GPON Fundamentals

GPON Fundamentals
Confidential Information of Huawei.No Spreading Without Permission
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GPON Fundamentals
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GPON standards mainly include:
ITU-T G.984.1: General Characteristics. This protocol mainly describes the basic
features and major protection modes of GPON.
ITU-T G.984.2: Physical Media Dependent (PMD) Layer Specification. This
protocol mainly describes the PMD layer parameters, including physical
parameters (such as the transmit optical power, receiver sensitivity, and overload
optical power) of optical transceivers, and also defines optical budget of different
levels, for example, the most common Class B+.
ITU-T G.984.3: Transmission Convergence Layer Specification. This protocol
mainly describes the TC layer specifications, including the upstream and
downstream frame structures and GPON principle.
ITU-T G.984.4: ONT Management And Control Interface Specification. This
protocol mainly describes the GPON management and maintenance protocols,
such as OAM, PLOAM, and OMCI.
ITU-T G.984.5: Enhancement Band. This protocol mainly describes the GPON
wavelength planning, including reserving bands for next-generation PON.
ITU-T G.984.6: Reach Extension. This protocol mainly describes several long
reach PON schemes for extending GPON transmission distance.
GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
1. Copper line:
2. Fiber
HDSL/ADSL/VDSL
GPON/EPON
3. Wireless
Wi-Fi
HDSL: high-speed digital subscriber line
ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line
VDSL: very high speed digital subscriber line
AN: Access Network
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GPON Fundamentals
The
optical section of a local access network system can be either active or passive and its
architecture can be either point-to-point or point-to-multipoint.

Fiber
access scenario can be FTTC, FTTB, FTTH.
FTTC scenario(Fiber to the Curb)

MDU: Multi-dwelling unit ; providing a comparatively larger number of ports,
inlcluding ADSL2+, VDSL2, and so on.
FTTB scenario(Fiber to the Building)

SBU: Single business unit ; providing a comparatively small number of ports
such as POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports

MTU: Business Multi-tenant unit ; providing a comparatively larger number
of ports, including POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports.
FTTH scenario(Fiber to the Home)

SFU: Single family unit , providing a comparatively small number of ports,
including the following types: POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and RF.
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GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
Introduction to the PON System
The OLT is an aggregation device located at the central office(CO) for

terminating the PON protocol.
ONUs are located on the user side, providing various types of ports for
connecting to user terminals. The OLT and ONUs are connected through a
passive ODN for communication.
The ODN is composed of passive optical components such as optical
fibers, and one or more passive optical splitters. The ODN providesoptical
channels between the OLT and ONUs. It interconnects the OLTand ONUs
and is highly reliable.
A PON network differs from the traditionalbroadband access network in that PON
transmits data using optical fibers. Also, a PON network can connect a large
number of access users,requires less optical fiber resources, and supports a high
accessrate.GPON is a gigabit passive optical network technology and is to date
the most widely used mainstream opticalaccess technology.
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GPON Fundamentals
GPON supports Tripleplay service, providing competitive all-service solution.
GPON supports high-bandwidth transmission to break down the bandwidth

bottleneck of the access over twisted pair cables, so as to satisfy the
requirements of high-bandwidth services, such as IPTV and live TV broadcasts.
GPON supports the long-reach (up to 20 km) service coverage to overcome the
obstacle of the access technology over twisted pair cables and reduce the
network nodes.
With complete standards and high technical requirements, GPON supports

integrated services in a good way.
GPON is the choice of large carriers in the international market.
VOD: Video-On-Demand
HDTV: High-Definition TV
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GPON Fundamentals
Introduction to the GPON System
GPON is a PON technology. GPON supports an upstream rate of

