Handbook On The Italian Military Forces

omain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd-google
ce of all concerned.
Military Forces, is pub-
1-6.)
omain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

nt:
212
325
405
289-294 408
422
7'
465
14-319 468
151
g stock 152
dress uniforms. (The black
rm indicates the
63
onoscimento) 171
rsonate) 173
(Glisenti) 181
87
30 (Breda) 189
el 37 (Breda) 190
, model 38 (Breda) 192
el 35 (Fiat-Revelli) 194
el 07/12 (Schwarzlose) 195
(Beretta) 197
l 35 (Breda) 199
xia) 204
205
215
4 (Ansaldo) 216
gun, model 34 (Ansaldo). 217
(Breda) 219
(Breda), ready for trans-
odel 37 225
d model 227
s 241
ne 305
07
09
oder 321
-' 324
ne switchboard (with
es of telephone wire 329
ph set. (The black holes
31
phantom telephony and
1928) (with circuit
tical signaling apparatus.- 336
aling apparatus 337
he 180-mm phototelephonic
and applications of storage
342
51
5 352
5, showing nozzle 353
0 355
5, with trailer 356
arate type canister is
y followed in the text by
. Likewise, in cases where
ul, they are also given in
ms and names, such as rag-
Alpini, which are in com-
nerally used in this form
ten no exact English or
for the ranks of maresei-
metimes given, but not used
e more misleading than
ral principal of pronun-
those Italian sounds that
e placed on Italian words
the last syllable but one.
changes and additions
o the Dissemination Unit,
artment, Washington,
Y FORCES
mimilitary body (see
he senior position in the Army.
rabineers, formed in Pied-
egime. At the time of the
861), the Corps assumed
s that had been exercising
alian states. It has always
ant force, and is participating
The triangular hat, charac-
mbat, recalls the original
rs (see plate II, following
on of the Grenadiers
y in Piedmont, where com-
among infantry regiments.
diers was constituted, and
Brigade of Guards (Brigata
called the Brigade of Grena-
di Sardcgna).
irst employed in Pied-
when the advantages of a
smanship and experienced in
e apparent. Even before
ad been mounted upon
rely transformed into a
with motorcycles. To the
men of superior physical
ck feathers worn on their
y La Marmora's original
74).
in mountain warfare.
would be a great advantage
from the same Alpine
hrough the whole infantry.
as completed the follow-
RCES
li, or CC.RR.).a.
monly called the ''first arm
ect corps of well-trained,
y police. The organiza-
ne of this arm are under
ar, and it is the senior
unctions are variously
or, the Ministry of the
a.
n of the Royal Carabi-
400 officers, 11.550 noncom-
s as follows:
army corps general.
ates.
egioni territoriali).
ed to the Rome territorial
nd Palermo territorial legions.
ins one group of squadrons
Carabinieri. The latter form
ardie del Re), popularly
re is also an independent
ean Islands.
aid than the personnel of
k is senior to correspond-
mple, is the equivalent in
n the other branches of the
vided for the use of Cara-
ked infantry, as well as a
that they are so used only
ty, they are organized into
RCES
ormed by Mussolini after
munists. In 1923, on the
e Fascist Militia was declared
f the State, while retaining
o recall imperial Romp
the fascio (fasces), the
ancient Romans, has been
Party (Partito Nazionale
mentary or local unit of
e units collectively form the
herents to the fascio."' Duce
several instances the
by the Italian version of the
the Fascist Militia cen-
nder the Commanding Gen-
s the executive commander.
een merged into the regular
f the militia is under
ff. The ordinary Militia,
anized as follows: 14 zone
army corps areas of the
legioni); 133 legions; and
d smaller units. The esti-
g both permanent forces
0,000.
the Fascist Militia is
ngthening of the present
rtant police duties, mainly
in the colonies. These duties
. The main military tasks
combatant Black Shirt
sions; provision of per-
FORCES
e personnel is drawn from
telegraph, and telephone
a (MiUzia Forestale),
cers and 4,600 enlisted men,
lture and Forests. It ex-
n of forests, fisheries, and
ecial military training, and
n the Ethiopian and Greek
with the Army for sup-
e preparation of camp and
tc. The organization con-
gions, several motorized
cademy of Forestry Militia,
listed personnel, and 1 Al-
al legion for service in
ia (MiUzia Straddle),
ers and 1,185 noncommis-
der the Ministry of Public
e duties generally. In
nieri in traffic control; it
ed to it by the headquarters
d as a combat force only in
of a headquarters, 5 inspec-
departments, and 47 de-
llery Militia.Units of
litia (MiUzia Artiglieria
own as DIG AT) and MiU-
ormerly known as MIL-
strength of 90,000 men. Al-
adquarters, the units of each
artime units of both bodies
territorial defense head-
RCES
er) Militia (Milizia
ime strength of 2,400, is com-
e ordinary Fascist Militia
ontier. It cooperates with
ng frontiers against illegal
cooperative function with the
the suppression of smuggling
ar. 12) in making investiga-
eers with an intimate knowl-
anization consists of a
Tolmezzo), and 4 legions.
dia di Finanza).a.
an integral part of the
rs being recruited largely from
edge of the frontier dis-
inistry of Finance except
he Ministry of War; its
of its thorough elementary
nt is unequal to that of a
e field is limited tactically.
the Royal Finance
officers and 30,000 enlisted
follows:
army corps general (as-
nance Guard as second in
om the Regular Army).
up commanded by a
d and comprising four
o battalions).
nds.
RY FORCES
net. To cover an 886-kilom-
uvers of the Army of the Po
talion (equipped with 424
d the following stations:
ntrol posts.
d groups.
ng eight mobile sta-
on and control of traffic,
y the officers in charge of
nd expansion.
nd strength of the con-
control posts.
ties in the localities where
e, and at the fuel stations.
e regular civil police
erior, with the Chief of
tion to this regular police
formazione Milifare), and
per la Repressione deWAn-
ligence organization
ief of the Supreme General
Navy, and Air Forces, and
ngly well-organized, and
d supervision of all foreign
r foreigners insofar as their
rity of the country. The
mobilization 20-27
30
-35
ILIZATION
ll Italian male citizens
sive, are legally liable to mili-
to periods as follows:
usive).
nning after the 21st
mpletion of service with
me of war (33 to 54,
ow.)
ses according to year of
entering premilitary
RY FORCES
dow over 64," "the first-born
may have their service de-
tion, but not later than the
r residing in foreign coun-
t, in practice, the majority
esidence abroad or, under
6 months. In 1942, persons
ed from military service, if,
possessed the nationality
zens of the Aegean Islands,
an East Africa are not re-
reigners who become nat-
vice only if over 32 years old.
commands.To fa-
corps, and division com-
y in matters of mobilization,
i territoriali) has been estab-
command; each division
the military zones are further
h there are one hundred and
ricts (distretti militari),
ral offices, are organized in two
ement and registration of
r mobilization of reserve man-
communes (commit), which
n the United States. Early
sh the district command a list
he age of 18 years during the
e spring, conscripts are called
heir identity cards and state-
ations are made in the vari-
ns" (eommdssioni mobili) sent
oards (consigli di leva),
nrollees.

