European Wine Exports The Key Role of Trade

European Wine Exports: The Key Role of Trade
Policy
Exportations europennes de vin : le rle cl de la politique
commerciale
Europische Weinexporte: Die Schlsselrolle der Handelspolitik
Angela Mariani, Francesco Napoletano, Riccardo Vecchio and Eugenio Pomarici
Currently standing at 9 billion, EU
wine export sales are in second
position (behind spirits and liqueurs)
in the basket of exported food
products. Markets outside the EU are
becoming increasingly important for
EU producers: from 2004 to 2012, the
share of exports to non-EU markets
increased ten points in value to 48
per cent and eight points in
volume to 32 per cent (Figure 1).
For the largest category of EU
exports, bottled wines, non-EU
markets now account for 52 per cent
of the value and 39 per cent of the
volume.
This is consistent with the increase
in imports both in some traditional
wine-consuming countries (the US,
Canada, Norway, Australia and New
Zealand) and in new markets where
wine consumption is experiencing
rapid growth starting from low
levels. The new markets include
China, Hong Kong, Singapore,
Russia, South Korea, Brazil, Mexico,
South Africa and Angola. In these

markets, further growth in
consumption is expected and, in a
longer-term perspective, important
opportunities are expected in India,
Malaysia, Nigeria, Taiwan, Thailand
and the United Arab Emirates (Banks
et al., 2010, Wine Intelligence, 2011;
Mariani et al., 2012). Since a
common feature of most of these
new markets is high protection by
tariff and non-tariff barriers, action to
reduce or eliminate such barriers
plays a key role in the competitive
advantage of exporting countries,
which is why trade policy is
important for the wine sector.
Against this background, this article
maps out the framework of barriers
to the wine trade and analyses how
action taken to reduce or eliminate
barriers in the context of trade
policy, by the EU and its main
competitors, is changing the overall
competitive landscape. Finally, we
briefly discuss the key role that trade
policy should play in complementing

the Common Agricultural Policy
strategy for wine.
EU wine exports: strengthening

and specialisation
In recent years, EU exporting
countries have outperformed their
New World counterparts on world
markets. Considering all wines and
excluding intra-EU trade flows, the
EU in the period 200412 increased
its share of world exports by 3 per
cent in value reaching 55 per cent
and by 5 per cent in volume
reaching 41 per cent (Figure 2).
This, however, was mainly the result
of the strong performance of bottled
wines for which the EU market share
has risen by 8 per cent in value and
14 per cent in volume, reaching a
share of 56 per cent in value and 49
per cent in volume, implying that the
rise in exports is linked to price
reductions. Conversely, there was a
Figure 1: EU wine exports by value ( million) and volume (000 hectolitres), 200412
Volume
Value
intra-EU Trade
intra-EU Trade
non-UE Trade
20,000
non-UE Trade
80,000
18,000
70,000
16,000
60,000
14,000
12,000
50,000
10,000
40,000
8,000
30,000
6,000
20
12
20
11
20
10
20
09
20
08
20
07
20
06
20
04
20
12
20
11
20
10
20
09
20
08
20
07
20
06
20
05
10,000
20
04
2,000
20
05
20,000
4,000
Source: Authors calculations, based on GTI data.
46 EuroChoices 13(3)
euch_12073.indd 46
2014 Agricultural Economics Society and European Association of Agricultural Economists (EAAE)
26-11-2014 PM 6:57:44
Figure 2: EU shares of world wine markets in 2004 and 2012 (%)

100
3
2004
80
2012
2004
80
+8
+3
60
60
14
40
56
55
20
100
82
10
40
70
20
35
+14
79
48
52
+5
+8
2012
36
41
35
78
49
21
32
22
0
All wine
Bottled
Bulk
Sparkling
All wine
Bottled
Bulk
Sparkling
Notes: * According to the harmonised statistics of international trade: bottled wine is still wine in containers holding 2 litres or less; bulk wine is still
wine in containers holding more than 2 litres.
very marked reduction in shares for

bulk wines, which decreased in value
and volume by about one third,
representing just over one fifth of the
world market in 2012. As for
sparkling wines, the EU has
maintained its dominant position by
expanding the share in volume and
modestly reducing its share in value.
The EU has therefore specialised in
the export of bottled wines, which
now account for 75 per cent of the
value of exports and more than 70 per

cent of volume. The second category
in value is sparkling wines (Figure 3).
On the other hand, the composition
of exports from competitors has seen
a sharp increase in the share of bulk
wines, which now represent nearly
50 per cent of total exports in volume
and 20 per cent in value (Figure 4).
EU trade specialisation has also been
paired with changes in the
geographical distribution of exports.