1.25Gbit/s and downstream access rate of 2.5 Gbit/s, and also supports
ultra-long transmission with a maximum physical reach of 20 km and
maximum logical reach of 60 km. At the same time, GPON supports
a1:64 split ratio, which can be extended to 1:128 and enables GPON to
support a large number of users and cover a wide area.
In the GPON network, the OLT is connected to the optical splitter through
a single optical fiber, and the optical splitter is then connected to ONUs.
Different wavelengths are adopted in the upstream and downstream
directions for transmitting data. The upstream wavelength is 1310 nm
and downstream wavelength is 1490 nm. The GPON adopts WDM to
transmit data of different upstream/downstream wavelengths over the
same ODN. Data is broadcast in the downstream direction and
transmitted in the TDMA mode (based on timeslots) in the upstream
direction.
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GPON Fundamentals
In the downstream direction, all data is broadcast to all ONUs from the OLT. The
ONUs then select and receive their respective data and discard the other data.
In the downstream, the traffic are carried by GEM frame, and broadcast to all the ONUs.
The ONU filters the cells based on their GEM Port-ID. Only frames with the appropriate
Port-IDs are allowed through to the GEM client function.
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GPON Fundamentals
In the upstream direction, each ONU can send data to the OLT only in the
timeslot permitted and allocated by the OLT. This ensures that each ONU sends
data in a given sequence, thus avoiding upstream data conflicts.
In the upstream, the traffic is sent to OLT based on different time slots.
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GPON Fundamentals
Interface at the reference points S/R and R/S
The interface at reference points S/R and R/S is defined as IFPON. This
is a PON-specific interface that supports all the protocol elements
necessary to allow transmission between OLT and ONUs.
User Network Interface (UNI) and Service Node Interface (SNI)
ONU/ONT has UNI, as well as OLT. UNI/SNI depends on which services

are provided by the service operator.
If CATV is involved, 1550nm should be use for CATV
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GPON Fundamentals
Logical reach
Logical reach is the maximum distance between ONU/ONT and OLT except for
the limitation of the physical layer. In GPON, the maximum logical reach is
defined as 60 km.
Physical reach
Physical reach is the maximum physical distance between the ONU/ONT and
the OLT. In GPON,two options are defined for the physical reach: 10 km and 20
km.
Differential fiber distance

In GPON, the maximum differential fiber distance is 20 km. This affects the size
of the ranging window and provides compliance with ITU-T Rec. G.983.1.
Maximum mean signal transfer delay

GPON must accommodate services that require a maximum mean signal
transfer delay of 1.5 ms.
Split ratio
Basically, the larger the split ratio is for GPON, the more attractive it is for
operators. However, a larger split ratio implies greater optical splitting which
creates the need for an increased power budget to support the physical reach.
Split ratios of up to 1:64 are realistic for the physical layer given current
technology. However, anticipating the continued evolution of optical modules,
the TC layer must consider split ratios up to 1:128
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GPON Fundamentals
System attenuation = fiber loss+ splitter attenuation+ splicing points attenuation+

others = 0.35*L(Transmission Distance)+ 3* M (level of splitters)+ 0.2* N
(Number of splicing points)
i.e. ODN 10km, one 1:2 splitter and one 1:32(32=25)splitter, 10 splicing points
System attenuation= 10*0.35+ 3+3* 5+10*0.2
Items
Unit
OLT:
Single
fibre
OLT
Mean launched power MIN
dBm
+1.5
Mean launched power MAX
dBm
Minimum sensitivity
dBm
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Minimum overload
dBm
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ONU:
ONU
Mean launched power MIN
dBm
0.5
Mean launched power MAX
dBm
Minimum sensitivity
dBm
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Minimum overload
dBm
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GPON Fundamentals
OLT, ODN and ONU.
wavelength division multiplexing
TDMA
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GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
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Basic GPON Concepts:
GEM: In the GPON system, a GPON encapsulation mode (GEM) frame is the
smallest service-carrying unit and the most basic encapsulation structure. All
service streams are encapsulated into the GEM frame and transmitted over
GPON lines. The service streams are identified by GEM ports and every GEM
port is identified by a unique Port-ID. The Port-ID is globally allocated by the OLT.
That is, the ONUs connected to the OLT cannot use GEM ports that have the
same Port-ID. The GEM port is used to identify the virtual service channel that
carries the service stream between the OLT and the ONU. It is similar to the
VPI/VCI of the ATM virtual connection.
T-CONT: a service carrier in the upstream direction in the GPON system. All
GEM ports are mapped to T-CONTs. Then, service streams are transmitted
upstream by means of the OLT's DBA scheduling. T-CONT is the basic control
unit of the upstream service stream in the GPON system. Every T-CONT is
identified by Alloc-ID. The Alloc-ID is globally allocated by the OLT. That is, every
T-CONT can be used by only one ONU connected to the OLT.
GPON Fundamentals
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In the downstream direction, the traffic multiplexing functionality is centralized. The OLT
multiplexes the GEM frames onto the transmission medium using GEM Port-ID as a key
to identify the GEM frames that belong to different downstream logical connections. Each
ONU filters the downstream GEM frames based on their GEM Port-IDs and processes
only the GEM frames that belong to that ONU.
Shaded GEM Port indicates multicast service.
GPON Fundamentals
1.In GPON, downstream frames are transmitted in a broadcast manner with a