RCES
RY FORCES
ntinue to wear the collar
s normally reinforced
nit in Italy. Thus the 3d
ced from the depot of the
battalions and companies
numbers as those of the first-
ay arise, since the 1st Bat-
y be the depot unit in Sicily
onally, but not very often,
is (repeated).
a. Combat ele-
ist Militia {Milizia Volon^
. V. S. N.), popularly known
en who volunteer for 10 years
hs service. In theory, the 10
use of the lack of trained
the law has, for the most
of Militia reservists is
to the colors.
ave now (1943) been
merly officered by Italians,
grades. Officers were re-
all. They were chosen from
Royal Finance Guards, the
r selection, they attended
School before going out to
e was also a recruiting and
vince of the colonies.
Carabinieri {Carabinieri
eri are probably nearly as
lian organizations, they are
with police duties. Some
the Army, but roughly two-
RY FORCES
hose who have the right
y service may enlist if they
ldren.
corps for which they
n general.
t is, not guilty of cer-
e Royal Finance Guard,
zations included in the armed
istment. In time of war,
n may be accepted.
rst phase.Plans for
ed for five field armies, to-
ps and services. This phase
nd phase provided for a
he first. The special corps
in the peacetime plan. The
s in Albania and Greece re-
rtain Alpine and mountain
armies, 24 army corps, and
armored, motorized celeri,
rps, army, GHQ troops, and
ation had been accomplished
ompleted by the end of May
of equipment and armament.
received weapons of the older
ARY JORCES
oximately the following
vice 1,250,000
0,000
45 to 55
m strength unless the
le from the supplies of some
. There being little prospect
e present mobilized forces
pacity. Given a sufficient sup-
n probably maintain her
ervizio permanente
lciali di complemento) i 29
n servizio perma-
lieutenants are drawn
academies at Turin (ar-
her arms) and from non-
pleted a special course for ap-
n intake from complemen-
pleting their ordinary train-
ofession. A small percentage
become regular officers. A
RY FORCES
age of well-trained, long-
ower in the Italian Army than
an Army is the out-
ry training in various organ-
d of the participation of Army
5-36), the Spanish Civil
1940-41), and the Libyan
prolonged but unsuccessful
rovided no training of
oldier.In the Fascist
soldier are regarded as in-
ral part of national edu-
n is capable of learning, and
carrying arms. The military
ows:
ject of preparing the
ily in the period previous to
ate;
t of improving and com-
zen;
he object of keeping the
RCES
a technical professional prepa-
ldier.
ung men from 21 to 22
18 months in the Army (see
usted to the Fascist
of 32.
l military instruction in
aining given by premilitary
n aims to make good citi-
ilitary spirit, patriotism, and
uction in the schools in-
for 5 scholastic years, spread
hool to the second year of
s is divided into 3 grades:
vers the final year of
ntary military knowledge (or-
etation of topographic
ng their academic course,
officers and specialists. Use
phy, drawings, diagrams,
s, covers the final 2 years
wledge (organization of
elementary knowledge of
become complementary (re-
universities. Its purpose is to
ow the close connection be-
economic life of the nation,
and a sense of discipline,
covers the first 2 years of
military preparation of a
warfare, with discussion
RCES
or mobile (cavalry),
antiaircraft) (Net-
tavecchia).
illery (Turin).
gineers (Turin).
(Turin).
missioned officers (two
for engineers).
ve officers (five for in-
ngineers).
randola).
rence).
ol.
r officers.Training is
cers were required periodically
cs. Considerable effort was
ity to handle troops in all
enlisted men.As far
en thorough individual and
ique of combat. In peace-
ained for service in the type of
to serve in the event of war.
loma, or the equivalent, were
rs' Training Schools in the
ualified exceeded in number
rs to be enrolled for that year.
aim of each unit is to
able it to meet successfully
FORCES
re, the general fitness for high
e Army has a professional
rresponding in general to
ers of the first four grades.
lected, and are promoted or
on under a combined selective
d at special service schools
y are well equipped for
s of conscript troops.
oned officers and the
officers come from the ranks
cation is not at all com-
missioned officers. The
nd experienced noncommis-
knesses of the Italian army.
ning of the conscript
s out soldiers of a fixed
essarily limited and rather
mewhat increased by pre-
all to duty. While the in-
is not remarkable, he has
ent that makes discipline
and hardy, and is able to
nt food. He is an extremely
ms and do 14 hours of hard
sent war, Fascist Militia
nd-line troops, and their record
category. Also based on its
egular Army combat units
howing may be partially
he war on 10 June 1940 was
nprovoked and completely
ctober 1940 was even more
RY FORCES
masters) 851. 00
ted men2 (per month):
ition to the maximum
receives an allotment of
80 for each child.
dered for 12 months there-
d their families receive the
red, effective from 28
the mobilized be doubled, but
rest for the delay, will be paid
FORCES
Ministers. Under the
taneously the Head of the
Minister of War, Navy,
trol of all armed forces and
upreme Commander. (See
f the Supreme Commis-
ma di Difesa), an inter-
rmed forces, and was re-
licies and practices of total
s the highest officials of
f the armed forces, is as
nt.
of State.
follows:
med Forces.
esidency of the Council
anian affairs.
f.
anufacture of War
ssion of Defense.
le matters that come espe-
r) in time of national
RY FORCES
ization Center.
cture of War Materials.
eme Commander is the
apo di Stato Maggiore
nking officers of any of the
ponsible only to the Head
al advisor in all matters con-
nd the conduct of land, sea,
ggiore Generate).
d by the Supreme Com-
vy, and Air Force. It is his
he respective Ministries as
services. It is composed of
o Maggiore) and the Gen-
aggiore). The head of the
Army General Staff (Capo
he Army. After a 3-year
recommendation of a board
selected for the Supreme
ar to the headquarters of
n of this assignment they
and serve as heads of the vari-
uarters, where they are as-
rs who may be temporarily
a unit of his own arm for
he is again assigned to the
n to the rank of lieuten-
sfactorily fulfilled his duties,
al Staff Corps. There are nor-
colonels in the Corps, while
s unlimited. All Chiefs of
RY FORCES
This committee studies
necessary for the conduct of
on, and utilization of all na-
resident selected by the
ative from each of the three
rs representing commerce,
ons.
Arms and Munitions.
s and experiments of com-
Air Force.
Military Electrical Serv-
mittee has functions similar
mmittee for Arms and
ices consist of the fol-
etary.
ich generally administers
e of the following offices:
and.
and reserve).
airs.
RY FORCES
ata) 56
lere) 58
) 59
utista) 60
, or O.a.F.) 62
y are modeled to a
erman Army. In contrast
rganization is extremely
m followed in practice and
ised units called regroup-
In general, the three
ws:
an army.
d army (armata).
armies (with the exception
ed only by the headquarters
ommand them in war.
an army group and of an
es. So far as is known, at
army, with two attached
army corps in any army
oops include heavy ar-
artiglieria suppletwa),
al, and survey units.
mmanded by an army gen-
The composition of
frequently transferred
my corps overseas will usually
s from those which it would
RCES
generale):
a). a. The infan-
e bindria) owing to the
ts instead of the old three-
rom 1 March 1940, a
was attached to infantry
ease the number of infantry
ack Shirt troops with Regu-
, described as an independ-
axwlto) troops.1 During the
he binary division became evi-
avy losses had to be re-
vailable or even by merging
ry divisions in the Balkans
me have been given a third
hether this is a reverse or
le of organization. (For the
e fig. 5.)
egral part of a division, but is'ordinarily
n view. Many divisions have lost their legion.
RY FORCES
e ordinary infantry division.
decentralization of heavy
81-mm mortars) from regi-
t support weapons (machine
lion to company control.
engineers and rock-climbers
for combined operations.
mpares with an ordinary
e latter part of 1941 and is
ary infantry divisions.
mando di divi-
rs, with a strength of 34
ts of the following components:
RY FORCES
als. All the guns of the
in horse-drawn wagon
s not specially trained in
part recruited from moun-
e regions). It is believed
operate at a higher altitude
orizzata).Each of
ed to operate with an
the motorized division
headquarters, two motorized
ment, a support and anti-
an engineer battalion, and
th of the motorized
s:
heavy trucks)- 850
a. General.The
fantry division, that is,
re (par. 55), its personnel
standard of physique and
re expert in the manhan-
have their own detach-
iliary services permanently
elf-supporting and capable
ble period. Decentraliza-
RY FORCES
could be truck-borne if
two motorized batteries
cludes a support group
orized division was de-
which, though moun-
rized units in a reconnaissance
sacrificed to this end, and
se. There are indications
ize these divisions completely,
ge of trained personnel and
ade on the divisions. Some
nverted into armored divi-
bile (cavalry) division,
zata)a. General.
fore the war, was a mixture
vier than 11 tons and the
able of more than light
has changed radically in
with an improved type of
self-propelling (semovente)
g weapons. In addition to
alions, the division now has
divisional artillery regiment
and probably an armored
ns were destroyed in North
being converted into
er, these converted divi-
ized cavalry regiments
and perhaps some self-pro-
uns mounted on the chassis
ether these converted
e normal type of armored
RY FORCES
cadutista).An-
rmed in Italy to replace the
d while fighting as infantry
sts of a headquarters, two
illery regiment, parachute
signal company.
a).Little is known
rganization of these troops
recent evidence indicates that
rm of an ordinary field
al units suggests that a
ommand all or some of the
5 coastal regiments, con-
s; 1 antitank battalion; 1 or 2
defense battalions; 1 mortar
panies; 1 engineers attached
iera, or G. a. FJ.
ponsible for the fortress
rmy corps stationed in the
quarters are attached to
nd are allotted a certain length
are further subdivided into
ber of fortified positions
inly by the army corps, but
tier Guard infantry regi-
menti of Frontier Guard
my corps Frontier Guard
ed the artillery units per-
ectors. A large part of the
e been taken from frontier
efense in southern Italy and
garrison duties in occupied
pose a large number of
e been created.
RY FORCES
giment 76'
cycle or motorized)
anization of the Italian
n a new conception of the
neuverability has been
ciency in attack and capacity
my position. In contrast,
lecting first-class personnel
e mainstay of forces in the
ordinated infantry to other
of pool into which are di-
itted for one of the more
the Italian Metropolitan
er the control of the Inspec-
annon designed to furnish
are an integral part of the
se of the new (binary)
ely 7,000 fewer men than
ch more easily maneuvered
e, the assault troops have
f the command, a 12-percent
ced to 2 sections. In-
been achieved by increasing
d arming them with 2 machine
units has been reduced
or movement of supplies.
ts draw upon the
ey do not have their own
e noted that the bicycle'is
FORCES
ness. Its normal total war
and 3,161 enlisted men, al-
n in these figures. (For an
of infantry regiment, see
es in other types of the
type, which may have as
nfantry regiment (bi-
ers; a headquarters com-
six mortars); a 47-mm
; three battalions; an ac-
een 45-mm mortars and eight
battalion consists of a
ny, and three rifle companies,
e rifle platoons each.
ed consecutively through-
nt. Every fourth company
e accompanying arms
platoon, two machine-gun
and two 45-mm mortar

RCES
RCES
three sections, each armed
f the former platoon of two
ght machine guns. The war
ated at 118 officers and 3,281
fantry regi-
e infantry regiment con-
rs company; 3 battalions; an
rs): a 47-mm accompanying
ying arms company (of eight
mortars). The regiment has
icers and 3,078 enlisted men.
nfantry regiment (par. 66)
-wheeled truck), of which it
mountain infantry
e of infantry regiment (par.
rain, the strength of which
hich is added to the mountain
RY FORCES
e motorized in-
arters; a headquarters com-
ix 81-mm mortars) and
eadquarters: and a head-
platoon (of nine 45-mm
ach of which includes three
latoon. The estimated war
giment is 70 officers and 1,765
1) The battalion is the
organization, A regiment
ions, though three is the nor-
nt has formed at its depot
hich may be distinguished by
n with Val or Monte. These
ne artillery units, in inde-
enti), and groups of varying
nt battle casualties of the
attalion, which is provided
regiment, does not usually
ch is necessitated by
in mountain conditions,
ndependent supply and trans-
and including companies.
n, only an administrative
reek campaign, normally
full complement of support-
, and even companies, may
ent missions. However, or-
ith their parent organization
Alpine regiment (see fig.
dquarters company, three
RY FORCES
a medical section, a field hos-
nsport detachment. Each
a headquarters company, and
a machine-gun platoon (of
d total war strength of the"
ers and enlisted men.
e Bersaglieri cy-
the mobile (cavalry) division
corps. The Bersaglieri
of a headquarters, a head-
pany, and three battalions,
headquarters company, three
gun company (of twelve ma-
mated war strength of 106
The motorized Ber-
uarters, a headquarters pla-
ting of a headquarters platoon,
s and three machine guns),
ment has an estimated
enlisted men.
In the mobile (cav-
motorcycle company is
visional commander. Un-
also have a motorcycle com-
mpany (see fig. 11) consists
ifles and one machine gun);
ifles each); and a machine-
he company has an esti-
172 men.
t legion (see fig. 12)
arters platoon, and two bat-
rters company and three
uarters platoon and three rifle

RY FORCES
FORCES
fig. 14) normally con-
rs troop of two platoons, and
one cavalry troop and one
onsists of a headquarters
ections each. The head-
cessary personnel for the
ernal liaison of the troop,
as a horseshoer and medical
machine-gun troop (of
eadquarters and four platoons
espects differs in organization
RCES
an cavalry horses are
cavalry officers are gen-
minent classes, and horse-
est. Hence, the training of
In spite of this, ordinary
standards. Government
he Country.
ome extent in summer
age known as energon is
pounds of hay and 8y2
ance detachments of the
lere) (par. 58) furnish the
e front of the large units of
or if special conditions
missions are entrusted to
nfantry division.
otorizzata) (par. 56)
ry) division in strategical re-
uard action. It is preceded
d (of motorcyclists, tanks,
ione corozzata) (par.
fantry to perform advance
on missions.
connaissance de-
ision are units of Bersag-
RY FORCES
(divisione celere) 90
91
a-delVartiglieria) of the
of Artillery, which is a con-
for War and the Chief of
training, organization,
he artillery. Antiaircraft
trol of this office.
my corps headquar-
quarters commanded by a
e orders all the artillery in
visional artillery. The corps
ectorate of Artillery on tech-
rdnance officer and three
s classify artillery as
ughly correspond to field,
artillery classified by the
rtillery regiments of some
ns, whereas much of the
y regiments is of calibers
" and "corps," respectively.
RCES
ber of 100/22 Skoda how-
coast defense in southern Italy
fantry divisions. It must
lete types of guns are not neces-
rts of Italy pack or horse-
mechanized.
y artillery is motorized.
ivision is either pack or
an be horse-drawn or tractor-
un carrier known as a earrello.
tractor-drawn, but there is
es are sometimes impro-
s of moving artillery
d rubber tires which
els, giving a 15-inch clearance.
da, and the 708-cm, which
g the 75/18 gun-howitzer.
ot track-laying vehicles.
truck which carries a
s of infantry divisions,
eated divisions (those with
me number as the division.
same number as the
egiments has no con-
ber.
nal artillery are nor-
ment.
rtillery battalions and
hroughout the arm, with many
FORCES
gnal personnel are al-
..
l are allotted as follows:
n, and 100/17 howitzer
tzers (corps artillery).
and batteries of Alpine
mber of spare personnel for
n and liaison patrols.
rtillery battalion has its
ch comprises a unit head-
d supply sections as there
RCES
borne division (divisione
ree motorized battalions
howitzer) and a 20-mm anti-
ment contains about 3.000
otor vehicles.
RY FORCES
mmunition and supply
al of personnel in the regi-
en.
and requires a total of
been added a battalion of
us increasing the regimental
isted men, and approximately
The artillery regi-
consists of two 75/27 gun
ed), one 105-mm gun bat-
ne 90/53 gun battalion of
self-propelled howizer bat-
s; and three 20-mm antiair-
z)..
z)
RY FORCES
sponding corps artillery
ry regiment in an army corps.
32 guns, and 149/13 and
ations of these weapons to
llery regiment in an
battalions, one tractor unit,
re very frequently detached
alion consists of a head-
uniform armament. Each
d four sections (except if
ar, where there are two sec-
ery raggruppamenti. The
mated to be approximately
he training of all the
material issued to a tractor
battery.
RY FORCES
guns).
ll mobile antiaircraft
s and lower units as required.
administrative purposes,
battalions. Battalions,
rational units, are normally
visions. Battalions normally
ee batteries, a searchlight and
ition and supply section.
ated at 18 officers and 541
is equipped with 78 motor
2 light machine guns for local
ntiaircraft regiment, see
. 21.)
aft Artillery Militia
C.) mans all fixed anti-
th the Coast Defense
ttima, or C. A. M.),
utenant general of the com-
s of the Antiaircraft
illery Militia, and a cen-
militia is responsible to
ptions: for recruiting,
d mobilization of person-
uarters; and it is assumed

