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LANGUAGE PROLOG
Jenis
PARTS OF SPEECH
KELAS KELAS KATA
1. Verb (v)
e.g : study, eat, do
2. Noun
e.g : table, book, glass
3. Pronoun
e.g : me, you, he, she
4. Adjective
Beautiful, handsome, kind
5. Adverb
e.g : here, there, over there
6. Conjunction
e.g : and, while, or
7. Preposition
e.g : in, to/for, by
8. Interjection
e.g : wow, ouch
2. Kata (word)
Adalah rangkaian huruf yang bermakna (exeption : a, I)
e.g : table, dush
3. Frase (Phrase)
Adalah rangkaian kata yang bermakna, dapat dipahami tetapi tidak berpola S + V
Kinds of phrase :
a. Noun Phrase: frase yang intinya ada pada noun
Word Order : Adjective
+ Noun
As modifier
As head
+ Object of preposisi
Noun/Pronoun/Noun Phrase
Adverb
As modifier
+ Adjective
As head
Adverb
As modifier
+ Adverb
As head
NOTES :
Enough + Noun
As M (adj)
Adjective + Enough
As H
Adjective Phrase
As M (adv)
Adverb + Enough
As H
Noun Phrase
As H
Adjective Phrase
As M (adv)
SENTENCE
merupakan rangkaian kata yang bermakna, dapat dipahami, minimal berpola S + V dan
diakhiri dengan tanda baca pengakhir.
Tanda baca pengakhir : full stop (.), exclamatory mark (!), question mark (?).
CLAUSE
Adalah rangkaian kata yang bermakna, dapat dipahami dan minimal berpola S +V
Kinds of Clause :
1. Main Clause (Independent Clause)
W.O : S + V
e.g : Irul cries
2. Sub Ordinative Clause (Dependent Clause)
W.O : Conj + S + V
e.g : Because Adel went home
Irul cries because Adel went home.
Because Adel went home, Irul cries.
Sentence dan Main clause adalah hal yang sama karena keduanya sudah dapat dipahami
maknanya. Istilah main clause hanya dipakai untuk membedakan antara Main Clause dan
Sub Ordinative Clause karena Sub Ordinative Clause belum dapat dipahami tanpa
adanya Main Clause atau dengan kata lain, Sub Ordinative Clause membutuhkan Main
Clause untuk memperjelas makna.
Contoh dalam bahasa Indonesia :
(MC/Sentence) Vivi tidak berangkat sekolah.
(SC)
(Sentence)
atau
SUMMARY:
Noun Phrase
Adj + Noun
Prep Phrase
Adj Phrase
Adverb + Adjective
Adv Phrase
Adverb + Adverb
DC
Conj + S + V
S + V
Sentence
IC + DC
DC, + IC
VERB
Merupakan kata yang menyatakan aktivitas (action) dan kondisi (state).
e.g : eat, sleep, drink (action)
have, forget, love (state)
Form of Verb :
1. Present :
a. To Infinitive (To Inf)
Form : To + Bare Infinitive (verb murni)
e.g : to eat, to climb
b. Bare Infinitive (Bi)
e.g : run, dug
c. Additional Infinitie (Ai)
Form : Bi + s/es
e.g : talks, drinks, washes
2. Past : Past Tense (PT)
e.g : had, stopped
3. Participle
a. Past Participle (PP)
Form : Bi + d/ed (regular verb)
e.g : walked (regular), run (irregular verb)
b. Preset Participle
Form : Bi + ing
e.g : stopping, running, raining
Function of Verb
1. Auxiliary verb :
a. Primary auxiliary
Adalah kata kerja bantu yang tidak mempunyai makna, tap membantu dalam
pembentukan tenses dan voice.