fixed length of 125us. Same downstream data arrives at all ONUs and then each
ONU filters the incoming data based on GEM PORT-ID.
2.In GPON, upstream frames are transmitted in the TDMA manner. The uplink is
divided into time slots and the time slots are allocated to ONUs according to the
BWmap field in GPON upstream frames. In this way, all ONUs can transmit data
in a certain order and no collision occur. Each frame has 19440 time slots.(max
payload:19440-12*128)
3.In GPON, T-CONT is introduced to the uplink. T-CONT is a container that

carries data, similar to the VC in the SDH. Data are transmitted through the
particular T-CONTs. T-CONT eases bandwidth allocation and facilitates
dynamic bandwidth
4. The OLT sends pointers in the PCBd, and these pointers indicate the time at
which each ONU may begin and end its upstream transmission. In this way, only
one ONU can access the medium at any time, and there is no contention in
normal operation. The pointers are given in units of bytes, allowing the OLT to
control the medium at an effective static bandwidth granularity of 64 kbit/s.
However, some implementations of the OLT may choose to set the values of the
pointers at a larger granularity, and achieve fine bandwidth control via dynamic
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GPON Fundamentals
scheduling.
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GPON Fundamentals
Both of the TDM and GEM transfer time are 125us/frame
The TDM source adaptation process should queue the incoming data in an
Ingress-buffer and once a frame (i.e., each 125 s) signal the GEM framemultiplexing object the number of bytes that are ready to be transported within
the current GEM frame
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GPON Fundamentals
Ethernet data is packed into GEM as shown. Each packet is mapped into the
GEM frame. The Preamble and SFD bytes are not included in the GEM frame.
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GPON Fundamentals
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GEM PORT
TCONT: a service carrier in the upstream direction in the GPON system
TDM frames are buffered and queued as they arrive, then TDM data is multiplexed in to
fixed-length GEM frames for transmission,because both of the TDM and GEM transfer
time are 125us/frame.
GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
The G-PON system supports Dynamic Bandwidth allocation via status reporting
and also OLT traffic monitoring (i.e., non-status reporting). All OLTs provide
traffic monitoring DBA, so that ONUs that do not report status can obtain some
basic DBA functionality.
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GPON Fundamentals
In the case of status reporting DBA, there are three mechanisms for signalling DBA reports over
the G-PON: status indications in the PLOu, piggy-back reports in the DBRu, and ONU report in the
DBA payload.
DBA
In the GPON system, the OLT controls an ONU's upstream data traffic by sending
authorization signals to the ONU. PON requires an effective TDMA mechanism to control
the upstream traffic, so that datapackets from multiple ONUs do not collide when packets
are transmitted upstream. Nevertheless, the collision-based mechanism requires QoS
management in an optical distribution network (ODN), a passive network. This is
physically impossible, or causessevere efficiency decrease. Due to the above-mentioned
reason, a mechanism for management of the upstream GPON traffic has been a primary
focus in standardization of GPON traffic management. It drives the development of the
ITU-TG.983.4 Recommendation,which defines the dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA)
protocol for management of the upstream PON traffic.
DBA principle shows the DBA principle. The GPON system controls the upstream traffic
by allocating dataauthorization to each transmission container (T-CONT) inside the ONU.
The OLT needs to know the traffic status of a T-CONT to determine the authorized
amount to be allocated to the T-CONT. By using the DBRu field or the Payload field in the
upstreamframe, the ONUs report their data statuses to the OLT. After receiving ONUs'
data statuses, the OLT uses DBA to periodically update the upstream BWmap information
according to the status of ONU data waiting to be sent and notifies all ONUs of the
updatesthrough the downstream frame. Thus, every ONU can dynamically adjust its
upstream bandwidth according to the actual data traffic to be sent, thereby improving the
utilization of upstream bandwidth.
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GPON Fundamentals
1.
Based on the algorithm result of last time, OLT delivers BW Maps in the header
of downstream frames.
2.
Based on the bandwidth allocation information, ONU sends the status report of
data currently waiting in T-CONTs in the specified time slots.
3.
OLT receives the status report from the ONU, updates BW Map through DBA
algorithm and then delivers the new BW Map in the next frame.
4.
ONU receives the BW Map from the OLT and sends data in the specified time
slots.
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GPON Fundamentals
FB: Fixed Bandwidth
AB: Assured Bandwidth
NAB: None-assured Bandwidth
BE: Best Effort
Type1: FB
Type2: AB
Type3: AB+NAB
Type4: BE
Type5: mixed
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GPON Fundamentals
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Basic GPON Concepts
T-CONT: a service carrier in the upstream direction in the GPON system.