FORCEiS
RCES
nistrative matters, it is
or technical matters and
mployment, it is responsible
f. The territorial distribu-
tia is established by Mili-
he Ministry of Marine.
mand, the command of a
the defense against
e group are manned by
ery Militia, is assumed by
rom among the commanders
commands come directly
rters.
equipment furnished
aft defense of localities, in
y the office of the Navy
) 106
battalion (battagliorw del
le (cavalry), division-- 114
ntry division 115
TARY FORCES
ed by the weight figure. The
year of adoption is a further
example, L 6/40 or M 11/39.
zzata).a. Compo-
a mechanized force of all
ng:
).
ns (motorized).
(motorized).
ificers and communica-
al tactical concept of the
e that of a mobile reserve to
or to counter enemy penetra-
sance with mobile units, or
nk, infiltration through gaps,
defensive position. This
of an armored division, has.
on as a result of the lessons
however, that Italian tank
udimentary until the armored
and and German training and
nce it is weak in inherent
nized and trained primarily
y, motorized, or celere, or
signed to operate ahead
nt terrain, as the Italians as-
r celere divisions. The
TARY FORCES
motorcycle-mounted Bersaglieri regiment is
The tank regiment
and five battalions of medium
giment is 84 officers and 1,040
mament and equipment of
k unsatisfactory in com-
e supplanting light tanks
ks, and medium tanks
uxiliaries, presumably,
hat the Italians are in-
heavy tank battalion when
ation of this heavy bat-
at of the medium. The
eadquarters company and
headquarters platoon and
TARY FORCES
arters, a headquarters bat-
The exact composition of
e trains of an army corps
ups of 10 trucks and 20
f trucks. There is also a
nt of this may be used
on has 12 75-mm truck-
batteries have 4 guns
ach AA/AT battery
s (of 2 guns each), and a com-
y is 4 officers and 95 men.
e twelve 20-mm AA AT
and thirty-four cargo trucks.
ions battalion (bat-
Its unit strength is as
, or mobile (cav-
e divisions, each having a
robable that the tanks
light machine guns. Its
TARY FORCES
Inspectorate of Engineers.
ngineer corps regiments. 2
s, 1 railway regiment. 2 work-
most important units are
TARY FORCES
uastatori).The pio-
ee pioneer shock units {re-
ormed into the following:
ection, a close-combat section
t machine-gun section.
are nearly always carried out
pproached during the night.
ainst tanks at night. Per-
ed in removing them should
lt Engineer School (Souola
vecchia. It was instituted
ed by Colonel Steiner of the
hock units which are
atori. These naval units work
lt pioneer battalion.
TARY FORCES
hicles.
elegraph battalion in an army.
The radiotelegraph liaison
t:
mpany has the following
y corps.a. Organi-
telegraph company in the
TARY FORCES
raph section is equipped
graph section also has
cks
a. Organization.
y division and in the Alpine
h, radiotelegraph, and com-
te engineer company for
hich unit is shown in
telegraph section is
s:
composite engineer sec-
totelephones and three
ntry division head-
that a supplementary unit
adquarters, according to the
ide communications be-
units of the division in the
engineer company assigned
strength of 2 officers and
TARY FORCES
wever, that it must serve
imilar battalion in the infantry
hat is, it provides com-
neer company fails to do so.
ers and 140 enlisted men.
his battalion are distrib-
e radiotelegraph posts as
has the following trans-
mobiles)
In the armored
d by the radiotelegraph squad
ped with 1 motorcycle, 2
telegraph units.
ation of the telephone, tele-
ganization of the pho-
29.
ITARY FORCES
le (cavalry) division
motorized division. It
s and division had a
d, but at least 11 chemical
ified.
talian publication in
nt, commanded by a colonel,
mical battalion, composed of
d battalion, composed of two
ining company, and one non-
any; one flame-thrower bat-
r companies; and one chemical
acetime organization still
al regiment has been reported,
ctions of a central training
e the regiment (or parts
army troops, and it may
mixed chemical group.
ral.The nucleus of
e mixed chemical group,
o consist of one chemical bat-
talions, several flame-thrower
group.
n, only one of which is
companies and one light
aid to be provided with
with the equipment and pro-
spersion, as well as meteoro-
on the other hand, is
moke and teargas generators.
function as a depot for
lion as nebu, but this may possibly be a typo-
ally, "cloud").
TARY FORCES
s measure, and to carry out
protective clothing.
tamination sections are
HQ, army, corps, and division.
rs platoon (of 1 officer and
on platoons (each of 1 officer
and supply platoon. The
d with protective clothing for
minating headquarters and
tico) 139
bilistico) 140
practice of keeping
control. The size and com-
dictated by the situation
nization.
obilistico).Super-
under the Automobile Corps,
ters (autocentri), made up
two motor transport groups
ons (autosezione) consisting
e). Organization is ex-
eneral throughout the
for any higher unit.
omobilistico).Re-
omobile Service to provide
of motor transport vehicles,
ety.
ATION
141
dance.One of the
General Staff is divided comes
"Intendance" (Intendema).
ifies all departments of
hief of Staff for Intend-
on, transportation, and the
ce is designed to combine
g and issuing ordnance
es, and to provide for certain
such matters, the Intendant
Supreme Command.
my, an "inspector"
n arm or service in the U. S.
rs for the Under Secretary
ers pertaining to the admin-
ment, and equipment of
TARY FORCES
e been changed by the new
y for individual purchases
nches to the central
activity 147
hin different types of
vices of the Italian
C' ommissariato).
porto).
Servizio delle Tappe).
mobilistico).
Armninistrazione),
eria).
nio).
o).
).
rindrio).
pectorate or Directorate at
territorial corps headquar-
itorial districts, and units
o the above, the follow-
ssistenza Spirituale).
TARY FORCES
nly in unexpected cases, or,
ere there is an interruption
stores.
ial Services procure,
ces the means for conducting
k between the Territorial
ey must supply the troops
itorial Services and not ob-
ervices are organized
anization: "coordinative,"
represented in every unit
ose the Commander-in-
neral, while in each army the
ntendant. The coordinative
s being carried out or
ze the necessary services.
nd location of the means
ssary means in order that
of the operation.
mander (coordinative
and always keeping him in-
es.
ces in the unit and their
within the unit.
e units each Service comes
on (headquarters, office of
officers), which is charged
RCES
, his control is practically
to the corps are of con-
because of the tactical char-
has the personnel and
the first necessities of com-
oodstuffs and materials.
llery and engineer) which
al operations, a number of
additional services are as-
lso the director of certain
but he is assisted by the
e corps staff. Each corps has
er the chief of the respective
luding a mobile repair
air shop.
s many sections as there
on for corps troops.
est of the large units.
mally encadree within the
ecessary for daily life, since
able.
charged with the direc-
mall arms and ammunition),
nd Postal Services. Spe-
ision in case Services of a
sariat, and Veterinary) are
rs of the army (artillery and
nal means can be assigned
mobile (cavalry), division
Y FORCES
Their location depends on
n the availability of railroads
hed neither too close to the
heir action) nor too far
ult the daily supplying of
they are close to a railroad
es are supplied by terri-
al cases can be supplied
may be assigned to armies,
and, in which case they
entral supply stores and are
They are supplied from
ial to the territorial stores.
y store is divided into
mobile sections following
materials are made in
n of the particular service,
the troops and by the sup-
ded, through channels, to
h issues orders for the fill-
ply stores (second-line
equested by the army In-
r from the territorial
ing the exploitation of
ndant General or by the army
rced by special boards ap-
equisitioned or purchased
irst-line supply stores.
RCES
matters concerning the Serv-
rmy in all questions con-
ing of the Commissariat
As regards studies and
and opinions on the organi-
of personnel; reports on
ssary purchases and costs;
on and upkeep of establish-
ateriel and supervises tests of
n and revision of regulations
the service; makes directive
issary personnel and advises
bution of personnel; and
ies of civilians to be employed
ere two zone inspectors.
Inspector General, make
es, supervise and check on
heir zones.
s.These are responsible
unctioning of the Service
s from higher authority;
nd materials; request neces-
s and removals; make recom-
according to the availability
ations for the best use of local
vage service: forward through
mmend officers for assign-
ervice within the unit.
ema).These are execu-
ne regiments, corps head-
izations and detached
yal decree upon recommen-
RCES
each train carrying a day's
my. The central stores are
es, however, and must be
ots {magazzini) are formed
he army Intendant. If the
orward daily from the supply
the army Intendant, who
ues and determines the roads
ansport being provided
column proceeds to di-
tribuzione ed avviamento)
port Service. Here the sup-
ections which break bulk and
distributing posts, supplies
s. If a line of communica-
workable, advance supply
e scale of one per army corps.
ormal ration situation'
with unit.
man.
ly section.
thin the division. Alpine
ns in a special supply
nary for long periods,
ganized within corps and
functioning of these stores
corps and units remain
y sections build up a supply
d, and the supply may be
y.
ch, the troops normally *
each march, from supply
RCES
e under the same directive
delegations) but have
ferroviari e per via
ed by general headquarters
ater Transport, the terri-
commands at railroad
s, military ticket offices, and
ment of railroad lines,
ion, and the means for sea
of Communications, in ac-
also in charge of the main-
water communications and
e railroad net is sub-
ns, including all lines
orial zone which
operations;
including all other
nets is determined by
on the boundary belong
ns, where the net is con-
e army Intendants, and the
r via aerea').This
onnel, material, and stores
ice it is probably very
orti per via ordi-
e for the transportation
rects the coordination of
RCES
ical Service and Mo-
transportation
t and motor transport
or transport assigned to
Extra motor transport
the case of motorized, mobile,
onal motor transport de-
truck-borne divisions from
ansport needed to move
ed that the material-carry-
5 men. Pack animals are
eled trucks attached, at the
p-carrying trucks have an
e total motor transport re-
estimated to be approxi-
sport loads are shown
(Srrv'zio della
th the maintenance of the
n of vulnerable points, and
ial.
tomobilistieo).a.
nd evacuation of motor
re.
the central depots to
e to the divisional "fuel and
t needed to allow each
50 km.
TARY FORCES
di Amministra-
r the administration and
torate General at the
ices at corps headquarters.
istration of all mobilized
d the control of expend-
ds of soldiers.
te the inconvenience of
atively dependent on their
missary Service of the re-
ol expenditure.
lieria).a. Func-
e study, production, supply,
n of arms, ammunition,
ness needed by the Army.
al branch and the technical
e is organized as follows:
rvice functions under the
eneral.
dant is responsible for the
perational control and issues
supply depots. At army
on is the superior Artillery
e Army depots are issued
om other units.
directorate as for other
ing carried out by corps
Chief of Staff. Artillery
f artillery ammunition, and
upply ammunition for small
RCES
dated by the the corps Gen-
Directorate.
arded from batteries
orps artillery where they
e army Intendance, which
sed on the basis of a day's
0 for medium. 100 for
ortion of a day's fire.
The army Artillery Di-
sts of the corps, divisions,
tral ammunition depot, or
arsenals or depots.
ined by the army In-
efs of Staff and artillery
ey should be located within
pot, close to good roads so
umns. Transport is pro-
orate at army headquarters
s from the army Intendance
ting posts is supplied by
g it.
pplies from the terri-
ded by the territorial au-
warded to central artillery
railroad communications
rectly to the distributing
se. The central depots usu-
nt immediately upon request.
consumption of ammuni-
e units and artillery head-
ve at each distributing point.
above is elastic, and in
s likely to be variable, com-
st ammunition from any
Y FORCES
y out experiments and
elds.
ical institute, a great
for the technical and in-
f medicines and medical
Forces.
spective duties. The
re directly under the Min-
technical duties, and
nary duties. These inspec-
