FC-10 end

Technical Data

Excerpt from JIS B 2704(1999)

1.3.3

Symbols used in Spring design formulae are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Meaning of Symbols
Symbol

Meaning of Symbols

Unit

Diameter of Material

mm

D1

Inner Diameter of a Coil

mm

D2

Outer Diameter of a Coil

mm

Coil Mean Diameter=

Nt

Total Number of Coils

1.2 Basic Formulae for Designing of Springs

1.2.1 Compression springs, and tension springs without initial tension

D1+D2
2

mm
-

8N a D3P
EEEE( 1 )
Gd 4

P
Gd 4
k = =
EEE( 2 )
8N a D3
0=

8 DP
Qd3

0=

Gd
EEEE( 4 )
QN a D 2

EEEEE( 3 )

Na

Number of Active Coils

Free Height(Length)

mm

Hs

Solid Length

mm

0=

Pitch

mm

Pi

Initial Tension

N{kgf}

Spring Index

Shear Modulus of Elasticity

Load on Spring

N a=

P k 2
U =
=
EEEEE( 8 )
2
2

0=

8DP
Qd 3

)
EEEEE( 3V

Gd
)
+ i EE( 4V
QN a D 2

)
= 0 EEEEEEEE( 5V
d =3

Gd 4
Gd 4
)
E( 7V
=
8D 3 ( P-P i )
8 D3 k
( P+P i )
)
U =
EEEEE( 8V
2
N a=

N{kgf}

Spring Deflection

mm

Spring Constant

N/mm{kgf/mm}

Torsional Stress

N/mm 2 {kgf/mm 2 }

Corrected Torsional Stress

N/mm 2 {kgf/mm 2 }

Initial Stress

N/mm 2 {kgf/mm 2 }

G Value N/E(kgf/E)

Code

Spring Steel

78M10 3 {8M10 3 }

SUP6,7,9,9A,10,
11A,12,13

Hard Steel Wire

78M10 3 {8M10 3 }

SW-B,SW-C

78M10 3 {8M10 3 }

SWP

Frequency

Hz

Oil Tempered Steel Wire

78M10 3 {8M10 3 }

SWO,SWO-V,SWOC-V,
SWOSC-V,SWOSM,SWOSC-B

Spring-Retained

NCmm{kgfCmm}
N/mm 3 {kgf/mm 3 }

Per Unit Volume Material Weight

Weight of Moving Parts

N{kgf}

Gravitational Acceleration

mm/s 2

(1)

Note:(1)In spring calculations, a gravitational acceleration of 9806.65 mm/s is used.

2

SUS 302

SUS 302

SUS 304

SUS 304

Stainless Steel Wire SUS 304N1

69M10 3 {7M10 3 }

SUS 316

SUS 631 J1 74M10 3 {7.5M10 3 }

SUS 631 J1

1.3.2 Number of Active Coils

The number of active spring coils

can be determined as follows.

D2
P

N a=N t-(X 1+X 2)

Where X1 and X2 are the number of turns at each end of the coil.
(a)When only the end of the coil is in contact with the next free coil
corresponding to (a) - (c) in Fig. 2
X1=X2= 1
therefore N a=N t-2
(b)When the end of the coil is not in contact with the next coil, and the
3
spring end has 4 of a turn corresponding to (e) and (f) in Fig. 2

D1
D

Note:L=NaCP+1.5d

D2

X1=X 2=0.75
therefore N a=N t-1.5

(2) Tension Springs the number of active coils can be determined as follows.
Hooks are ignored.

D1

Note:L=NaCd+2(D2-2d)

N a=N t

Note:

Solid Height

where d max is the material diameter with the maximum tolerance.

(a)

Closed End
(Non-Ground)

(b)

Closed End
(Ground)

(c)

Closed End
(Tapered)

(d)

Open End(Non-Ground)

(e)

Open End
(Ground)

(f)

Open End
(Tapered)

(g)

(h) Tangent Tail End(Non-Ground)

Open End with a 3/4 Turn(Non-Ground)

In place of Figure 3, the following empirical formula can be used to

establish the initial stress for springs before low-temperature annealing.
G
i=
100 c

Shown below are examples of applications of this formula to obtain the initial tension.
(1) Piano Wire / Hard Steel Wire G=78M10 3N/mm 2 {8M10 3 kgf/mm 2 }
G
Initial Stress
M0.75(0.75 by 25% reduction by low-temperature annealing.)
i=
100 c
Gd 4
d3
229 d 4 24 d 4
P i=
Initial Tension
M0.75 = 2
i=
8D
255 D 2
D2
D
(2) Stainless Steel Wire
G=69M10 3 N/mm 2 {7M10 3 kgf/mm 2 }
G
Initial Stress
M0.8(0.8 by 20% reduction by low-temperature annealing.)
i=
100 c
d3
Gd 4
216 d 4 22 d 4
P i=
i=
Initial Tension
M0.8 = 2
8D
255 D 2
D2
D