All GEM ports are mapped to T-CONTs.Then, service streams are
transmitted upstream by means of the OLT'sDBA scheduling. T-CONT is
the basic control unit of the upstream service stream in the GPON system.
Every T-CONT is identified by Alloc-ID.The Alloc-ID is globally allocated
by the OLT. That is, every T-CONT can be used by only one ONU
connected to the OLT.
There are five types of T-CONT; therefore, T-CONT selection varies

during the scheduling of different types of upstream service streams.
Every T-CONT bandwidth type has its own quality of service (QoS)
feature. QoS is mainly represented by the bandwidth guarantee, which
can be classifiedas fixed, assured, non-assured, best-effort, and hybrid
mode (correspondingto type 1-type 5 in T-CONT types).
NOTE:
In T-CONT types, X indicates the fixed bandwidth value, Y the

assured bandwidthvalue, and Z the maximum bandwidth value.
GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
Line Encryption
Encryption system
In the GPON system, downstream data is broadcast to all ONUs. As a result,

downstream data destined for certain ONUs or all ONUs may be intercepted by
illegal users. At the same time, the GPON system is uniquely and highly datadirectional. Therefore, almost every ONU cannot intercept the upstream data of
other ONUs, thus allowing some private information (such as key) to be safely
transmitted in the upstream direction. The GPON system uses the line encryption
technology to solve the security issues.
The GPON system uses AES128 encryption for line security control, thereby
effectively preventing security issues such as data embezzlement. In the AES128
encryption system, the OLT supports key exchange and switchover.
Key exchange and switchover
The key exchange is initiated by the OLT. The OLT does so by sending a key
exchange request. The ONU responds by generating and sending the key to the
OLT. Because the PLOAM message is limited in length, the key is sent in two
parts. The two parts of the key are sent three times repeatedly. If the OLT has
not received the key for any of the three times, it will re-send the key exchange
request until it receives the same key all three times the key is sent. When the
OLT receives a new key, it starts the key switchover. The OLT notifies the ONU
by sending a command containing the frame number of the new key. This
command will be sent for three times. As long as the ONU receives the
command once, it will switch over the check key on proper data frames.
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GPON Fundamentals
DBA: dynamic bandwidth Assignment
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GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
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GPON ONU authentication
After passing the authentication, the ONU can go online and transmit data. The
ONU selectively receives downstream data based on the GEM port. Each ONU
checks the GEM port ID of the received frame, and accepts the frame if the GEM
port ID of the frame is the same as its own GEM port ID or if the GEM port ID is a
multicast GEM port ID (4095 by default, and configurable from 4000 to 4095).
Otherwise, the ONU discards the frame. The authentication process applies to
the ONU that is pre-configured on the OLT.
In the case of an ONU that is not pre-configured on the OLT, see the processing
flowchart as shown:
GPON Fundamentals
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After receiving the SN response message from the ONU, the OLT checks whether an
ONU with the same SN is already online.
If yes, the OLT reports an SN conflict alarm to the CLI or NMS.
If no, the OLT directly assigns the user-defined ONU ID to the ONU.
After the ONU enters the operation state, the OLT does not send a password request
message to this ONU. Instead, the OLT directly configures a GEM port for the ONU for
carrying OMCI messages, and allows the ONU to go online. The GEM port can be
automatically configured by the OLT so that the OMCI-carrying GEM port has the same
ID as the ONU ID. In addition, the OLT reports an ONU online alarm to the CLI or NMS.
GPON Fundamentals
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In password authentication, if finding that the SN or password of an ONU to be