Bi
Ai
PT
Pres. PT
PP
Be
Do
Have
was, were
did
had
Being
-
been
-
b. Modal
Adalah kata kerja bantu yang membantu dalam makna dan pembentukan tenses.
e.g : will, shall, would, should
Bi
Have
PP
Be
PP
Pres.pt
Error Analysis
1. Has were eats
7. Has it drink
4. Am took
9. Had having
Objective Case:
1. Transitive (membutuhkan objek)
a. Monotransitive Verb (MV)
Form :
S + DV + IO + DO
atau
S + DV + DO + to/for + IO
Land
Pay
Say
Take
Buy
Leave
Play
Sell
Teach
Bring
Make
Promise
Send
Tell
Cost
Owe
Read
Show
Write
Get
Offer
Refuse
Sing
Wish
Give
Pass
Get
Prove
Stay
Be
Grow
Remain
Sound
Become
Keep
Seen
Taste
Feel
Look
Smell
Turn
Example:
1. Bedul gets a cake
Semantic Case
1. Dinamic verb
Adalah kata kerja yang menyatakan aktivitas
e.g : run, walk, write, sing
2. Stative verb
Adalah kata kerja yang menyatakan kondisi
e.g : love, hate, forget, miss
TENSES
Adalah bentuk kata kerja yang menunjukkan waktu sebuah kejadian.
Kinds
1. Time
a. Present (sekarang)
W.O : Ai/Bi
b. Past (lampau)
W.O : PT
c. Future (rencana)
W.O : Will/Shall + Bi
W.O : Would/Should + Bi
2. Event
a. Simple (kebiasaan)
W.O : -
W.O : Be + Pres.pt
c. Perfect (sempurna)
W.O : Have + PP
Continuous
Be + Pres.pt
SIMPLE
CONTINUOUS
Be + Pres.pt
PERFECT
Have + PP
PF.CONT
Have+Been+Pres.pt
PRESENT
Ai/Bi
PAST
PT
FUTURE
Shall + Bi
Will
PS.FUTURE
Shuold + Bi
Would
SENTENCE CLASSIFICATION
1. By Ordinary
a. Verbal
Adalah kalimat yang verb ordinarinya selain Be stative.
b. Nominal
Adalah kalimat yang verb ordinarinya berupa Be stative.
2. By Structure
a. Statement (declarative/berita/informasi/pernyataan)
Affirmative ( + )
W.O : S + V
W.O : S + V + not
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b. Question (interogative/pertanyaan)
Yes/No Question
Affirmative
W.O : V + S ?
Negative
W.O : V + S + not ?
Information Question
Affirmative
W.O : QW + S + V ?
Negative
W.O : QW + V + S + not ?
c. Request/Command (imperative/permintaan/perintah)
Affirmative
W.O : VBi (diikuti) !
e.g : Go!
Open the door!
Negative
e.g :
Do not go!
Do not open the door!
Do not be silent please!
Be
Is, Am, Are
Non Be
Was, Were
Ai/Bi
Will/Shall
He, John
She, Ann
Is
It
I
Was
Ai
Am
Will Shall
We
You
Are
Were
Bi
Shall
They
Example:
I.
1.
2.
3.
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2.
3.
PEMBENTUKAN NEGATIVE
(?)
Interrogative
(?)
Letakkan verb pertama sebelum subjek (jangan lupa diberi question mark).
e.g: Will Sandy eat the banana?
(-?)
Letakkan verb pertama sebelum subject, letakkan not setelah subject ((jangan
lupa diberi question mark).
e.g: Will Sandy not eat the banana?
Notes:
Informal
Wont Sandy eat the banana?
Dalam pembentukan (-), (?) dan (-?) harus mendatangkan do dan does untuk
Simple Present Tense, dan mendatangkan did untuk Simple Past Tense.
Sedangkan Verb ordinary kembali ke bentuk semula. Jika Verb ordinary berupa
Be, maka dalam pembentukan (-), (?) dan (-?) tidak perlu mendatangkan do
does maupun did.