g the functioning of the
ritories.
posals advanced by the
rds the mobilization of the
estions concerning the
obilized Medical Services.
wounds or disabilities as
f War, make inspections
ments in the zone of their
l culture of medical of-
rs to the Medical Director-
ctors in the zone in
rvices of other armed forces,
erform directive func-
unctioning of the Medi-
e unit in compliance with
higher authority.
nd prophylaxis.
RCES
ment, etc., are organized from
hen required.
) situated within the
di sanita di armata) keep
th the necessary medical
isinfezione) is attached
bonifiche) are under the
otted to units as required.
es but are also available for
o each corps and a
laboratory to each army.
on of the Medical Service
stationary, on the march or
it, a medical examina-
nal troops needing hos-
given localities from which
means of motor ambulances.
ted to hospitals directly.
ing only a short hospital
infirmaries within the unit.
y is discontinued and the
examination is made
ck men are sent to hospitals.
y sick follow on vehicles
sick are picked up and
shape remain on the road,
Y FORCES
Field hospitals (50 beds,
corps may, in case of absolute
divisions. They are erected
my fire. If possible, existing
and motor cars available,
a certain distance from the
spitals are full of wounded,
and of divisions and other
f the army, who will either
ls to the rear or assign to the
will not move, but will
e zone of operations. This
g units its field hospitals
t by the division head-
men is sent by the corps
ns of the divisions.
ck behind the medical
cluded between the
corps hospitals.
e included within army
boundary line
he territorial zone.
ncludes territorial
establishments.
wounded are removed directly
nes of removal. The selection
of operations or in the terri-
zone of removal. Those to be
sported by railroad trains
rains of the Eed Cross or of
s, river ambulances are used.
TARY FORCES
equest for personnel and
t.
nd forage.
ithin the unit.
Service administers six
one for artillery) and three
s between the ages of 2 and 4
units are attached to the
ed by the Ministry of Agri-
ded animals are visited
ch have no veterinary
est unit having an officer, or
troops remain stationary,
orary infirmary. When the
ved to corps and army in-
equiring long treatment and
ir transportation. Special
ase of epidemic diseases.
elongs advances, the in-
is assigned to the unit.
the convalescence of animals.
r returned to their units
s for horseshoeing are
army veterinary depot,
Troops of the corps receive
s, which obtain them from
s' Service (ServU
ction,The Spiritual
esponsible for the spiritual
e Air Force. The Service
ian priests.
TARY FORCES
a. This Service,
m, supplies water to troops,
of the Service is entrusted
sisted by the directive organi-
Engineers, Road and Water,
n, also assist with executive
ponsible for ascertaining
rmining the potability of the
tallations for conveying it
furnishing the necessary
and means for its storage;
ter resources in the zone; and
the related Services as
disinfection.
o headquarters and units
n.
Services ascertain
recommendations of projects
hen authorized, they carry
necessary equipment (pumps,
t of water sections or civilians.
he necessary vehicles for
sources to the places of
ami).a. This Service
, timber, and firewood.
litia.
e Telegrafico).a.
for the distribution and
rrespondence, for savings
TARY FORCES
ion problem by recourse
s been hampered by delay
of handling by rail such
er, and cotton. Italy has
r the sea route to Germany.
an railways (see fig.
port for troops and war
the most strategic rail-
e inland cities of Turin, Milan,
e great seaports of Genoa,
ption of sea-borne traffic,
with markets accessible by
onnecting Italy with the rest
and economically indispen-
re along the northwestern,
il net, defined by areas,
ns three railway lines,
quata via the Giove
ce which traverses the
ontier at Ventimiglia.
crosses into France
carriers of raw materials
ain to Italy within 2 months
e Alps between Switzer-
onnections with Germany:
the more important because
fficult grades, and the other
RCES
ea has three railways:
e Italo-German border at
hich crosses at Tarvisio;
ough the Brenner Pass.
ortant, having a daily
0 cars each. It was a prin-
roops passing through Italy
od deal of northbound
struction resulting from
rail connection across the
lly restored Fiume-Zagrab
novo since the Italian
her reconstruction, this
ving between Germany and
It involves many detours
tion of Brindisi and
important centers in Italy
ys. Some are electrically
ic railroads are the com-
nian coast. These transport
nd traffic moving through
most at the southernmost
ws the coast by way of
ossing the French frontier at
ome, goes north to Milan
m Bologna a branch line
eginning at Genoa, con-
ffich leads northeast to
an and Verona, to the
te.
rable spots in the Italian
The railroads run through
Y FORCES
current Italian railroad
lectrification of a number
of new electric lines. Rail-
the war include:
).
uth of Naples on the
s long) of the Fano
Adriatic coast).
rack, 72 miles long),
Tarvisio and Bo-
na-Verona-Trento
projects were under
RCES
d tank cars, and all passenger and baggage cars are classified
y of rolling stock.
n the railroads in moving
RCES
y to November by way
Bernard. Little Saint Ber-
a. and Stelvio Passes, and
Trident and the Dolomite
ade Highway, which
de:
ks Reggio Calabria in
ay of Auletta, Salerno,
a, Turin, and Milan, and
noa, Ventimiglia, and
Galatone on the Gulf of
i. Bari. Foggia, Ancona,
o in northern Italy, one
by way of Milan, Brescia,
horn with Trieste by way
in central Italy, one linking
ng with Pescara; and two
with Foggia. and the other
tone by way of Taranto.
ations of Italian automo-
port, are indicated by the
cles in Italy as of 20 May
00 commercial trucks; 2,000
ith trailers, which have an
er truck and trailer; 1,000
with an average capacity of
; and 220.000 motorcycles.
eed to move in their own
tured Italian equipment will
RCES
and waterways, which
t of all commercial traffic,
mportant navigable rivers
butaries; the Milanese and
Rivers; and the Venetian
erways extend through the
ombardy, Veneto, and
principal Italian rivers
st to west; these include
mpty into the Gulf of
a, Adige. Po, and their
of Venice; the Reno and
driatic Sea; and the Arno
enian Sea. These rivers
cause the bulk of Italian
terways open to com-
t 248 miles of rivers and
00 tons, while 300-ton vessels
es of inland navigation and
ted vessels of only 100 tons or
ffic on Italy's inland
ut 2.000 boats, nearly all con-
ad a gross weight of more
an average weight of only
lakes, including Mag-
d Orta, and on the water-
not important either com-
ng the rainy season, the
uct military transport are
TARY FORCES
generale) and major general
. S. major general and briga-
ed for the artillery, engineer,
captain {primo capitano)
re given to captains and
espective ranks for 12 years.
e the rank of capitano in
he Navy. Band leaders and
tot tenente.
fHciali) and enlisted
officers.There are five
or).
rshal).
ajor).
gory, and inasmuch as there
. S. Army, these titles are
s not the equivalent of
ale) in the Italian Army
is classed with the private,
eing called graduate.
andidate {aspiranvte
e Navy it corresponds to
ith precedence over the mare-
Air Force.
commissioned of-
by the Italian form of the
titles in the Air Force
my, the simpler Army form
Y FORCES
n garrison cap, or "en-
or steel helmet (casco, ehno,
ds, pack artillery per-
wear their special headgear
ed with blue berets or
my helmet is composed
reated, varnished with a gray-
rench helmet is also
en with open collar (with
ay-green buttons (four for
with collar and necktie.
tain specific cases worn
reen without stripes, now
stripes.
een wrapped leggings.
ed men, cavalry, and some ar-
onnel wear black leather
eather leggings with straps
k boots.
r mountain troops.
is divided into compart-
xternally, it has two
d with rings on both sides
enades may be attached.
ps, which may also be used
or blanket, half of a camou-
, it has adjustable, rounded
at it may be worn on the
unition carriers may wear
TARY FORCES
combat troops whose duties
ons. The suit consists of an
s up to the neck; draw-straps
ts tightly over the neck;
e of double-woven cloth of a
he outside and treated on the
nce (plate II).
plains on duty with
d are authorized to wear the
ed rank, but are required to
ecclesiastical cassock.
Material of a much
-verde characterizes the
late I and fig. 36.)
star is the distinc-
g to the regular armed forces.
each side (plate I) of the
plate I), the star is in
he lower edge. When the
nter below the point where
al, it is sometimes merely
s are being introduced.
ascist symbol (plate XII)
ve-pointed star worn by the
neral officers and of white
n's five-pointed star has a
a of arm is worn on
nciled in the case of helmets),
cers in tropical uniform.
ia were embroidered (usually
e soldier's insignia in metal
embroidered insignia are
fficers in tropical uniform
RCES
in the case of the services,
General.In addi-
wear colored collar patches
ollar just above the lapel,
tinguished by a variety of
ostreggiature). Collar
n the tropical uniform. On
or service is worn on the
patches take the following
riped (plate IX). When
antry. On the other hand,
evice, superimposed upon
of the arm or service charac-
d plain blue rectangles,
d troops, respectively, are
kground for other devices,
so denote infantry regiments.
st and 52d Regiments, and
h Regiments.) Careful dis-
es.
ed background by the
ardinia, and the General
ecisely the same significance
lso be used in combination
una punta).These denote
the Frontier Guard, geo-
e either in plain colors or in
TARY FORCES
do).a. Commis-
d with the gray-green uni-
rn as follows:
above cuff.They take the
alled galloni and galloncini,
milar to that worn by the
fficer's overcoat, in-
es that button to the sleeve.)
white artificial silk and in-
below the bands. The King
po del Governo) wear a
w the rank of general have
shirt-sleeve uniform is
appear above the left pocket.
Here the system is one
and VII). Field officers
ctangles with a red back-
a and Air Force use
below for the hat. These are
tally in the Air Force,
orn, the insignia consists
ust as for the sleeves, but
).
type of cap, the system
ns worn on the left side,
rn in this chevron (nap-
above, and black for all
worn, the officer's insignia
t, taking either the form of
TARY FORCES
lowest rank is equivalent
of the Carabinieri have
d, silver braid, and a blue
th the duties of the rank
round of deep red in the
charged with the duties
the insignia of rank of a
bars and within the loop).
neral's eagle in black, bor-
have a red border. Gen-
her rank add a small bar
ar worn in the loop of the
the wearer is an aide to
lonels in actual command
a deep red background
same red around the insignia
vices wear between the
the cuff and on the service
al, red; commissariat,
ration, dark blue.) Mem-
s considered a combatant arm,
40.a. Commis-
Headgear.Gray-green
r peak, except the Alpini,
sonnel, and the Bersaglieri
olored collars according
er general in fig. 36), colored
e, and metal buttons.
d necktie.
es down each side and
f service.
Y FORCES
a of arm or service ap-
adgear (maintained); on the
ed in gold thread (discon-
and embossed on the but-
or colored collars denoted
red collar patch (maintained)
e of the collar. Colored
down the breeches of officers
niform still further distin-
numbers were worn in the
ia (maintained). Company
on the shoulder strap (discon-
worn on the left arm
ments.There has been
ches of infantry line regi-
ly larger than, at present,
n a black collar, around the
piping. They had this same
d, black stripes with red pip-
eir breeches.
.The following more
e Nizza, Genova, Novara,
iments, complete collars,
ve colors; by the Piemonte, a
k edging; by the Savoia, a
t edging; by Saluzzo Monte-
gna, complete collars in the
angles only, with three-pointed
present flames; for Milano, a
ck edging; by Firenze, a com-
ging; by the Cavalry School
Y FORCES
book (libretto di valu-
he eleventh to the thirty-
ation regarding the physical
evaluation of his intellec-
litary activities. No em-
oldier's individual rec-
records age, name, rank,
ny or equivalent level. It
culars regarding the holder's
ishments. It also gives de-
thing on issue to him. - It does
personale only is issued to
military career. The front
name, number, regiment, and
stamp). Many personal
nd 2 of the book; page 3 deals
romotion, and discharge;
records the transfer to another
and inoculations.
marescialli is almost ex-
every year. Much less in-
ge, name, rank, and unit are
er's book gives no informa-
us personal particulars.
actical use to an examining