authenticated conflicts with that of an online ONU, the OLT deregisters the ONU to be
authenticated. This operation does not affect the online ONU.
GPON Fundamentals
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After receiving the SN response message from the ONU, the OLT checks whether an
ONU with the same SN is already online.
If yes, the OLT reports an SN conflict alarm to the CLI or NMS.
If no, the OLT directly assigns the user-defined ONU ID to the ONU.
After the ONU enters the operation state, the OLT sends a password request message
to the ONU, and compares the password reported by the ONU with the password
configured on the OLT.
If the passwords are the same, the OLT directly configures a GEM port for the
ONU for carrying OMCI messages, and allows the ONU to go online. In addition,
the OLT reports an ONU online alarm to the CLI or NMS.
If the passwords are different, the OLT reports an ONU password error alarm to
the CLI or NMS. The OLT does not report an ONU automatic discovery message
even if the ONU automatic discovery function is enabled on the PON port to
which this ONU is connected. Instead, the OLT sends a Deactivate_ONU-ID
PLOAM message to deregister the ONU
GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Terminal Management
The ONUs in a GPON system are managed through physical layer OAM (PLOAM)
messages and OMCI messages. PLOAM messages are mainly used for communicating
the management and maintenance information, such as the DBA information and DBRu
information, at the GPON physical layer and TC layer. OMCI messages are mainly used
for managing and maintaining the service layer, such as discovering the hardware
capability of equipment, maintaining various alarm information, and configuring service
capabilities. OMCI messages fully comply with the ITU-T G.984.4 Recommendations.
NOTE: The PLOAM protocol is defined in ITU-T G.984.3 and is used for maintenance
and management at the physical layer.
OMCI is a master-slave management protocol. The OLT is the master device and the
ONU is the slave device. The OLT controls multiple downstream ONUs through OMCI
channels.
GPON Fundamentals
The configuration data is issued to the ONU through the optical network termination
management and control interface (OMCI) message to complete the service
configuration on the ONU.
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GPON Fundamentals
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The configuration data is issued to the ONU through the optical network termination
management and control interface (OMCI) message to complete the service
configuration on the ONU.
The voice service of the ONT is issued to the EMS for configuration through XML which
can be download form FTP.
1.OLT download the XML configuration file of voice services from the network
management by FTP mode.
2.OLT send the file to ONT through OMCI to complete voice service configuration.
GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
RG: Residential Gateway
VOIP/RG: Layer 3 Service
PON: Layer 2 link
OMCI is used for the configuration management, status performance

