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Y = x*x*x-14*x*x+59*x-70
10
Roots of F(x)
=0
5
-5
-10
0 2 4 x 6 8 10
Procedure:
1. Start with an initial value xi and assume an increment ∆ x.
Procedure:
1. Obtain the interval, xi and xi+1, containing the root.
2. Evaluate the midpoint of the interval : xi+1/2 = (xi + xi+1)/2
3. Evaluate the product: F(xi) F(xi+1/2)
(a) If the sign of the product is negative, the root lies in the
LEFT half interval
(b) If the sign of the product is positive, the root lies in the
RIGHT half of the interval
(c) If the product is zero, the root is xi+1/2
4. (a) If the sign of the product is negative, replace xi+1 by xi+1/2
with xi the same, then repeat steps 2 and 3.
(b) ) If the sign of the product is positve, replace xi by xi+1/2
with xi+1 the same, then repeat steps 2 and 3.
5. STOP when the absolute value of the product F(xi) F(xi+1/2)<
error or F(xi+1/2)< error, where error is a very small number
close to zero, e.g. error = 1 x 10-5. The value of xi+1/2 may be
considered as the root.
Table 2. Solving for the first positive root of F(x) = x3 -14x2 + 59x –70 = 0
using Bisection method and the results from Table 1
xi xi+1 xi+1/2 F(xi) F(xi+1/2) Product
1.8 2.1 1.95 -3.328 -0.77013 2.562976
1.95 2.1 2.025 -0.77013 0.370016 -0.28496
1.95 2.025 1.9875 -0.77013 -0.18875 0.145363
1.9875 2.025 2.00625 -0.18875 0.093438 -0.01764
1.9875 2.00625 1.996875 -0.18875 -0.04695 0.008862
1.996875 2.00625 2.001563 -0.04695 0.023418 -0.0011
1.996875 2.001563 1.999219 -0.04695 -0.01172 0.00055
1.999219 2.001563 2.000391 -0.01172 0.005864 -6.9E-05
1.999219 2.000391 1.999805 -0.01172 -0.00293 3.43E-05
1.999805 2.001563 2.000684 -0.00293 0.010256 -3E-05
1.999219 2.000684 1.999952 -0.01172 -0.00073 8.53E-06
From Table 2, the Bisection method was used using the results of
Table 1 with the interval 1.8 and 2.1 and stopping at the criterion F(xi)
F(xi+1/2)< 1 x 10-5. The first positive root is 1.999952 which when rounded
becomes 2.0 which is the exact root.
♦ False Position Method – used when the interval containing the root has
been determined using incremental search method.
Procedure:
1. Let the interval containing the root be x1 and x2.
2. Compute F(x1) and F(x2).
3. Compute
x F(x ) − x F (x )
x = 1 2 2 1
3 F (x ) − F (x )
2 1
5. (a) If the product is positive, replace x1 by x3, with x2 the same. Then
repeat steps 2 and 3.
(b) If the product is negative, replace x2 by x3, with x1 the same. Then
repeat steps
2 and 3.
Procedure:
1. Let the interval containing the root be x1 and x2.
3. Compute
x F(x ) − x F (x )
x = 1 2 2 1
3 F (x ) − F (x )
2 1
Procedure:
1. Start with an initial guess of the root, say x1.
2. Compute F(x1) and F’(x1).
3. Compute x2:
F(x )
x =x − 1
2 1 F '( x )
1
4. Check the absolute value of the difference between (x1 – x2) < error
(a) If the difference < error, then x2 is the root.
(b) If the difference not less than the error, then replace x1 by x2, and
repeat steps 2 and 3.
F(x1)
x2 x1
Root
Table 5A. Solving for the root of F(x) = x3 –14x2+ 59x– 70 = 0
using Newton Raphson method (initial guess = 0.0)
Procedure:
1. Start with an initial guess of the root, say x1.
2. Compute F(x1), F’(x1) and F’’(x1).
3. Compute x2:
Fx ( )
1
x =x −
2 1 ( ) ( )
F '' x F x
( )
F ' x −
1 2F ' x
1 1
( )
1
4. Check the absolute value of the difference between (x1 – x2) < error
(a) If the difference < error, then x2 is the root.
(b) If the difference not less than the error, then replace x1 by x2, and
repeat steps 2 and 3.