 to 0
Al-Zn-Mg-Cu
(-) 20 to (-) 10
Al-Mg (5754)
(-) 30 to (-) 20
Al-Zn (7072)
-150
-300
-850
.
.
(Crevice corrosion): ,
.
,
( ),
, .
.
- (Pitting): -
,
. ,
. - -
. - (pitting)
(crevice corrosion).
(NaCl)
, -.
. pH
4 8. , ,
,
- .. -
. ,
. ,
,
. pitting
.
(Intergranular corrosion):
(precipitations) .
( )
, .
, .. Mg5Al8,
, precipitation
CuAl2 ( )
.
,
,
.
, Al - Mg - Cu.
(Filiform corrosion):
, .
(.. -). (..
).
(exfoliation corrosion ):
Al - Mg - Cu Al- Zn- Mg-Cu.
(
) ,
- .
"" .
,
exfoliation corrosion .
,
()
.
( ,
, ) .
.
(wrought
aluminium) :
1000 ( )
.
2000 ( - )
() .
, .
6000 (--)
( ) .
.
5000 (-)
6000
.
7000 (--)
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.
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.
, - 5%,
.
.
sandwich
.
,
. ,
( )
1930,
1950.
.
,
:
(PVC)
(PVDF)
(
).
,
( , , ""
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,
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.
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(chalking) . ,
, "" (blistering),
(filiform corrosion).
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primer
. primers .
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.
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coating),
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primer, "" ,
.
,
.
2
(two-coat) primer (5 )
( 20 ).
,
primer .
( ),
(stucco).
( ),
.
. ,
.
PVDF
.
PVDF kynar (Polyvinylidene Fluoride)
:
primer.
(base coat).
T (clear coat).
40 m ().
PVDF
:
1. ,
.
2.
.
3. (
),
, .
PVDF
.
1= 5=.
PVDF Polyest
Kyna
er
r
Vinyl
Plastisol
Polyurethan
e
PVDF
Kynar
PVDF
Kynar
&
BS 476,
. ,
- .
,
.
600 660
( ).
,
, ( ).
, 4
,
.
( 80 90% ,
5 25% )
.
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,
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.
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. panels,
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(
).
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250 . ,
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300 .
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.
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,
.
( , ..
) .
2 :
2 , ,
() .
,
, 0,5 75
.
TIG
,
. , (filler
rod). ,
.
( )
.
( , .)
MIG
,
( )
(filler metal). - ,
,
. MIG,
.
MIG.
laser beam,
.
Stud welding , ultrasonic welding (foil), friction welding, cold pressure
welding, hot pressure welding, brazing,
.
,
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
499 : Part 1: Glossary for welding, brazing. Part 2: Symbols for welding.
2901 : Filler rods and wires for gas shielded arc welding.
3019 : TIG welding.
3571 : MIG welding.
4870 : Approval test of welding procedures.
2653 : protective clothing for welders.
1542 : equipment for eye, face and neck protection.
.
50%
( ) 25% ( ).
.
40%
,
.
, ,
.
,
( ).
:
1. (Cu)
2. T (Mn)
3. ( Si )
4. ( Mg )
5. O (Zn)
6. O (Fe)
, ,
, ,
.
, 2 :
. (wrought)
.
( ).
. ,
().
.
( -wrought, )
2000 7,8 ,
:
:
(, ,
, , .)
, ( )
.
( ) -
- :
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
99%.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- - .
- - .
( , , ..)
,
2 /3 / 4 (.. 1050 1233
3003 5052 6082)
(..
3105 H14 3105 ,
).
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(facades).
(
).
roller shutters .
.
:
.
0.5mm. .
,
,
.
3 3, 4 6mm,
1000, 1250 1500mm 1000 5000mm
,
1,5 mm . ,
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.
(),
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.
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).
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( ,
).
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1. :
( - ).
-
.
2. :
,
.
95%
.
3. :
.
4. : (
) 99%.
(Fe) (Si).
5. :
,
. : ( ) ,
(Si) , (Mg) , o (Cu) ,o (Zn).
:
, , .
6. (LME):
.
7. : ()
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8. : ()
. .
9. :
( - ). ,
.
10. :
,
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11. : .
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.
12. : , ,
.
13. : ,
.
14. () :
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.
.
15. (LCA):
,
, (
).
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:
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