management, and fault management in the link layer of PON.
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GPON Fundamentals
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OSS: Operating Support System
OSS based on TL1/XML assign service to NMS, NMS manage and control OLT
based on SNMP, FTP; OLT assign the new service to customer ONT from OMCI.
Every time, ONT is powered on, OMCI will be active and new services will be
active into ONT dynamically, while theres no service configuration in ONT.
All the operation and maintenance of ONTs can be implemented from NMS
remotely, including triple-play services, software upgrading etc.
GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
CPE: customer premises equipment
NSP: network service provider
ASP: application service provider
ISP: Independent Service Provider
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GPON Fundamentals
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Service reliability enhancement for enterprise users and mobile users becomes a focus
of carriers on passive optical networks (PON). G.984.1 (approved in 2008) defines four
dual PON protection configurations, among which type B and type C are feasible.
Compared with type C, type B requires a lower cost but the implementation is more
difficult. Type B provides redundancy for OLT's PON ports and backbone fiber. When a
fault occurs on the OLT's PON port or backbone fiber, services can be switched to the
functional optical fiber.
The figure shows a GPON type B protection network. The protection covers the active
and standby PON ports on the OLT, and the active and standby optical fibers.
GPON Fundamentals
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Compared with type B, type C provides higher reliability. Type C provides redundancy for
ONU's PON ports, backbone fibers, optical splitters, and distribution optical fibers. When
a fault occurs, services can be automatically switched to the functional optical fiber. After
the fault is rectified, services are automatically switched back to the original link.
GPON type C protection can be deployed in two networking scenarios: single homing
and dual homing.
Single homing mode is used to protect important services, such as Enterprise private line
services and base station services.
Advantages:
The networking mode is simple, and OLT and ONU can be managed easily.
Disadvantage:
When the OLT becomes faulty, services are interrupted. Optical fibers are
deployed on the same channel and therefore two optical fibers may be broken at
the same time.
GPON Fundamentals
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Dual homing mode is used to protect a power system or Enterprise private line services
and base station services.
Advantage:
Redundancy is provided for OLT's PON ports, ONU's PON ports, backbone fibers,
optical splitters, and distribution optical fibers.
Disadvantage:
The networking mode is complicated and costly, and the ONU management is
difficult.
GPON Fundamentals
Slide 49 and 50 shows the introductions of Type B in detail.
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GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
ITU NGA1 XGPON110G GPON Asymmetric
ITU NGA1 XGPON2 10G GPON Symmetric
Published G.987.1&G.987.2 ; G.987.3&G. 988 was published in June 2010.
Discussion starts in 2010.Q1.

One possibility is to overleap symmetric 10G GPON and directly migration to
NGA2.
ITU NGA2
Start in 2010 Q1 and discuss the technology trend.
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GPON Fundamentals
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10G GPON full standards have been consented by ITU-T SG15 plenary, Geneva in Jun
11,2010.
10G GPON = G.987 + G.988they inherits years effort of GPON standard amendments.
G.987: Technology specs
G.987.1: System Requirement, Physical parameter, Service Type, Service