Y FORCES
bretto personate).

ed Men

HIRT UNIFORMS
NLISTED MEN
marescialli, all insignia appear on the sleeves and
ia of rank on the shoulder straps.

RMS AND SERVICES
and
TARY FORCES
Decorazione deW Ordine
Eagle (Ordine cavaller-
r was instituted in 1942 for
contributions toward Italy's
nt.
ers named above have
re), officer (cavaliere uffi-
, grand officer (grande wffi-
The name of the grade
le, Cavaliere Carlo Annibile
nteria. If a person has an
sually called by this title
hough both may be used: for
rancesco Scema, Capitano di
dals for Valor"
ds in Italy. The Gold
o the U. S. Medal of Honor;
corresponds roughly to
and the Bronze Medal
ghly to the U. S. Silver
tions or their families re-
d Medal. 1,500 lire (about
8) : Bronze Medal, 300 lire
y awarded posthumously.
h of service is re-
ce (Croce per Anzianita
er 16 years of service
e ribbon after 25 years.
and (Lungo Comando),
nd and worn with a gold
TARY FORCES
aft in flight. The gold
hen the Air Ministry attaches
tical Feata.Gold, silver,
he Air Ministry according to
the bold, intelligent, and
e crew of an aircraft in an
cial medal for men who
s.
ternating red and green
esent in the war zones of the
ths. A star is added for
presented by ribbons
in rank does not affect the
e ribbons. The grade of an
own, laurel branch, palm, or
le, the Medal for Valor,
onze, is represented by a
ar of gold, silver, or bronze,
the ribbon represents the
won on the ribbons for
5-1918 represents 1 year of

RCES
TARY FORCES
(Beretta).This pistol
el, and a recoiling breech
mm type which is inter-
tion used in the .38 Colt
ore the present war the
r of the rifle and light ma-
and a new rifle and carbine
d (see fig. 42). It seems,
ot yet progressed very far,
since rifles of the new 1938
with a 6.5-mm barrel. Older
the Vetterli-Vitali type,
rica, include a 10.35-mm
toon). Some details of these
till appear to be used in
-Carcano) (fig. 42).
, which is embodied in all
he Mannlicher system of
Mauser type developed by
actory. With the Mann-
nserted in the magazine to-
all the cartridges have been
lever known as the "ele-
ole in the bottom.
RCES
s.
10.35-mm., P model 70
xcept for caliber. Both are
ps up to 2,000 meters. The
del 91. The safety catch pre-
fig. 42) is based on the
eing the increased caliber and
s a light folding bayonet
rel but can be removed and
s are fitted with a 6.5-mm
s.
This rifle, fixed for a bay-
y a 10-round magazine and
RCES
d.
for
S."This carbine (fig.
, but has a separate bayonet
ppe speciali) means "for
pecialists.
0.35-mm, model 70.These
er. They are also identical
he magazine is of the pistol
carbine (fig. 42) compares
del 38 rifle compares with
95 {long).Both the
ve been used by the Italians
nctive in that the bolt is
o that of the Canadian
TARY FORCES
the antiaircraft-gun
holding
pe from
le only;
per
machine gun, model

Y FORCES
Y FORCES
hine gun, model 38 (Breda).
0 settings; the gun may be
ainsprings; the gun has
e (2-1
ed.
ute.
gun, model38 (Breda).
s the model 30, except for
as the model 38 rifle.

RCES
un, model 35 (Fiat-Revelli).
RCES
Fraschini).This is an
craft.
Beretta) (fig. 49).Ma-
vely used by the Italians;
del 38 Beretta a weapon which
h as regards functioning and
erns were fitted to take a
with the model 38 rifle.
mmunition of British,
n this respect is similar
eces is kept in the butt.
1 ounce.
RCES
35 {Breda).This dual-
scribed as a heavier version
model 37 (see b above).
a. 12.7-mm. aircraft
n design and operation to
ult to adapt for ground use
75/18 howitzers, and 100/17-mm howitzers,
-mm antiaircraft guns and the 47/32-mm
ee section III, paragraph 224c.
Y FORCES
for use as an antiaircraft
da Safat).This gun will
blast.
The 65/17 infantry gun
made 65-mm mountain gun.
ain gun by the 75/13 howitzer.
h a fore carriage.
RCES
type. There are three
mor-piercing shell), and
The Italian Army
rtar known as the 45-mm
medium 81 (3-inch), model
good points, including a
and the fact that it folds
nd other advantages, which
nse of an unusually elaborate
fragmentation of the mortar
eapon of conventional
% pound bomb, it has a
mainly to the use of six large
ation of both the light and
neffective.

RCES

FORCES
ven (numbered 0-6).
ards.
e (numbered 0-4).
yards.

RCES
TARY FORCES
renade is very similar
and fired in the same way.
parts, namely, a cylindrical
per part in the form of a
y a truncated cone.
al, it may be said
ly equipped. During the
s rapidly deteriorated.
and troops are often with-
ar. The shortage of steel
s and many other items.
ryman has been reduced
ation of reserve articles of
ted for issue to the en-
ersack, belt and suspenders,
helter quarter, two reserve
he cape (mantellina),
e an insufficient substi-
d quantities of other obso-
ack into use.
RCE*
on to rations, a
s of machine-gun and 60
y personnel carry the follow-
t weapons 226
signed to antiaircraft
Galileo) 22S
antiaircraft guns are
27 {2.95-inch) A A
yment as an antiaircraft
ed against ground targets,
rmored forces. It is used to
ons, but is unwieldly and poor

RCES

RCES
RCES
saldo).
5 (Breda). (1) Gen-
al-purpose AA or AT with
by motor transport or in
e gunners. It is designed
d by plate charges holding
atic rate of fire can be ob-
ger immediately after the
the most effective against
t serves for antiaircraft
nd targets, as it already
stance of the target.
y employed for antiair-
antitank weapon. The con-
egulations is as follows:
ing of the march, for
ile it is breaking camp
FORCES
model 35 (Breda), ready for transport.
anced positions the
o stop from
y have succeeded
ds.
s) (HE
minute.
FORCES
e required to defend a
a heavy machine gun.
maximum vertical range
ocity at this height being
n. Tracer is easy to observe
nion. The equipment
much longer to bring into
are simplicity of construc-
enience with which it is
ds.
r minute.
minute.
ARY FORCES .
ank gun {Breda).
wheel- or tripod-mounted with
cond, a maximum rate of fire
e of 6.000 yards. It is trans-
n a truck. It will penetrate
al impact, and 15 mm
ghs 680 pounds in action
n found fitted to a M II
have been used as a ground
ly AP ammunition has
del 37.(1) General.
sign and was introduced in
e of fire, and may be fired
It may be used as an in-
ntitank role. Its disad-
vided for the detachment,
on's hitting power is inferior
s HE or AP ammunition,
rmance.
s).
hes).
hes).
paragraph 208, above.
Y FORCES
econd (2.067
second (820
800yards).
eters (220 to
r minute.
er minute.
ported by man power,
by one mule; carried by a
d into five pack loads.
gun (fig. 65) which is
very effective gun, but is in-
ulously clean. It is normally
ailer. A self-propelled
mounted on the chassis of a
RCES
ion scales are graduated
al deflection scale is also
ange for several types of
ds.
t.
minute.
nute.
rds.
t.
RCES
provided for making
neral-This gun (fig.
dual-purpose: for antiair-
transmission is used to
guns, which is an improve-
lephone transmission was
uipped with a telescopic sight,
tly of the predictor in an
an average rate of fire of
er minute for barrage work,
en fired at this rate, the
ng. The buffer and recupera-
and two spring recuperators.

Y FORCES
s, though the effect, allowing
pear to be familiar.
ge (complete
ARY FORCES
aircraft. 48
nts (Galileo).a.
ring instrument provided
nsmitting the angle of sight
lotting table. It is gradu-
ns to the circle).
al stereoscopic type, with
meter (106.3-inch) base
to the plotting table. Mag-
w is 3 or 130'. The range
00 meters.
table, with open windows
e of sight, bearing, and slant
diction is advanced by a
onds. On the order fire
d, and exact readings are
ll time is over, the "hooter"
then restarted and fire
en allowed for the gun dials
m the plotting table to the
A gun, but with earlier
n from the goniometer to
This is a system of tele-
main plotting table and the gun
ery and connection box and
ARY FORCES
0.5512 inch).
inches).
alileo).A searchlight of
0 yards has been reported in
at scale, if any, it is actually
an altazimuth locator
d-lag corrector is of the
requiring an operator. Cor-
by a second operator. The
based on a guessed air speed,
stinguished by two
oke. The first number indi-
econd number gives the length
lassified as follows:

RCES

RCES
ond.
0 kg.
2 (.figs. 68 and 69).

RCES
ed.
heels.
This gun is electrically
mately.
i-

RCES
1929 (AA and coast
rds.
.
t.
ute.