CONTRACTION (PENYINGKATAN)
Is
Am
Are
Was
Were
:
:
:
:
:
isnt
arent
arent
wasnt
werent
Have
Has
Had
Do
Does
:
:
:
:
:
haventt
hasnt
hadnt
dont
doesnt
Did
Will
Shall
Would
Should
:
:
:
:
:
didnt
wont
shant
wouldnt
shouldnt
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S.Ps.Cont (-)
Notes :
Hati hati jika menemukan tenses continuous. Lihat Vord nya. Jika Vord berupa
Nonprogressive
verbs,
maka
mundurkan
satu
langkah
(ubah
ke
tenses
sebelumnya)
TIME
EVENT
PRESENT
SIMPLE
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
PF.CONT
Be + Pres.pt
Have + PP
Have+Been+Pres.pt
Ai / Bi
Have + PP
Has
PT
Had + PP
FUTURE
Shall + Bi
will
Shall + Bi
Will
Shall+Have+PP
Will
PS.FUTURE
Shuold + Bi
Would
Should+Bi
Would
Should+Have+PP
Would
Ai/Bi
PAST
PT
CERTAIN ADJECTIVE :
bad
good
loud
responsible
careful
illogical
nice
rude
cruel
impolite
noisy
serious
fair
irresponsible
patient
silly
foolish
kind
pleasant
unfair
funny
lazy
polite
unkind
generous
logical
quiet
unpleasent
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2. Emotional
State
Believe
Imagine
Prefer
Suppose
Doubt
Know
Realize
Think
Feel
Mean
Recognize
Understad
Forget
Need
Remember
Want
Appreciate
Envy
Hate
Love
Care
Fear
Like
Mind
Posses
Dislike
3. Possesion
Belong
Have
Own
4. Sense
Perception
Feel
See
Taste
Hear
Smell
Appear
Consist of
Exixt
Owe
Be
Contain of
Include
Seem
Cost
Look
Weight
5. Other
existing
states
Notes : Have tidak mempunyai bentuk pasif. Ketika pasif have diganti dengan
belong to
Verbs with an asterisk are also commonly used as progressive verbs, with a
difference in meaning, as in the following examples :
NONPROGRESSIF (existing state)
think
have
He has a car.
taste
smell
see
feel
look
appear
He appears to be asleep.
weigh
be
I am hungry.
PASSIVE VOICE
Badalah suatu kalimat yang subjeknya tidak melakukan suatu aktifitas dari kata kerja
tetapi justru dikenai aktifitas. Passive voice mempunya ciri ciri Be + PP.
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Ai/Bi
PAST
PT
SIMPLE
CONTINUOUS
Be + Pres.pt
PERFECT
Have + PP
Is
Am + PP
Are
Is
Am + Pres.pt
Are
Have + Been + PP
Has
Wasl + PP
Were
Were + Pres.pt
Was
Had + Been + PP
PF.CONT
Have+Been+Pres.pt
FUTURE
Shall + Bi
will
Shall + Bi
Will
Should+Bi
Would
Should+Have+Been+PP
Would
PS.FUTURE
Shuold + Bi
Would
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Simple Past:
Usually
Yesterday
Often
Last
Sometime
This morning
Seldom
Rarely
In 2009
Always
Just now
Never
Every
Simple future:
Present Continuous:
Tomorrow
Now
Next week
Right now
Next day
At the present
Tonight
At this time
At the moment
At this time
Soon
In 2015
NOUN
Definisi
: kata yang digunakan untuk menamai suatu benda baik konkret maupun
abstrak
e.g
Function
1. In phrase:
a. In Noun Phrase as Head
2. In sentence
a. As subject
b. As object of verb
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RPN
IPN
Furniture
Person
persons
People
Child
Children
Lamp
Lamps
Mouse
Mice
Noun Marker:
1. Article:
a. A
b. An
c. The
2. Demonstractive Adjective:
a. This
b. That
Csing, U
c. These
d. Those
Cpl
3. Quantifier:
a. One
d. Much
e. Little
f. Few
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Be
Non Be
is/are
was/were
Ai/Bi
Csing
is
was
Ai
Cpl
are
were
Bi
is
was
Ai
PT
PT
Example
Choose the correct word!
1. (many/much) (furniture/furnitures) (is/are) (buying/bought)
2. (have/has) (those/that) (mouse/mice) (been/being) (beating/beaten)
3. (a/an) unfair (student/students) (was/were) (slept/sleeping) on the roof
4. (did/was) (few/little) (sheep/sheeps) (flee/fleed) ?