Type
G.987.2: Physical Layer
G.987.3: TC Layer
G.988: management specs and inter-operation specs
GPON Fundamentals
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For 10G GPON, the wavelength we use for Downstream is 1577nm and Upstream is
1270nm.
GPON Fundamentals
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Benefits:
10G GPON supports all access scenarios for resident, business customer and
mobile backhaul
10G GPON Builds an Unified Optical Access Network
GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
WDM modeoverlay
GPON\ 10G GPON use the same ODN network, but GPON and 10G
GPON are independent and no-interferential paths, coexit and work at
same time.
GPON and 10G GPON are independent, easy to plan and manage, no
impact to exiting GPON users during upgrade;
Upstream coexit with WDM and independent;
If there is new application in the future, no need to change the exiting
OLT with WDM overlay.
Reuse the same EMS
Minimize operational & provisioning change
Description
Advantage
Disadvantage
ODN CO side changed: need add WDM (can put on ODF) and fiber in
the OLT side.
GPON Fundamentals
Independent mode
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It is used for new 10G GPON network,the GPON network and 10G GPON
network are independent by physical network, its convenient for management
and planning.
Mixed mode:
It reuses the GPON network, GPON network and 10G GPON network use the
same physical network, but separated by logically
GPON Fundamentals
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Benefits:
10G GPON supports all access scenarios for resident, business customer and
mobile backhaul
10G GPON Builds an Unified Optical Access Network
GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
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GPON Fundamentals
In GPON, upstream frame comprises these fields: PLOu, PLOAMu, PLSu, DBRu, and
Payload. The following describes the meanings of these fields:
PLOu: Physical layer overhead Upstream. It is for frame location, synchronization and
identifies which ONU the frame belongs to.
PLOAMu: The PLOAMu field reports maintenance and management status of ONUs.
(Not all frames contains this field. Whether to send the field is negotiable.)
DBRu: The DBRu field mainly reports the status of T-CONTs. To apply for bandwidth
for the next, the field completes the dynamic bandwidth assignment to ONUs. (Not all
frames contains this field. Whether to send the field is negotiable.)
Payload: The payload of the data. It could be either DBA status report or data frame. If
it is the data frame, it consists of GEM header and Frame.
GEM header: The GEM header identifies data of different GEM ports. GEM port is the
minimum unit for transmitting data in GPON, similar to the PVC in the ATM. Each type of
service traffic corresponds to GEM ports, and the GEM port corresponds to T-CONTs.
GEM header is divided into PLI, Port ID, PTI and HEC. The meanings of theses parts
are as follows:
PLI: it indicates the length of the payload.
Port ID: it uniquely indicates a GEM port.
PTI: it identifies the payload type, mainly identifying the status and type of the data that
is currently being sent, such as whether it is the OAM message, or whether the data is
transmitted completely.
HEC: It provides Forward Error Correction (FEC) and ensures transmission quality.
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GPON Fundamentals
1. The frame is 125 s for both the 1.24416 Gbit/s and 2.48832 Gbit/s downstream data
rates. Thus, the frame is 19440 bytes long in the 1.24416 Gbit/s system, and 38880
bytes long for the 2.48832 Gbit/s system. The PCBd length range is the same for both
speeds, and depends on the number of allocation structures per frame
2. In GPON, downstream frame comprises PCBd and Payload fields. The PCBd is
mainly the physical control block, providing frame location, synchronization and
bandwidth allocation functions. The Payload is mainly used for loading downstream data.
Each frame may consists multiple units.
PCBd: It contains the synchronization field, identifying whether to enable the FEC
algorithm. The PCBd field is mainly used for the upstream bandwidth allocation to
enhance the bandwidth utilization.
PLOAMd field: The PLOAM downstream field is a 13-byte field that contains the PLOAM
message.
BIP field: an 8-bit field that contains the bit-interleaved parity of all bytes transmitted
since the last BIP.
Plend field: The Payload Length downstream field specifies the length of the Bandwidth
map and the ATM partition. This field is sent twice for error robustness
BWmap fields: a scalar array of 8 byte allocation structures. Each entry in this array
represents a single bandwidth allocation to a particular T-CONT. The number of entries
in the map is given in the Plend field of the US BW Map field, AllocID identifies the serial
number of T-CONTs; SStart and SStop indicates the number of time slots for starting
and stopping transmission respectively; CRC is the parity bit.
P-62
GPON Fundamentals
P-63
The downstream XGTC frame consists of the physical control block downstream (PCBd)
and the XGTC payload section. The downstream XGTC frame provides the common
time reference for the PON and the common control signalling for the upstream.
The frame has a duration of 125 s and is 155520 bytes long, which corresponds to the
downstream data rate of 9.95328 Gbit/s. The PCBd length range depends on the number
of allocation structures and PLOAM messages per frame.
The downstream length field specifies the length of the Bandwidth map and the PLOAM
messages.
The length of the bandwidth map (Blen) is given by the first 11 bits. This limits the
number of allocations that may be granted in any 125-s time duration to 2047.
The actual length of the BWmap is 8*Blen bytes.
The length of the PLOAM messages (Plen) is given by the next 8 bits of the Lend
field. This limits the number of PLOAM messages in any 125-s time duration to
255. The actual length of the PLOAM messages is 32*Plen bytes.
GPON Fundamentals
P-64
The upstream XGTC frame duration is 125 s. In XG-PON systems with 2.48832 Gbit/s uplink, the XGTC
frame size is 38880 bytes. Each upstream frame contains a number of transmission bursts coming from one
or more ONUs.
The upstream XGTC frame contains multiple transmission bursts. Each upstream burst consists of the
upstream physical layer overhead (PLOu) section and one or more bandwidth allocation interval(s)
associated with a specific Alloc-ID.
Physical layer overhead upstream (PLOu)The PLOu data includes preamble, delimiter, burst header,
and PLOAMu, containing fields of data that correspond to the ONU as a whole. The PLOu section is sent at
the beginning of any transmission burst of an ONU. Note that, to maintain connectivity with the ONU, the
OLT should attempt to allocate an upstream transmission to every ONU at some minimum interval. The
duration of this interval is determined by the service parameters of that ONU.
BIPThe BIP field is a 4-byte field that contains the bit interleaved parity (exclusive OR) of all bytes
transmitted since the last BIP (not including the last BIP) from this ONU, excluding the preamble and
delimiter bytes, and FEC parity bytes (if present). The OLT receiver shall compute the bit interleaved parity
for each ONU burst excluding the FEC parity bytes (if present) and after FEC correction has been applied (if
supported), and compare its result to the received BIP field in order to measure the number of errors on the
link.
Ind fieldThe indication field provides real time ONU status reports to the OLT.
Dynamic bandwidth report upstream (DBRu)The 4-byte DBRu structure contains information that is tied
to a T-CONT entity, as opposed to the ONU as a whole. This field is sent when the FlagD bit are set in the
appropriate allocation structure within the BWmap.
DBA fieldThe 4-byte DBRu structure contains information that is tied to a T-CONT entity, as opposed to
the ONU as a whole. This field is sent when the FlagD bit are set in the appropriate allocation structure
GPON Fundamentals
within the BWmap.
CRC fieldThe DBRu structure is protected using a CRC-8
P-64
GPON Fundamentals
P-65
The size of the XGEM header is 8 bytes. The XGEM header has the following fields:
Payload length indication (PLI) [14 bits]: The length L, in bytes, of an SDU or
an SDU fragment in the XGEM payload following the XGEM header. The 14-bit
field allows to represent an integer from 0 to 16383, and, therefore, is sufficient to
encode the length of an expanded Ethernet frame (up to 2000 bytes) as well as a
jumbo Ethernet frame (up to 9000 bytes). The value of the PLI is accurate to a
single byte and is not necessarily equal to the size of the XGEM payload which is
aligned at the 4-byte word boundaries.
Key Index [2 bits]: The indicator of the encryption key used for downstream
encryption of the XGEM payload. The all-zeros value indicates that the payload is
transmitted without encryption.
XGEM Port-ID [16 bits]: The identifier of XGEM Port to which the frame belongs.
Options [16 bits]: The use of this field remains for further study.
Payload type indication (PTI) [3 bits, alt: 2 or 1 bit]: The indicator of the content
type of the payload.
Header error correction (HEC) [13 bits]: The error detection and correction field
for the header.
GPON Fundamentals
P-66