Although traditional importing
countries (US, Canada, Switzerland
and Japan) have significantly
contributed to the growth of EU
bottled wine exports, the highest
growth came from other countries
which together generated 65 per cent
of the increase in value and 71 per
cent in volume. In particular, the
highest contribution came from
China, while Hong Kong contributed
Vineyard and rosebush.
euch_12073.indd 47
EuroChoices 13(3) 47
26-11-2014 PM 6:57:44
Figure 3: Composition of EU wine exports to non-EU markets in 2004 and

2012 (%)
Value
100
80
22
21
23
80
70
60
60
50
50
73
10
90
70
40
Volume
100
8
90
testing procedures. Such non-tariff

barriers affect trade, hindering
market access or causing an increase
in costs and time lost. It is
foreseeable that the incidence of
non-tariff barriers could further
intensify as some new fast-growing
wine-importing countries are setting
up wine market regulations.
Furthermore, in some of these
countries (including China, India and
Brazil), growing interest in domestic
wine production could lead to
maintaining (or raising) protectionist
policies and stepping up support for
local producers.
20
40
75
30
30
20
20
10
10
69
71
2004
2012
0
2004
2012
Bottled wine
Bulk wine
Sparkling wine
significantly to the growth in value

and Russia to the growth in volume
(Figure 5).
As a consequence, the US, Japan,
Switzerland and Canada, which in
2004 were the main destinations of
exports accounting for more than
three quarters of value and two
thirds of volume, reduced their
share in 2012 to slightly more
than half the total value and exactly
half the volume (Figure 6).
Conversely, China, Hong Kong and
Russia, which were export
destinations of minor importance in
2004, now take up around a quarter
of EU exports.
Tariff and non-tariff barriers to

the wine trade
The picture here is complex. The
frame of reference for negotiations
on tariff and non-tariff barriers is the
set of multilateral rules and
agreements established by the World
Trade Organization (WTO). Tariffs,
which lead to an increase in import
prices, are constrained by WTO
rules, as all members are committed
to set tariffs at levels above which
they cannot be raised. Currently the
WTO-bound tariffs are the result of
the Uruguay Round (concluded in
1994), since the new negotiations
(the Doha Round, started in 2001)
are still in progress. The current
situation for wine is very diverse in
terms of type and level of tariffs
(Box 1).
euch_12073.indd 48
Lunion
europenne devrait agir
plus rapidement et plus
efficacement dans les
ngociations daccords
de libre change.
Overall, tariff protection is quite low

in countries which have long been
involved in the wine trade such as
the EU, US, Canada, Australia and
New Zealand (with the notable
exception of Japan), but the tariff
level is still high in countries which
have recently experienced growing
wine imports and where a high
increase in consumption is expected
(Anderson, 2010).
Non-tariff barriers are regulated by

the WTO through the Agreement on
Technical Barriers to Trade and the
Agreement on Sanitary and PhytoSanitary Measures. The main
principles behind such agreements
are to harmonise international
standards and promote mutual
recognition agreements of standards
and certification procedures. The
implementation of harmonised
standards in the wine trade has had
A wide and heterogeneous range of

non-tariff barriers, mainly related to
markets regulated differently by
individual countries, also affect trade.
The non-tariff barriers of most
concern for the wine trade are: wine
labelling regulations, oenological
practices, maximum residue limits of
agrichemicals, certification and
Figure 4: Composition of wine exports from non-EU exporters, in 2004 and

2012 (%)
Value
100
90
90
10
27
19
80
80
70
70
60
60
49
50
50
40
Volume
100
85
40
74
71
30
30
20
20
10
10
49
0
2004
Bottled wine
2004
2012
Bulk wine
2012
Sparkling wine
26-11-2014 PM 6:57:46
Box 1: Types of tariffs in the international wine trade