5. (these/this) (chils/children) (is/are) (played/playing) (a/an/the) chess.
PRONOUN
Definisi
Function
1. In phrase:
As modifier e.g: my old book
2. In sentence:
a. As subject
b. As object of verb
of preposition e.g: Karimunjawa island is located in Jepara
c. As complement of subject
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:kita, kami
:kalian
Subject
Complement
Object
Cpl
Kinds
1st
2nd
3rd
Pronoun
Me
My...
Mine
We
Us
Our...
Ours
Csing
You
You
Your...
Yours
Cpl
You
You
Your...
Yours
Csing
He
Him
His...
His
She
Her
Her...
Hers
It
It
Its...
Its
They
Them
Their...
Theirs
Csing
Cpl
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POSSESIVE NOUN
Definisi
Pintos motorcycle
Chois girl friend
atau
Rochiss cat
atau
Aguss car
ADJECTIVE
Definisi : kata yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan makna benda
Function
1. In phrase:
a. As Head in Adjective Phrase
2. In sentence:
As Complement of Subject
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2. In Adjective Phrase:
a.
As Head
b. Initial position
Form : Adv + S + V
e.g
c. Medial positon
Form : S + Adv + V
Pinto often sells the wood
S + Be + Adv + Cs
Siwe was not pretty
S + Aux + Adv + Ord
Lukman has never taken a bath
Kinds of adverb:
1. Adverb of palce and direction (final position)
e.g: here, there, west, east, stright
2. Adverb of manner (final position)
e.g: fast, hard, well, slowly, clearly, beautifully
3. Adverb of time (final position)
a. Definite time
e.g: yesterday, tomorrow, today, now, just now
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asked
an
(easy/easily)
(question/questions)
to
Inul
about
love
(serious/seriously)
3. (many/much) (rice/rices) (smells/smelt) (real/really) (fresh/freshly) just now.
4. (have/has) (those/that) (patient/patiently) (wairtesss/waiterss) (childs/children)
(been/being) (played/playing) (a/an) (new/newly) (toy/toys) (happy/happily)?
CONJUNCTION
Definisi
Kinds
1. Sub Ordinative Conjunction: menghubungkan Independent Clause dan Dependent
Clause
Example : because, before, after, while, when, untill, till, etc
e.g
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PREPOSITION
Definisi
e.g: in. On, at, with, by, for, to, of, about, above, in front of, under, because of, due to,
despite, in spite of
Mean
Karena
Preposition
Conjunction
Because of
Because
Due to
For
Despite
Meskipun
In spite of
Although
Though
Eventhough
INTERJECTION
Definisi
e.g:
Wow!
Excellent!
Yes!
Marvellous!
Bravo!
Wonderful!
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INFORMATION QUESTION
Definisi
: who
a/an
: how many
The
: which
noun-countable
: which
: how many
: whose
: which
b. Amirs sheep :
2. My bad friend kisses your dog
a. Bad
b. My bad friend :
3. A book store was close
a. A
b. Book
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QW + S + V ?
Example
- Sukro cries in the class
Cries
b. Object
c. Adverb
QW + V + S ?
: How
- Time (specific)
: What time
(general)
: When
- Reason
: Why
- Degree
: How + adjective/adverb
- Frequency
- Time duration
: How long
- Speed
: How fast
- Distance
: How far
Example
Umam sang aclassic song in my room really loudly yesterday due to sadness.
Umam
Sang
Classic
a classing song :
my
my room
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really
really loudly
yesterday
sadness
due to sadness :
d. Complement of Subject
- Adverb of place
: where
- Noun
General person
non person
: who
: what
Age
: how old
Job
: what
- Adjective
State
: how
Character
Very hungry :
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: QW + V + S ?
: whom
Non person
- General
: what
- Noun of time
: when
- Noun of place
: where/what
b. Modifier of noun
Noun marker
- Article
a/an
: how many
noun-countable
: which
: how many
: whose
: which
A mouse :
2. A big house has been built by two men
Buikt
Two
Two men:
3. Siwe is coming from Jakarta
Coming :
Jakarta :
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