GPON Fundamentals

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GPON Fundamentals

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GPON standards mainly include:

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HDSL: high-speed digital subscriber line

ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line

VDSL: very high speed digital subscriber line

AN: Access Network

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architecture can be either point-to-point or point-to-multipoint.

access scenario can be FTTC, FTTB, FTTH.

FTTC scenario(Fiber to the Curb)

inlcluding ADSL2+, VDSL2, and so on.

FTTB scenario(Fiber to the Building)

such as POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports

of ports, including POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports.

FTTH scenario(Fiber to the Home)

including the following types: POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and RF.

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Introduction to the PON System

The OLT is an aggregation device located at the central office(CO) for

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GPON supports Tripleplay service, providing competitive all-service solution.

GPON supports high-bandwidth transmission to break down the bandwidth

With complete standards and high technical requirements, GPON supports

GPON is the choice of large carriers in the international market.

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Introduction to the GPON System

GPON is a PON technology. GPON supports an upstream rate of

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Interface at the reference points S/R and R/S

User Network Interface (UNI) and Service Node Interface (SNI)

ONU/ONT has UNI, as well as OLT. UNI/SNI depends on which services

If CATV is involved, 1550nm should be use for CATV

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Differential fiber distance

Maximum mean signal transfer delay

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System attenuation = fiber loss+ splitter attenuation+ splicing points attenuation+

System attenuation= 10*0.35+ 3+3* 5+10*0.2

Mean launched power MIN

Mean launched power MAX

Mean launched power MIN

Mean launched power MAX

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OLT, ODN and ONU.

wavelength division multiplexing

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Basic GPON Concepts:

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Shaded GEM Port indicates multicast service.

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1.In GPON, downstream frames are transmitted in a broadcast manner with a

3.In GPON, T-CONT is introduced to the uplink. T-CONT is a container that

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Both of the TDM and GEM transfer time are 125us/frame

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System attenuation= 100.35+ 3+3 5+10*0.2