Type of tariff
Description and examples
Ad valorem
One rate or different rates according to the import price of the product
India: 150%; Nigeria: 30%; Argentina: 20%
A single rate specified by volume unit (litre)
Bermuda: USD 2.63 per litre
One rate or different rates according to alcoholic strength
Norway: NOK 4.31 (EUR 0.51) per percent volume of alcohol per litre
Different rates according to the packaging of wine (bottled or bulk)
Brazil: 27% for bottled wine and 20% for bulk wine
China: 14% bottled wine and 20% bulk wine
Different rates according to the type of wine (still or sparkling)
Malaysia: MYR 7 (EUR 1.56) per litre for non-sparkling wine and MYR 23 (EUR 5.13) per litre for sparkling wine
Ukraine: EUR 0.3 per litre for still bottled wine, EUR 0.4 per litre for bulk wine and EUR 1.5 per litre for
sparkling wine (volume based by type of wine and container);
Taiwan: still wine 10%, sparkling wine 20% (ad valorem by type of wine)
Japan: 15% up to a maximum of Yen 125 (EUR 0.88) per litre but with a minimum customs duty of YEN 67
(EUR 0.47) per litre for bottled wine, YEN 45 (EUR 0.32) per litre for bulk wine, YEN 112 (EUR 0.79) per
litre for fortied wines and YEN 182 (EUR 1.28) per litre for sparkling wines
Volume based
Alcohol content
based
Container based
Wine type based

Mixed
for the legitimate producers (reduced

market share and reputation
damage) and to consumers (who
buy products which do not have the
specific qualities and characteristics
required). Rules for GI protection for
wine, set within the WTO Agreement
on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights do not
provide effective protection, and
negotiations for a multilateral register
for notification and registration of
poor results. The main issue is that

few international standards have
so far been defined by the Codex
Alimentarius, recognised by the
WTO as a standard-setting
organisation, while the International Wine Organization (OIV),
though an intergovernmental
organisation committed to
establishing technical and
commercial standards for wine, is
not recognised by the WTO
(Battaglene, 2011).
of geographical indications (GIs),

which refer to a specific
geographical location or origin, and
certifies that the product possesses
certain qualities, is made according
to traditional methods, or enjoys a
certain reputation, due to its
geographical origin. Protection of
GIs is considered by some countries
as essential to ensure fair
competition, since their misuse may
result in negative consequences both
Since 1998 some major wine trading

countries outside the EU (Argentina,
Australia, Canada, Chile, Georgia,
New Zealand, US and South Africa) in
the World Wine Trade Group
(WWTG) have been committed to
reducing non-tariff barriers to trade in
wine among the signatories,
following WTO principles. WWTG
members have implemented an
effective approach, signing three
agreements regarding oenological
practices, labelling and certification
(Box 2).
Figure 5: Growth in EU bottled wine exports to main non-EU markets between

2004 and 2012 (%)
The WWTG has recently sought to

involve fast-growing importers, such
as China and Brazil, and the Asian
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
at a more general level, in order to
extend to such countries the results
obtained among members of the
group (APEC, 2011)
10
15
20
25
30
China
Hong Kong
USA
Canada
Switzerland
Russia
Japan
Norway
Macau
Singapore
Value
Volume
Australia
Brazil
Angola
Taiwan
Mexico
UAE
South Korea
Nigeria
Ukraine
Thailand
Ghana
Finally, an emerging issue in

international trade is the protection
euch_12073.indd 49
26-11-2014 PM 6:57:46
Box 2: World Wine Trade Group achievements
1. The Mutual Acceptance Agreement on Oenological Practices signatory

countries accept that wine made in another signatory country should be
allowed to be sold in its market, despite different cross-border winemaking
practices.
2. The Agreement on Requirements for Wine Labelling signatory countries
harmonise a minimum of four items of mandatory information (country of
origin, product name, net contents and alcohol content anywhere on a
wine bottle label in a single field of vision) enabling the sale of wine in
WWTG markets without having to redesign labels for each individual
market.
3. The Memorandum of Understanding on Certication Requirements
signatories certifications regarding wine composition, free sale
condition, or analytical reports about the components of imported wines
are no longer required. Certifications on vintage, grape variety and
appellation will only be needed if there are reasonable doubts about the
truthfulness of label representations.
GIs for wines and spirits have