RCES

TARY FORCES
nd.
A. M., and type G.

mortar has three

Y FORCES
d on a rigid mount.
Y FORCES
high and it has a climbing
This tank (fig. 76) is a
e superstructure surmounted
un and light machine gun
front of the turret. This
he large swan-necked canti-
to the hull. There are two
here are five bogie wheels,
forward of the rear idler
e 1917 model of French
it stopped in 1930, though
ne units.
k (see fig. 77) carries
ed in pairs, each sprung by a
ar. The fifth bogie at the
d carrier and to return the
One 20-mm and one 8-mm
n the revolving turret.
completely obscured by
prayer or a flame thrower.
ig. 78) has a cast tur-
On top of the turret is a
as five bogie wheels and
ch scissor t3rpe; one is
n bulges. One 47-mm and
coaxially in the hull, and one
ntiaircraft. (The Germans
pril 1941.)
79), mounted offset
of a truncated cone mounted
n the right side of hull

RCES

RCES

RCES

RCES

Y FORCES
Y FORCES
rain is composed of one
n. The combat section is
otives, one fire-control car,
section remains perma-
of the armored train. It is
officers and noncommissioned
one kitchen car, and one
ns where barracks are avail-
The order of the cars
with two antiaircraft guns,
RCES
n on each car, one fire-control
r gun on each car, one am-
mored cars are built in such
k of the recoil of the gun
nstalled on the cars in order
ning of the cars during the
s usually placed near the
bout 25 miles long. One train
miles of coast line.
pical gun employed on
way gun, the characteristics
eir approximate dimen-
RCEiS
n is about 7 miles per gallon.
1 in 2y2 fully loaded. The
tocaretta will be able not
ut to travel in places in-
will also replace pack trans-
vailable even if only 4 feet
y for armored forces, it
possibly as a personnel car-
ed, but may mount a
Fiat).This truck
d by the Fiat Company to
an) truck (Fiat).
1940 was in quantity pro-
dius of action, remarkable

RCES
ng equipment used by the

.a. General.For
Y FORCES
2.Footbridges nos. 1
ctures supported on kapok-
re as shown. It appears
llic*)) no. 1.
RCES
s, over dry gaps and, up
he table, the cableways
pounds. (For a sketch
andard Italian ponton
ge equipment no. 3 (figs. 94
the piers are made up
about 2,000 pounds. The
of Herbert trusses (see b

RCES
s.
TARY FORCES
xplosives, and ammonium
safety fuze, which is
hich is black. The safety
out 2 feet per minute; but,
ed.
ator is pull- (rather
ency for the Italians to
molitions. Sometimes they
ing the order to fire. The
pletely responsible for
of friction igniter
talian design. As com-
iO).
e is very simple in construc-
figure 98 is also of simple,
emolition charge. This
hed German practice; there
es for which this igniter
e delay in this igniter
is enclosed in an aluminum
hes wide and 0.27 inches in
tor filling (2), which con-
Y FORCES
gth. To the other end of
daptor (10) which is threaded
e. At (11) is a galvanized
to a groove above the in-
tor, where is possessed a
A detonator (12) with a
ts open end is fitted into the
s unscrewed sufficiently to
ted from the side via the
d the head of the adaptor.
ed by screwing up the
e milled nut (6) is un-
9) to retain the spring (4).
Y FORCES
ire obstacles spaced at in-
re commonly laid as close
ovised types, see par.
ription.The weight of
ut a quarter of a pound and
ds. The mine consists of two
ther. The space between
. The outer cylinder (1) is
e are six sharp projections
post. Two clips (6) are
ng the mine by special
eir common base (8) and
d of the brass molding (10),
striker (12) and the spring
n cap (14) in the holder
The lower portion of the
the charge (17). The open
ug (18). The cavity between
der is filled with powdered
trip key (19) having a ring
e attached. The key is held
11) so that it can move
end of the mine. This
n the striker when in the
e cords which are wound
red by a hinged flap (24)
25) is used as the safety
he mine, when a cord at-
own in figures 100 and 101. It
he cover (9) which is set

RCES
Y FORCES
s).(a) Dimensions.
ollows:
included because it is
rest on the ground. It is.
RCES
mb a sufficient jerk to detonate
e bomb will give protection
of rope not less than 200
when he gives the necessary
bomb on the surface is 100
ents is obtained at 300 yards.
e bomb should be moved, it
angerous position for the fuze
pointing upward. Hence
nly be done in most excep-
rried horizontally, and in
or should avoid passing the
must be exercised in lifting,
o insure that there shall be
must be slow and deliberate
mb must be avoided.
e are three types of B2
nged lid" type have, to a
r of the more recent design
mine is used in the gaps
The spacing between mines
han three rows have yet been
two rows, but sometimes
o has been used on a
5. It is similar in shape to
being the placing of the
d of at the two ends and the
ead of one at the center.
the D type, which is
designed arming lever on the
ntered in large numbers.
Y FORCES
ns.The dimensions of
ollows:
ely.
pounds.
st development of the
nd (4) below. It consists
a metal lid (2) resting on
ngs covered by hinged
itions of the striker assem-
spectively. At the ends
f eight 200-gra'm slabs of
d two short lengths of
s (3). Two similar lengths
box, and, together with those
. The explosive compart-
ion mechanism are of wood
8) which is located
h these guides passes a
triker (11) to the brass
sists of the body (13),
on cap and holder (15), and
. The nut (17) retains
(18) takes the nut (19)
d toward the percussion
us detonating fuze, (20) and
Y FORCES
, dusting away the
through the hole
ve the cap holder
he detonator from
pring (16) by turning
(12).
s.The dimensions of
iest type of steel-cased
rseded by the mine described
owing differences
pening' with
bove
ox is by means
ead of
Y FORCES
noted are as
ad of the
-gram blocks
ocks.
is used as for the B2
used as for the B2 mine
imensions.The di-
s follows:
earliest type of B2 anti-
x (I) with a hinged lid
ings hold the lid slightly
e method of firing depends
he striker. In this model
wood block (5) to the striker
d by the screw (7). The
mpression. A cap and
den dividing strip (11).
12). When sufficient pres-
the knife (13) severs the wire
Y FORCES
ne is made of steel and is
g the lower section (2) at (3).
rong steel springs (4), and
by the lip of the cover (5),
which is placed in a slot
circumferential pressed
d plug (9), below which
liding fit on the striker
the spring (12), the striker
and the striker (15).
nel-shaped piece (16)
the striker (15). Figure
s operated by a toggle (18)
etween two stops (20
gainst the stop (20) and is
22). By moving the arm
slides back the channel (16)
he mine is armed. Cou-
ck (23), which engages
e action of its spring (25)
hen the arm (19) is moved
s toward the center, and
on is prevented by the new
over (1), the plug (9)
scends until the steel balls
d of the plunger. The striker
(12) strikes the detonator
ges (27) and (28) respec-

Y FORCES
Y FORCES
rs (11), and when these are
ole (12) in the end of each
ure 109 , 0 and .
essed, the flange (14) of the
e U-shaped spring clip (16).
dated in the holder (18), and
n the side of the mine. The
pace (20) in the striker body
spring (21) engaging in
nserted through a hole
ion between the actuating
(16) carrying the cotter
r of the mine, the actuat-
e spring (6) until it comes
). This causes the U-
ed against the retaining
d allows the striker (11)
d fire the detonator at (25).
mines the copper pins,
perating pressure can be
the use of copper pins
through the hole (12)
11). It may be
fore these holes
RCES
.The dimensions of
een reported as having
tal tube, plugged with
at one end. An iron band
ameter is placed over the
). This latter holds the
r (3) passes through the
and has the guide plate (4)
hrough the striker and
(7), the latter being held
passing through a hole in
g (9) is held away from
hich forms part of the
sses through a hole bored
explosive filling. The
he pressure plate which is 5
he head of the pressure
f the safety pin, the stop
trike to fire the detonator.
sensitive to pressure.
safety-pin hole.
long under the head
h striker and safety
ORCES
a light alloy. The lid
our bolts (2) is recessed
id (1) is supported On
e striker (4) away from
ern).
ndition the striker with
side of the mine at (6).
th a percussion cap (7)
RCES
made in two parts (1) and
ar metal pressure plate (3)
secured to the lower part
. In the specimen examined,
en removed, had a length
ower part, which has rounded
nob (5) in one side. The
late (6) having heavy leather
ach end.
as removed may have
The bakelite knob (5) is
e-delay initiator.
nel {%-kg) pressure
ions of this mine are as
sed from the 2-kg anti-
t. There are two types of
figure 1130, consists of
The explosive charge (3) is
space (4) is filled with steel
cond type, figure 113 (S)
arge (5) and the single con-
side with strip metal (7).
113. For use in the mine,
he safety rod (9) is un-
r (10) is placed centrally and
ng (11) and striker (12) are
wn in (T). The mine is then set.
ze from the lid of the
ator.
Y FORCES
he metal collar (10) , thus
ovides {or two test wires
gh the lid of the mine
bridged at (13) by means
yout of this type of
ugh the underlying prin-
B).
thorough examination of
before neutralizing is
ription.This mine
drum (1) open at both ends,
overed by the wooden lid
nds the circular body
ase by means of steel wires
Y FORCES
in (2) above, and illus-
), contact is made be-
gle pieces (8), and the elec-
s then fired.
r test wires.
and insulate them
he rubber and care-
it to the
or and remove the
(a) Dimension*.The
as follows:
ately).
f wooden box (1) hav-
e (3), and a striker mecha-
) and (6). The striker
antitank mine described in
lever is not used. The trip
r end acts as a stop against
(10) are run out from
e mine and fastened with
FORCES
the safety slot at
up to the box.
spring, holding the
e trip lever is
rtridge holder by
detonator.
nsions.This mine (fig.
d as an antipersonnel
actly similar to that de-
e is only one initiator.
) (<?) and (d) below.
nsions.The dimensions
Y FORCES
he striker (6). The deto-
onator (13) fitted in the open
he holder (15).
metal strip (16), is placed
be and the end of the car-
tained through the access
over should be diffi-
s of wood between
1) so as to prevent
ssure be exerted.
f metal of similar
tridge holder by
The dimensions of this
onsists of a wooden box
ving a metal cover plate
with the surroundings, and
g handles. The under side
ning to which is attached the
ad of each striker (5) is held
RCES
of an inverted U-shaped piece
g held in position by two
is positioned in a steel
). Pressure on the metal
steel strips (6) outward and
rs (6) are then free to move
RCES
d initiates the detonators,
ransport the detonators
steel strips are laid flat in
ct.
side fastenings.
rikers.
their side, close down
ons.The dimensions
s follows:
wood, with the base
al sheet about 1-mm
pe handles, and the metal
mit downward movement.
for the exploders, is held
(5) are provided, and
emical tjrpe. The remaining
rtridges of gelignite or
contained in a cylinder
meter. The striker (6) is re-
per shear wire (7). For
f the shear wire is 1.4 mm;
r wire is 2 mm. Above the
RCES
e under side of the lid (2)
es square.
1891 cartridge (9) from
been removed. A de-
dge case with its open end
r (11) is placed between
artridge is closed with plas-
nished black. The cap end
ting plates together
the inner lid (3).
dimensions of the mine
of a wooden box (1) with
cured to the body by wires
pegs in the side. The firing
oted at (4) retaining one end
ever is cranked to provide
) and the lower end of the
gh to the base of the mine
RCES
9). The striker mechanism
s of a cam (10) which sup-
e stop (7) in place. The
sure on the lug (11) by way
, the latter being 3 to 5
is rotated so as to allow
mine is armed.
r or tension on the trip-
he flange on the striker (8).
e spring (5), fires the cap and
14), and the two shells (15).
engages with the
he box, retaining the
r mechanism together.
onator, pulling the
slight rotating
oder. (a) Dimensions.
) are as follows:
may be fitted with the
de. The striker (1) is held
RCES
shovels, hammers,
lian engineer equipment.
en equipment is also utilized.
nd type of air compressors
uipment.
m).
nts, a motorized pump, power-
man make, a portable mor-
mobile generators.
RCES
ther the connecting plug
e "set excluded" jack.
aracteristics.
for testing the effi-
wire on reels. It has two
d to pierce the insulation of
set (fig. 126) weighs
s may be connected to the
o all of the others or to
calling the rest. A call
rates to select a decentral-
thout secrecy (busy signal).
ephone.
key type for 10 lines.
g. 127) permits the
ng lines. It also permits
here are pairs of
themselves or with
any desired
g posts and a microphone
in switch.