1.3.6
Fig. 2: Coil End Shape

Surging

In order to prevent surging, the spring selected should be such that its natural frequency
does not resonate with any of the external frequencies that may act upon the spring.The
natural frequency of a spring can be obtained using the following formula.
kg
70 d
G
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE(13)
f =a
=a
N aD 2
W
Where:
i
when both spring ends are either free or fixed: a=
2
2 i-1
a=
:when one spring end is fixed while the other end is free i=1,2,3 E
4
On steel wire:
G = 78M103N/mm2{8M103kgf/mm2},
w= 76.93M10-6N/mm3{7.85M10-6kgf/mm3}
If both spring ends are either free or fixed, the natural primary frequency of
a spring can be obtained as follows.
f 1 =3.56M10 5

1.3.7

(1) Compression Springs

1579

(1)
(2)

1.1

SUS 304N1

SUS 316

D
d
When using stainless steel wire, decrease the initial stress value for steel wire by 15%.
If the spring is low-temperature annealed after being formed, decrease the value by 20-35%
for springs made of piano wire, hard steel wire, or other steel wires, and by 15-25% for
springs made of stainless steel wire.
Spring Index c =

1.2

As for those compression springs, both ends of which are shaped as shown
in (b), (c), (e) or (f) of Figure 2 and for which the solid height needs to be
established, the following formula can be used to obtain the maximum solid
height. However, the actual maximum solid height can be greater than the
value thus calculated depending on the shape of the spring in question.
H s=N t Md max EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE(11)

recommended for the designing of springs.

220
(20)
200
(18)
180
(16)
160
(14)
140
(12)
120
i
(10) (kgf/mm 2 )
100
(
)
8
80
(6)
60
(4)
40
(2)
20
(0)
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

1.3

H s=( N t -1) d +( t 1+t 2 )EEEEEEEEEEEEE(10)

where(t1 + t2)is the sum of the thicknesses of the coil ends.

Table 2. Shear modulus of elasticity(G)

Material

Fig. 3: Initial Stress: i (Spring formed from steel coil, not low-temperature annealed)

N/ mm2

1.4

The solid height of a spring can normally be obtained using the following simplified formula.
Generally, the purchaser of a compression spring does not specify the solid height of the spring.

1.3 Points to Note when Designing Springs

1.3.1 Shear Modulus of Elasticity Shear moduli of elasticity (G) listed in Table 2 are

Piano Wire

1.3.4

N/mm 2 {kgf/mm 2 }

1.5

1.0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
D
Spring Index c =
d

8DP
8 DP
)
=3
EE( 6V
Q0
Q

1.6

Gd 4 Gd 4
=
EEEE( 7 )
8D 3 P 8D 3 k

Stress Correction Factor

Fig. 1: Stress Correction Factor:

8 DP
8 DP
=3
EE( 6 )
Q0
Q

1.2.2 Tension Springs with Initial Tension(P>Pi)

8N a D 3 ( P-P i )
)
E( 1V
Gd 4
4
P-P i
Gd
=
)
k =
E( 2V

8N a D 3

D
c=
d

= 0 EEEEEEEE( 5 )
d =3

Stress Correction Factor

The stress correction factor relative to the spring index (c) can be
determined using the following formula or based on Fig. 1.
4 c -1 0.615
=
+
EEEEEEEEEEEE( 9 )
4 c -4
c

Stress Correction Factor

1. Calculations
1.1 Quantities Used in Spring Design Formulae

i Initial Stress

Spring Calculations

d
)
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE(13V
N aD 2

Other Points to Note

In spring design calculations, the following points should also be taken into account.
(i)

Pig Tail End

(Non-Ground)

1.3.5

Initial Tension of Tension Springs

Cold-formed solid-coiled tension springs are subjected to initial tension(Pi),
which can be obtained using the following formula.

d3
i EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE(12)
8D
On solid-coiled piano wire, hard steel wire, and other steel wires that are not
low-temperature annealed, the initial stress i occurs within the hatched range
shown in Figure 3. However, if materials other than steel wire are used, or the
wire in question is low-temperature annealed, the initial stress taken from
within the hatched range in Figure 3 should be corrected as follows.
P i=

(1) Spring Index Excessive local stress can result from too small spring index.
Processibility is compromised if the spring index is too great or small. The spring index
should be selected from the range of 4 - 15 when hot forming, and from the range of 4 22 when cold forming.
(2) Slenderness Ratio In order to ensure the correct number of active coils, the slenderness ratio
for a compression spring (ratio of free height to coil mean diameter) should be 0.8 or greater. Furthermore, it is
generally recommended that the slenderness ratio be selected from the range of 0.8 - 4 to prevent buckling.
(3) Number of Active Coils The number of active coils should be 3 or more
in order to stabilize spring characteristics.
(4) Pitch Generally, when the pitch exceeds 5D, the spring deflection (load) increases to the
extent that the coil diameter changes. This requires correction of the deflection and torsional stress
values obtained by the basic formulae. Therefore, the pitch should be 0.5D or smaller. The pitch can
generally be estimated using the following simplified formula.
p=

L-H
Na

+d EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE(14)

1580