stalled. During recent years
several proposals have been
presented by WTO members and
many deadlines have been set, but
the difficulty in reaching a
compromise arises from substantial
differences in the meaning and
purpose that countries want to
assign to this register.
Free trade agreements: an open

battlefield
In the absence of a successful
multilateral trade agreement,
bilateral Free Trade Agreements
(FTAs) have proliferated to phaseout tariff and non-tariff barriers to
trade among the signatory
countries. Such agreements facilitate
trade but, unlike multilateral
agreements, have a discriminatory
and trade-distorting effect, creating a
competitive advantage for those
signing them. Besides the benefits
gained from expanding exports,
being first on the market and being
able to consolidate market position
may also allow exporters to
influence the evolution of consumer
preferences. This is a major side
effect for exporters in new wineimporting markets.
There are currently many ongoing
negotiations and several bilateral
agreements already signed and it is
interesting to analyse those most
euch_12073.indd 50
relevant to wine. The EU has

followed a unique approach for
the wine sector, signing specific
trade agreements with its main
markets and competitors (US: 2006;
Canada: 2003; Australia: 1994 new
2008; South Africa: 2002), with
priority being the protection of
GIs. Indeed, in these agreements
the EU has offered several
concessions regarding the reduction
of technical barriers (such as
recognition of oenological practices
and simplified import procedures)
in exchange for the protection of
GIs. From 2006, following the
strategy outlined in its
Communication Global Europe:
Competing in the World, the EU has

stepped up its efforts in trade
negotiations to create free trade
areas with regions or countries
assigning a central role to the
protection of GIs for wines, spirits
and food products (Ahearn, 2011).
Such efforts have resulted in trade
agreements both in Asia and in
other areas.
Die EU sollte
schneller und wirksamer bei den
Verhandlungen ber
Freihandelsabkommen
vorgehen.
Concerning Asia, in 2011 the EU

signed an FTA with the Republic
of Korea of great importance for
wine (immediate duty-free access).
In this market Chile, the US and
Australia also have preferential
access. Later, in 2013, an agreement
was signed with Singapore,
where Chile, Australia and New
Zealand already have an FTA.
However, the negotiations between
the EU and India are still in progress,
and Indias market protection policy
for wine is a major issue between the
two parties. In the meantime, India
has already signed an FTA with Chile
and New Zealand.
Wineshop in Montalcino, Italy.
26-11-2014 PM 6:57:46
Figure 6: EU bottled wine exports to main non-EU markets in 2004 and 2012 (%)
50
45
40
Value
15
35
Volume
40
30
35
2004
30
2012
2004
25
25
2012
20
20
15
15
+10
10
+7
+2
+12
+1
5
0
+4
10
0
USA
Japan Switzerland Canada
China
Hong Kong
Russia
USA
Japan
Switzerland Canada
China
Hong Kong
Russia
No negotiations are currently ongoing

between the EU and China. In the
Chinese market, Chile and New
Zealand enjoy an important
advantage over competitors, as both
countries (Chile in 2005 and New
Zealand in 2008) have signed FTAs.
Tariffs on wine imports have been
progressively reduced, to reach zero
in 2012 for New Zealand and, in
2015, for Chile. Australia hopes to
sign an FTA by the end of 2014.
The EU has ongoing negotiations
with other countries of the
Association of South-East Asian
Nations (ASEAN), such as Malaysia
and Vietnam. Australia and New
Zealand signed an FTA with ASEAN
that came into force in 2010.
As regards traditional destinations, the
EU recently (October, 2013) signed an
FTA with Canada, where the US and
Chile have preferential access. In 2013
the EU also launched negotiations for
an FTA with the US (Chile and
Australia already have preferential
access), and with Japan (which is also
negotiating with Australia).
Currently no country has agreements
with Russia (although negotiations
are ongoing with New Zealand).
Russia joined the WTO in late 2011
and while its high wine tariff is likely
to decrease over time, an assortment
of non-tariff barriers (mainly
certification and customs procedures)
continue to be the biggest obstacles
to entering this market.
Policy implications
The successes achieved by EU
exports are the result of the efforts
and entrepreneurial expertise of