RCES
telephone switchboard (with circuit diagram
TARY FORCES
s 31 circular commuta-
ming lines and the other serv-
nes. There are 17 different
which are for the connection
tered L and C) for the rest
is made by means of the
er. The board has 60 spring
he characteristics of the
e.
haracteristics.
nditions; will op-
et connect the positive
nterior anvil of key; the
e output of the writing
bars to the left of the
he vertical bar tO the right.
6 to 18 battery cells are
coils in series, has a resistance
2 amperes to operate it).
Y FORCES
n moist ground or placed
connected to the set by
ot available, a large iron
Stations may be connected
e 129.
tstorw. Transmission
matic, a perforated tape being
y is used. Specially trained
tion of the tape unless the
ps are used, the signal con-
positive current and spaces
ent of given amplitude (dots
a single transmission in a
nsmission on different circuits.
The rate of transmission
minute, and it is possible to
the Creed perforator. Syn-
in the field by the com-
manual by means of a key.
t must be accustomed to har-
tiated on the basis of elapsed
system permits a single
onization is necessary.
per minute with a capacity
e received message is printed
ent, manual transmis-
though at times the system
d personnel are required.
signals consisting of different
and negative current. This
ons simultaneously in the
RCES
ntom telephony and sim-
8). (1) Characteristics.
) is connected to two
om telephone circuit, two.
egraph circuits.
iler for corps head-
er is of the Viberti type,
long, 2.07 meters wide, and
en tracks of 1.70 meters. It
has a speed fully loaded of
permits making a complete
ater than 5.5 meters.
standard switchboards
acity of 1 board is 110 lines,
ntral battery); 1 main dis-
th a capacity of 110 lines;
's set; and 1 terminal re-
es (Creed tape type) : two
egraph sets; and four re-
phantom circuits) and
ttery is of 24 element
capacity.
de type for voltages from
e-electric type, with a
power engine develops a
o 45 volts.
TARY FORCES
d in the field by the com-
anually by means of a
rated automatically if desired.
nel. Five-letter groups are
binations of positive and
nding of "start" and followed
ection is possible. In
ed on a tape or sheet of paper.
unit is powered by dry
0-mm optical signaling apparatus.
nomotor, or by commercial
mate speed of transmission
optical signaling ap-
his apparatus is used only
s (4 of which are in reserve)
orted in 3 boxes containing,
od, and batteries and acces-
FORCES
nsforms acoustic vibra-
current and then into
eam. By means of a caesium
n transforms the variations
acoustic vibrations. This
erter of the 180-mm phototelephonic set.
ire communication in that it
radio communication in that
nd cannot readily be

Italian radio equipRCES

e diagrams shown in fig.
FORCES
ation nets.
TARY FORCES
of coal, coal tar prod-
fluorides, but this shortage
plies from Germany, Hun-
aly does not possess
storage points have been
ght to exist.
(1) Should Italy re-
mustard gas, phosgene,
e the principal agents that
believed, would be used
y in combination with toxic
y the Italians to indi-
ses:
s in green
Cross in White
oss in black
s in red
the Italians in the Abys-
5-cm artillery shells filled
arly 5,000 air-burst air-
Among the chemical war-
s of mustard gas, but none
The Greeks, however, re-
0 of drums of blister gas of
ately equal parts by weight
ne.
ells for artillery, among
nuary 1941, mention was
nd also with a mixture of 80
loracetophenone. That the
ator as well as a lung irri-
RCES
ery. One, called fumogeno
ed with white phosphorus
ke), with a smoke mixture,
mmunition of both types
10-cm, and 10.5-cm guns.
of hand grenades and
d with a short bomb-
which projects all types of
ds. In the many Italian docu-
s made of the guns or howitz-
moke candles.Italian
be of the following types:
candelotto) contains
25 percent kieselkguhr, and
e), and weights 380 grams
g is 220 grains (73,4
ded for use as a hand
a) has the same com-
kg (6.16 pounds). This
burns 2 minutes.
a) contains 54 percent
kieselguhr, and 30 percent
a), with the same com-
3 pounds). The weight of
y candles are of the
e small tear-gas gener-
nd grenade, and the 2-kg and
chloracetophenone). 50 per-
e small candle burns 1
ns 2 minutes.
RCES
nutes, and it may be com-
ma barellato).This
ing smoke, consists of two
nder mounted on a hand bar-
orted that one container
nd the other for ammonia,
h two liters (6 gallons) each
ssion with one nozzle is 50
s. Six minutes are required
a carrellato).This name
e apparatus when it is mounted
ems to be no reason why
ying blister gas.
d gas truck (autodo-
-country truck carries four
ons) of mustard gas, com-
piping for ground contami-
utes and the drums may be
a smoke weapon the vehicle
s-country smoke truck). It
f chlorsulfonic acid in two
mission is 100 minutes;
autocarretta yperite).
0 liters) of mustard gas, a
ed piping for ground con-
minutes and the drums may
as a smoke weapon, the ve-
our-wheeled smoke truck).
n) drum of smoke liquid
ard gas" ; the Italian form is iprite.
RCES
orts regarding the use
sprays in the Abyssinian cam-
ct evidence that Italian
apparatus, but Italian docu-
oratore B, two of which are
aplane Cantiere Z. 501. Each
5 gallons) of mustard gas or
me of 20 seconds. When
e following results are
100 feet):
4 yards).
s (88 yards).
0 yards).
as listed in figure 137,
uments and other reliable
these bombs are painted
o indicate the filling (see
of type 500 C. and the bomba
A (diphenylchlorarsine).
mately double the weight
percussion fuzes. The 500
all bursting charge, indi-
and is designed for air burst-
led with tear gas and is
bomb.
G. bomb, the weights of
their nomenclature. No
e it has the same external
d would fit the same bomb
the same dimensions, hav-
nsiderably lighter in weight.
Y FORCES
d each contains nitro-
h is taken off the lower end
. Ignition is effected by a
ithout a wick, or on some
nd wick, which burns for 2
nd light oil having a
capable of throwing a
e a zone of 35 yards long by
rmittent bursts of flame or
d should not be used in a head
ratus (fig. 141) is similar
ng mainly in the ignition
ure gauge in the connecting
ylindrical containers. The
scharge piece through a small
to for ignition purposes.
ischarge piece to the nozzle
zle operated by a hand lever.
valve, a small proportion
mizing sprays adjacent to
e sprays discharge into
rd automobile spark plug
s the main jet. The spark
magneto. The fuel used
roleum distillate containing
er-driven magneto gives
of the impeller in the oil
m range attainable is only
TARY FORCES
not confirmed, that the
wer for which a maximum
this apparatus is carried
er details of this weapon
stration of a flame-thrower
a. Gas masks.Italian
types. Group A is like the
te canister and corrugated
milar in appearance to the
ster attached directly to
ral.Facepieces of
ype.
obsolete model still in
en press moulded rubber, with
er Col. L. Penna, the first chief of the Italian
nk, L 3/33, with trailer.
Y FORCES
nner secondary mask of
r. A considerable improve-
hange in position of the eye-
ision.
differs from model M
have an inner secondary mask.
roviding a forked rubber
epieces. This model is desig-
Royal Navy, phonic type)
alve carrying a short trum-
f three concentrated horns on
s the speech characteristics
Marina, Royal Navy)
o external pockets carrying
i-dimming soap. They may
e side in the manner customary
al.Facepieces of group
ollowing p. ) is made
outlet valve is opposite the
d in the adaptor, in which
tlet valve.
avy version of T. 35. It
evice similar to that at-
canister (originally flat
tainer made of an aluminum
35).
FORCES
36) made of Pirelli cloth,
his material is lighter in
on test resisted liquid mus-
7 hours. This garment may
boiling water for 30 minutes.
he protective clothing
n the form of a diving suit,
he heavy combination suit
ves, and oversleeves, are made
loth, type C. Also described
ton impregnated fabric, with
y rubber gloves. Wearing of
suits would be limited to 15
ur in cold weather; the over-all
er period.
equipment issued to
s suits, each consisting of an
vershoes, were issued to the
ut none were issued to other
ssue of a limited number of
ssumed that the Army would
mination squads similar to
assumption appears justified
e clothing worn by Italian
gure 144.
lophane garments for
destroyed after use, were
Military Chemical Service).
TARY FORCES
wise, it was reported that
n impregnated silk, a com-
pounds. Neither type of
date.
an document (Manual
cribes various types of
t chemical agents, for a num-
mand posts, telephone ex-
curtains, preferably at-
on. These curtains are to be
a gas attack. The number
sed without change of air
T=-^ where O represents
helter and N represents the
t be installed by technical
ans of a collective filter
d weighing 270 kg (600
necessary is that which
our, but in exceptional cases
, the air may be reduced
this type is designed for
placed before the entrance
oes that may have come into
econtamination.(1)
dividual protective measures
ouched by liquid mustard gas,
RCES
f these trucks and their
pounds.
r content over an area ap-
ds long, at the rate of
The light truck presumably
area of approximately 100
30 kg (500 pounds) when
ation purposes. It con-
2 pounds) of chloride of lime,
compressed air during a period
ired to recharge the com-
ssure of 150 atmospheres)
six containers of bleaching
leaching powder is dry
recent information is
ded for decontamination of
Defense against Gas, 1930)
di boniftca truppa (motor-
ersonnel), consisting of 1
Y FORCES
ing information, and coop-
e measures. In some cases,
good results were obtained,
learned that the smaller
organization. Children in
duct. Air raid warning
pointed, and blackouts held,
rned that only about 1
he public. The Pirelli com-
ise to manufacture masks,
ld. It is assumed that recent
her centers have stimulated
as masks.

RCES
Ministry.
RCES
nd Tests.
viation and Air Traffic.
tions and Assistance to
s of Pre-Aeronautical
me Council for National
a member of the Supreme
onsultant to the Air
ions concerning military and
ded over by the Minister
nder Secretary of State for
he Air Army and Air Fleet,
certain persons from other
nizations who possess special
time organization and at
duration of the war.
The High Committee
n of the Air Ministry for
rganization, personnel, con-
nditures, and contracts. It is
Force and consists of six
member of the Central
n. Other individuals with
attend by the president.
nstallations, and Arms.
nstallations, and Arms is
nical matters concerning
he president is a general
RCES
of the Air Force.
vided into four terri-
commands, each under
follows (see fig. 146):
bania.

Y FORCES

RCES
TARY FORCES
mes, 37 landing fields, and
Sicily had 9 airdromes and
has 6 airdromes and 4 emer-
rfields and 7 emergency land-
e Islands have 3 airdromes
craft industry.(1)
engaged in the manufacture
rmany for assembly. This
duction. Completed planes,
engines have been received
Germany. The numbers are
s been estimated vari-
month. A recent, though un-
ates production at about 200
d the war, production was
ven though present produc-
s insufficient to meet expan-
ent losses. Production is
ypes:
mber.
ber, seaplane.
nnaissance.
marking (upper and lower surfaces).
aft.

RCES
on
air-

RCES
ach

RCES
bomber.