thousands of European wine
companies. Nonetheless,
corporate efforts have been
effectively supported by the
wine Common Market Organization
(CMO) which, since the 1999
reforms, has progressively
steered policy towards
structural support for
competitiveness.
In this perspective, the introduction
of support for promotion in non-EU
markets within the 2008 reform
agreement has played an important
role; due to both the funding
allocated to this measure and to the
regulations which have stimulated a
substantial increase in marketing
planning capability and
implementation of promotional
activities. The new policy direction
has led to greater exploitation of the
opportunities arising from changes
in exchange rates since 2007, which
have been favourable to EU (and
US) exporters (Anderson and
Wittewer, 2013). Competitors in the
southern hemisphere (especially
Australia, Argentina and, to a lesser
extent, Chile and South Africa) have
undergone a revaluation of real
exchange rates; this impacted
negatively on their exports (their

wines became more expensive in
export markets and revenues in
national currencies decreased) and
also increased import competition in
their domestic markets (resulting in a
higher share of wine consumption
supplied by imports).
EU action in
negotiating Free
Trade Agreements
should become
more rapid and
effective.
Box 3: Wine sector in the new single CMO: Measures reinforcing

competitiveness eligible for national support programmes
Restructuring and conversion of vineyards (existing since Reg. 1499/99).

Promotion on third-country markets (existing since Reg. 486/08).
Investments (existing since Reg. 486/08).
Innovation (new).
Promotion on domestic markets (new).
euch_12073.indd 51
It is certainly a positive development

for the industry, therefore, that the
policy approach outlined above is
confirmed and strengthened by the
new CMO (201420), as it may
enhance support to exploit the
competitive challenge on non-EU
markets, whether traditional or
emerging (Box 3). Indeed, the
objective of the deeper integration
of EU wine producers into all non-EU
markets is of strategic value as in the
near future it may be necessary to
26-11-2014 PM 6:57:51
Barriques Tenuta Ornellaia, Tuscany, Italy.
compensate for further reductions in

domestic consumption in EUproducing countries, mainly due to
the negative market impact of
generational and intra-generational
lifestyle changes. But the objective of
deeper integration could prove to be
more difficult if the macroeconomic
outlook for EU exporters becomes
less buoyant than in the past due to
real exchange rate movements; as

Southern Hemisphere competitors are
likely to be favoured by a
depreciation of their respective
currencies (Anderson and Wittewer,
2013).
In light of the above, the wine
industry considers it is of strategic
value that EU action in negotiating
Free Trade Agreements becomes

more rapid and effective,
despite the difficulties in
reconciling the very different
interests of 28 EU Member
States. This means that it will
therefore be necessary to
give priority in the negotiation
process to bottled wines and
sparkling wines, while maintaining
the main concern of protecting wines
with a geographical indication (GI).
Certainly, this implies that
core attention should be assigned
to China, which is widely predicted
to be the engine of development
in the global wine market. Although
an increase in Chinese wine
production is expected, demand
growth driven by a wealthier middle
class of millions of individuals should
lead to a significant rise in imports.
Competing countries are very active
in negotiating their own Free Trade
Agreements and this reinforces the
need for the EU to not be left behind.
Indeed, an effective trade policy
should complement the structural
adjustment ongoing in the EU wine
sector.
Further Reading
Ahearn, R.J. (2011). Europes preferential trade agreements: Status, content, and implications, Congressional Report no. ADA517305,
Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC.
Anderson, K. and Wittewer, G. (2013). Modelling global wine markets to 2018: Exchange rates, taste changes and Chinas import
growth. Journal of Wine Economics, 8(2): 131158.
Anderson, K. (2010). Excise and import taxes on wine versus beer and spirits: an international comparison. Economic Papers, 29(2):
215228.
APEC (2011). Proceedings of seminar on Key Issues in Wine Regulation, September 1819, San Francisco, California.
Banks, G. and Overton, J. (2010). Old world, new world, third world: Reconceptualising the worlds of wine. Journal of Wine Research,
21(1): 5775.
Battaglene, T. (2011). Overview of the International Framework of International Organisations and Agreements, Session Two, Part A
The Importance of International Organizations in Wine Regulation, presented at the seminar on Key Issues in Wine Regulation, September
1819, San Francisco, California.
Mariani, A., Pomarici, E. and Boatto, V. (2012). The international wine trade: Recent trends and critical issues. Wine Economics and
Policy, 1: 2440.
Pomarici, E., Vecchio, R., Napoletano, F. and Mariani, A. (2014). Tariff and non-tariff barriers to wine exports and initiatives to reduce
their effects. Agricultural Economics Review, 15 (1) (forthcoming).
Wine Intelligence (2011). Introducing the global wine market evaluation model, White Paper, 19, Wine Intelligence, London.
Angela Mariani, Professor at the University of Naples Parthenope, Department of Economic and Legal Studies, Naples, Italy.
Email: angela.mariani@uniparthenope.it
Francesco Napoletano, Freelance researcher.
Email: francesco.napoletan@libero.it
Riccardo Vecchio, Post-doc Fellow at the University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Portici, Italy.
Email: riccardo.vecchio@unina.it
Eugenio Pomarici, Associate Professor at the University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Portici, Italy.
Email: pomarici@unina.it
euch_12073.indd 52
26-11-2014 PM 6:57:51
Summary
European Wine Exports:
The Key Role of Trade
Policy
Exportations europennes de vin : le rle cl

de la politique
commerciale
Europische Weinexporte: Die Schlsselrolle

der Handelspolitik
Wine exports from the European

Union have gained shares in
both traditional markets (US, Canada,
Switzerland and Japan) and in new
markets (China, Hong Kong and
Russia). In coming years, major
growth in consumption and imports
is expected in these new markets and
in others, like Singapore, South
Korea, India, Brazil, Mexico, South
Africa and Angola. Most of the above
new markets, however, are still
heavily protected by high tariff and
non-tariff barriers, the most intrusive
being wine labelling regulations,
oenological practices, maximum
residue limits of agrichemicals,
certification and testing procedures.
Since the stalling of the Doha
multilateral negotiations exporting
countries have been negotiating Free
Trade Agreements to gain preferential
access to fast growing markets. The
EU has signed several agreements
relevant to the wine trade (e.g. with
South Korea, Singapore and Canada)
and a number of negotiations are
currently in progress. However, some
of the EUs main competitors, in
particular Chile, Australia and New
Zealand, are very active as well. EU
wine exporters would therefore be
aided by an effective trade policy
strategy, otherwise they risk losing
ground to their competitors. The
timely conclusion of the agreements
currently under negotiation (as with
India) and a prompt start to
negotiations with China would
therefore be desirable.
Les exportations de vin de

lUnion europenne ont gagn
des parts la fois sur les marchs
traditionnels (tats-Unis, Canada,
Suisse et Japon) et sur de nouveaux
marchs (Chine, Hong-Kong et
Russie). Dans les prochaines annes,
une forte hausse de la consommation
et des importations est attendue dans
ces nouveaux marchs et dans
dautres comme Singapour, la Core
du sud, lInde, le Brsil, le Mexique,
lAfrique du Sud et lAngola.
Cependant, la plupart des nouveaux
marchs ci-dessus sont toujours
fortement protgs par des droits de
douanes levs et des barrires non
tarifaires, dont les plus pnalisantes
sont les rglementations en matire
dtiquetage, les pratiques
nologiques, les limites maximales
de rsidus de produits
phytosanitaires, et les procdures de
certification et de vrification. Depuis
que les ngociations multilatrales de
Doha sont en panne, les pays
exportateurs ont sign des accords
commerciaux bilatraux qui affectent
le commerce du vin (par exemple
avec la Core du sud, Singapour et le
Canada) et un certain nombre de
ngociations sont en cours.
Cependant, certains des principaux
concurrents de lUnion europenne,
en particulier le Chili, lAustralie et la
Nouvelle-Zlande, sont galement
trs actifs. Il serait donc utile, pour
viter que les exportateurs de vin de
lUnion europenne risquent de
perdre du terrain par rapport leurs
concurrents, de mettre en place une
stratgie efficace pour la politique
commerciale. La conclusion en temps
voulu des accords en cours de
ngociation (par exemple avec lInde)
et un dmarrage rapide des
ngociations avec la Chine seraient
donc les bienvenus.
Der Anteil der Weinexporte aus