Y FORCES
gio

RCES
id-

RCES
), fighter.
ir-

RCES
nderbolt), fighter.
TARY FORCES
aly joined the Axis, there
zed throughout Italy at which
ft, engines, and parts for all
ts were located at Ghadi,
edo, Lonate Pozzolo, Bo-
mo, and Cagliari. In ad-
Tripoli, supplying all units
pots in East Africa, supply-
d as follows:
Ciampino (Rome)
ino (Rome)
o (Rome)
le (Rome)
Ciampino (Rome)
(Rome)
ganized at available fields
ases were established. In
underground depots for the
ops for the overhaul of air-
re important air bases.
s 152 to 165, inclu-
me of the aircraft assigned
e. For all the aircraft
r has been increased only
bers and on some standard
onal guns installed. It is
TARY FORCES
ion, bombardment, at-
e equipped with hydrau-
he Italians assert that the
ydraulic types, has been
attempt has been made to
bardment aircraft.
ans apparently prefer to
which plants are tooled,
equiring planning and retool-
types have been made to
es have not materially increased
anes. Because of lack of
armor protection for crews,
ervice aircraft. There have
speeds, bomb loads, and, in
been nothing to indicate that
e airplanes which can compare
he fastest Italian airplane is
ower than United States,
aining.Every Italian
nclusive, is compelled by law
Littorio, or G. I. L. Pre-
ementary schools and includes
odel construction; elemen-
tion; training and instruc-
ng instruction leading to a
ar officers are obtained
ical Academy, to which
by competitive examination.
3 years, during which students
he cadets are awarded
on, and before the war, were
RCES
w the same course, except
d of which they may re-
ng in annual refresher
duty as noncommissioned
dvanced courses and on
e end of the period, they
eserve status, with annual
may, by promotion, reach
ranch.
given at Punticello and
d at Como, Lido di
a, Rimini, Centocelle.
zo, Lucca, Siena, Naples,
ed at Portorose, Cameri,
oggia, Grottaglie, and Cas-
has flying schools at
l is at Florence.
Rome.
signano, and Castiglion
ools are at Malpensa,
Navy officers are at
l is at Littoria.
bo.
riggers, etc., are at
Y FORCES
method of camouflage is
d paint to the buildings in
ndles of hay or ignite
s clouds of dense smoke, to
r raid.
ng bomb and fuel dumps,
uel is stored in camouflaged
semble thickets. Though it
tion is not impossible, if it
square in plan and that at
or guards.
TARY FORCES
become predicated upon the
ned fire and movement.
sector of least resistance
ermit subsequent flanking
with supporting artillery
e of command except as
llery support.
actical and strategic doc-
hat of any other modern
ort to pattern the Italian
rmany but this has proved
n this chapter is mainly
tegic and tactical principles
common to all military
ement of the Italian
t of various arms, particularly
is designed to be used
e units of great fire power.
g a break-through, is fol-
s of exploitation. Mobil-
fundamental characteristics
e artillery's mission to
mission of engaging in
ver is mounted, but combat
hanization of the cavalry
d fire power. This has added,
mass to the common cavalry
e Italians to the possibility of employing air-
now the unsuitability of Italian aircraft for
ion as a supporting arm.
TARY FORCES
h decidedly aggressive be-
take the initiative in
eeking victory in swiftness
iacy and power of impact."
eeded in doing anything
n might conceivably assert
ypt owed its success to
s of attack and pur-
modern army, though the
most recalls the pre-1914 doc-
maison. The 1940 Italian
to be recklessly pressed,
me the resistance with con-
erical appeals for initia-
rt of Italian troops have not
fectiveness in attack and
ne Greek tactical au-
lbanian campaign against
eristic of all Italian attacks
ure of officers rather than
most a proverb in the
s certain to flag after the
ad successfully sustained
ally felt that it had for all
was not, of course, what
Italian military doctrine
Mascia in 1939, "reaffirms
d Machiavelli's: the offen-
bring victory. There is a
atin and Italian spirit, be-
cessa sense of responsibility
are peculiarly Italian, manly
to overcome difficulties. To
TARY FORCES
n ideal of the em-
possibility of an attack un-
tions. Supposedly suffi-
direct the effort to those
sured upon initial contact.
sion is the basic large
rly for impact and penetra-
on and is considered to be
gth must be made more
n, superior commands are
tional equipment and per-
ned that Italian ar-
the first to operate in direct
he first echelon; the second
urpose of lateral extension
is sought for the purpose,
almost to the point of risking
ng front.
llery commander regu-
ept in counterbattery and in-
nd for these functions is
ive action, and thus contribute
are sent far forward of the
he enemy to deploy and to
ations.a. Gen-
ns are modeled after the
esigned, by virtue of their
o the enemy rear, or to ar-
s a result of their exper-
he Germans have recognized
dinary infantry to follow the
, or O. a. F.) 292
ties 293
rial acquisition fol-
rtification, Italy has
invasion from the north
s of the northern fron-
curity. The sea frontiers
and air power in addition
ion of terrain in depth
tensive use is made of ob-
and terrain with fire. The
rman and Russian de-
ed mountainous environment,
pensive excavations and roads.
ostly and difficult in prepa-
because of greater topo-
ver rugged natural barriers.
e.a. The fortifi-
ttorio (the Alpine Forti-
d to simply as the Alpine
great semicircle through
near Ventimiglia to the
s face the German fron-
TARY FORCES
has been along the Swiss
ocularly referred to as the
Yugoslav-Italian fron-
a series barrier, and the topo-
ges are about the same for
ar the junction point of
s, the defense works are
e Alpine Line is irregular,
c and geologic features of
d of thick, reinforced con-
as well as machine guns and
ground as so situated as
al rock masses of the moun-
are often distinguishable
them. In addition to low
ering the main passes, sys-
shed. It is reported that
arbed-wire entanglements,
ave been constructed at passes.
the fortifications have been
eral fortifications are lo-
connected by passageways
n January 1943, a re-
fortifications facing south.
transferred to serve as a
the main line is said to be
o the Po, thence along the
hence the line runs
d along the Adige to the
from Chioggia to Carole
Venice's Lido Beach. The
Y FORCES
mited area. The Navy is in
ble for defense.
ri marittime):
coast).
he Dalmatian coast).
posed of groups of islands.
nsible for their defense.
itorial defense of these zones
officers and commandants
ari marittime):
of the Navy serving as home
pletely responsible for
The Navy is also in
antiaircraft batteries, and the
of the bases themselves.
of the naval commanding
on islands where there is
under this command in the
(1) The Army is
sts outside the areas spe-
TARY FORCES
so of potential support
ane bombing group stations
disi, Pola, and Rodi.
Calabria.-L-The Cala-
ro has been fortified with
ts. Machine guns have
tions.
e fields to the Port of
ship channel by red lights,
rth coast is fully mined,
and of Capri (1941).
hips' turret guns (280-
les on a shelf cut in Cai-
Caijola Island. It is on
a shoal light buoy. One
ge-finder is located.
are located at Monte
ascio and at Monte Righi.
entre.At these places
re installed naval coastal
mm antiaircraft guns have
antiaircraft guns have
craft guns in Italy, 76-mm
at the following centers:
RCES
placed in batteries of 4, plus
h battery (or a total of 16
e was about 300 yards be-
und). The barracks for gun
attery.
val guns of heavy cali-
al guns of heavy caliber
rs directly overlooking Trieste.
s are stationed in the
ange guns utilize the motor
well fortified on both
reater caliber are in position.
guns.
iber are installed.
ant but of unknown ex-
to Gulf of Corinth).
e north shore.
the town of Rhodes.
the Turkish mainland.
TARY FORCES
ouflage nets are 1 to
urnished with buttons and
material colored with three
rames for overhead
ns of 1.50 meters or 4 to 5
flat metal and weighs 2.2
al and weighs 2.25 kg. Both
ons and two end pickets. The
o the outside span section.
on a tubular collar which
variable span. Both types
hine-gunners and
consists of a frame of
xtremity around a central
his frame is wrapped a
ng with bunches of hay or
o the poles with large-
strawstack an opening is
f these simulations in
atural to find haystacks,
ck, as illustrated, can con-
distances without attracting
ate that 10 trained men
is made of the following
ength, 25 meters of jute
straw, and tacks, string,
ative cloak is used by
batant who must remain
under the eye of the ad-
oak becomes invisible, even
TARY FORCES
rasts with the terrain, and
n.
osts, the Italians believe
ost revealing features and to
around them. The greatest
f natural screening forma-
one so far as to set up com-
nts characteristically adopted
a. How detected.
t difficult to find on good
e the shadows of poles,
d against a light background,
e to pole, and round spots
, the line should be
adows, or have them concealed
of natural and preexisting
ing trails, comouflage the
the poles, and, if possible,
methods of camouflag-
s with imitative netting in
ractices for flat tops,
shrubbery.
How detected.On
ire entanglements appear
m gray to black according
p and according to the mate-
vaux de frise, etc.). Usually
ines of the trenches with fre-
ground without snow,
, a careful examination
many white dots, geometri-
es use military ab-
organization, field orders,
are sometimes used in con-
are often a key to the specific
use many words are
r, and because abbrevia-
mpossible to have all Italian
d and most frequently
rule can be followed in
ons. It has been observed,
ns the Italians tend to follow
re one word is to be
several methods are used.
he first letter and another
ew syllable), of the word,
word are combined to form
ows:

RCES

RCES

RCES

Y FORCES

Y FORCES

Y FORCES

RCES

Y FORCES

acist

ECES

RCES

RCES

RCES

RCES

RCES
Y FORCES
dquarters
rary
ers
de head-
gade head-
ed carabineer
quarters
arabiniere cadet
arters
ne inspectorate
Carabineer territorial
headquarters for Lazio
academy
nor offenses
ry
rters and
arters and
RCES
an infantry
or a bersaglieri
or a tank regi-
or a cavalry regi-
or an antiaircraft
separate
an infantry
n engineer
or a railroad en-
or an engineer
or a bridging en-
or the Sardinian
egation
dquarters
rps administra-
medical
uarters
RCES
stry of war
gineers
rate
te
ecruiting of
ogistics
aceist Militia
rate
chief of public relations
army office
edical service
the general staff corps
fficer personnel
ary commissary
al antiair-
zone
hemical war-
ory
onnel
mmunition
Y FORCES
llery and en-
re units
ched section
section
oratory
ount squadron
ary penal estab-
engineer studies
arms and
ters
nal
cal office at
ice of the
Y FORCES
columns given for the fol-
een inarch groups:
orized elements (foot,
g on wide roads, and 17%
lted or when moving at 2%
march abreast and 2 men
roads 3 men march abreast
ng when halted, and 2%
es per hour.
ng when halted, if using
when halted, if using heavy
moving at 15% miles per
nd 38 miles long when
g heavy motor transport.
s celere). (a) For
19/10 miles long when halted
ng when halted or when
long when halted, and
25 miles per hour.
light tanks) : 6% miles
when moving at 15% miles
TARY FORCES
military train.
or ar-
or calculation, it can be
res 60,000 tons of shipping,
Y FORCES
319
m is employed in Italy.
ning the words meter
ro), with the six numerical

Y FORCES

Y FORCES

TARY FORCES

0
ggiore delli
99
o diarmata) 50 47
-203 175

19 17
3,74,98
battalion 113 98
59

re Generate) 41 42
h units 131 108
3 115
12
1943

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omain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.

omain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

dress uniforms. (The black

, model 38 (Breda) 192

el 07/12 (Schwarzlose) 195

gun, model 34 (Ansaldo). 217

(Breda), ready for trans-

omain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

es of telephone wire 329

ph set. (The black holes

phantom telephony and

1928) (with circuit

tical signaling apparatus.- 336

aling apparatus 337

and applications of storage

5, showing nozzle 353

omain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

5, with trailer 356

arate type canister is

omain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

y followed in the text by

. Likewise, in cases where

ul, they are also given in

ms and names, such as rag-

Alpini, which are in com-

nerally used in this form

ten no exact English or

for the ranks of maresei-

metimes given, but not used

e more misleading than

ral principal of pronun-

those Italian sounds that

e placed on Italian words

the last syllable but one.

changes and additions

o the Dissemination Unit,

omain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

omain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google

mimilitary body (see

he senior position in the Army.

rabineers, formed in Pied-

egime. At the time of the

861), the Corps assumed

s that had been exercising

alian states. It has always

ant force, and is participating

The triangular hat, charac-

mbat, recalls the original

rs (see plate II, following

y in Piedmont, where com-

among infantry regiments.

diers was constituted, and

Brigade of Guards (Brigata

called the Brigade of Grena-

irst employed in Pied-

when the advantages of a

smanship and experienced in

e apparent. Even before

ad been mounted upon

rely transformed into a

with motorcycles. To the

men of superior physical

ck feathers worn on their