der Europischen Union ist
sowohl in traditionellen Mrkten
(USA, Kanada, der Schweiz und
Japan) als auch in neuen Mrkten
(China, Hongkong und Russland)
gestiegen. In den kommenden Jahren
wird ein erhebliches Wachstum von
Verbrauch und Importen in diesen
neuen Mrkten und weiteren wie
Singapur, Sdkorea, Indien, Brasilien,
Mexiko, Sdafrika und Angola
erwartet. Die meisten der genannten
neuen Mrkte werden jedoch stark
durch Zollbarrieren und zollfremde
Handelshemmnisse geschtzt. Zu den
relevantesten zhlen
Weinkennzeichnungsvorschriften,
nologische Verfahren, MRL-Werte
fr Agrochemikalien sowie Prf- und
Zertifizierungsverfahren. Seitdem die
multilateralen Verhandlungen von
Doha ins Stocken geraten sind,
verhandeln die Exportlnder ber
Freihandelsabkommen, um
bevorzugten Zugang zu
schnellwachsenden Mrkten zu
erhalten. Die EU hat mehrere fr den
Weinhandel relevante Abkommen
unterzeichnet (z.B. mit Sdkorea,
Singapur und Kanada) und fhrt
derzeit etliche Verhandlungen. Einige
Hauptkonkurrenten der EU,
insbesondere Chile, Australien und
Neuseeland, sind jedoch auch nicht
unttig. Den Weinexporteuren der EU
wre daher mit einer wirksamen
handelspolitischen Strategie geholfen,
andernfalls riskieren sie, gegenber
der Konkurrenz an Boden zu
verlieren. Der zgige Abschluss der
derzeit verhandelten Abkommen (z.B.
mit Indien) und ein unverzglicher
Beginn der Verhandlungen mit China
wren daher wnschenswert.
summary
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26-11-2014 PM 6:57:53

European Wine Exports The Key Role of Trade

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European Wine Exports The Key Role of Trade

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European Wine Exports: The Key Role of Trade

South Africa and Angola. In these

policy should play in complementing

EU wine exports: strengthening

Source: Authors calculations, based on GTI data.

Figure 2: EU shares of world wine markets in 2004 and 2012 (%)

very marked reduction in shares for

value of exports and more than 70 per

geographical distribution of exports.

Vineyard and rosebush.

Figure 3: Composition of EU wine exports to non-EU markets in 2004 and

testing procedures. Such non-tariff

Source: Authors calculations, based on GTI data.

significantly to the growth in value

Tariff and non-tariff barriers to

Overall, tariff protection is quite low

Non-tariff barriers are regulated by

A wide and heterogeneous range of

Figure 4: Composition of wine exports from non-EU exporters, in 2004 and

Source: Authors calculations, based on GTI data.

Box 1: Types of tariffs in the international wine trade

Description and examples

Wine type based

for the legitimate producers (reduced

poor results. The main issue is that

of geographical indications (GIs),

Since 1998 some major wine trading

Figure 5: Growth in EU bottled wine exports to main non-EU markets between

The WWTG has recently sought to

Finally, an emerging issue in

Source: Authors calculations, based on GTI data.

Box 2: World Wine Trade Group achievements

1. The Mutual Acceptance Agreement on Oenological Practices signatory

GIs for wines and spirits have

Free trade agreements: an open

relevant to wine. The EU has

Competing in the World, the EU has

Concerning Asia, in 2011 the EU

Wineshop in Montalcino, Italy.

Japan Switzerland Canada

Source: Authors calculations, based on GTI data.

No negotiations are currently ongoing

and entrepreneurial expertise of

negatively on their exports (their

Box 3: Wine sector in the new single CMO: Measures reinforcing

Restructuring and conversion of vineyards (existing since Reg. 1499/99).

It is certainly a positive development

Barriques Tenuta Ornellaia, Tuscany, Italy.

compensate for further reductions in

real exchange rate movements; as

Free Trade Agreements becomes

Exportations europennes de vin : le rle cl

Europische Weinexporte: Die Schlsselrolle

Wine exports from the European

Les exportations de vin de

Der Anteil der Weinexporte aus

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