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238

Table 6.6 Characteristics of Packings

Packing

Material

Size

Berl saddles
Berl saddles
Bialecki rings
Bialecki rings
Bialecki rings
Dinpak1 rings
Dinpak rings
EnviPac1 rings
EnviPac rings
EnviPac rings
Cascade Mini-Rings
Cascade Mini-Rings
Cascade Mini-Rings
Cascade Mini-Rings
Cascade Mini-Rings
Cascade Mini-Rings
Hackettes
Hiflow rings
Hiflow rings
Hiflow rings
Hiflow rings
Hiflow rings
Hiflow rings
Hiflow rings
Hiflow rings
Hiflow rings
Hiflow rings
Hiflow rings
Hiflow rings, super
Hiflow saddles
Intalox saddles
Intalox saddles
Nor-Pak1 rings
Nor-Pak rings
Nor-Pak rings
Nor-Pak rings

Ceramic
Ceramic
Metal
Metal
Metal
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Metal
Metal
Metal
Metal
Metal
Metal
Plastic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Metal
Metal
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Ceramic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic

25 mm
13 mm
50 mm
35 mm
25 mm
70 mm
47 mm
80 mm, no. 3
60 mm, no. 2
32 mm, no. 1
30 PMK
30 P
1.5"
1.5", T
1.0"
0.5"
45 mm
75 mm
50 mm
38 mm
20 mm, 6 stg.
20 mm, 4 stg.
50 mm
25 mm
90 mm
50 mm, hydr.
50 mm
25 mm
50 mm, S
50 mm
50 mm
50 mm
50 mm
35 mm
25 mm, type B
25 mm, 10 stg.

FP, ft2/ft3
110
240

15
29
37

16
42
9
20

40
28
14
21

a, m2/m3

e, m3/m3

Random Packings
260.0
0.680
545.0
0.650
121.0
0.966
155.0
0.967
210.0
0.956
110.7
0.938
131.2
0.923
60.0
0.955
98.4
0.961
138.9
0.936
180.5
0.975
164.0
0.959
174.9
0.974
188.0
0.972
232.5
0.971
356.0
0.955
139.5
0.928
54.1
0.868
89.7
0.809
111.8
0.788
265.8
0.776
261.2
0.779
92.3
0.977
202.9
0.962
69.7
0.968
118.4
0.925
117.1
0.924
194.5
0.918
82.0
0.942
86.4
0.938
114.6
0.761
122.1
0.908
86.8
0.947
141.8
0.944
202.0
0.953
197.9
0.920

Ch
0.620
0.833
0.798
0.787
0.692
0.991
1.173
0.641
0.794
1.039
0.930
0.851
0.935
0.870
1.040
1.338
0.643

0.958
1.167
0.876
0.799

1.038

0.651
0.587
0.601

Cp

0.719
1.011
0.891
0.378
0.514
0.358
0.338
0.549
0.851
1.056
0.632
0.627
0.641
0.882
0.399
0.435
0.538
0.621
0.628
0.421
0.689
0.276
0.311
0.327
0.741
0.414
0.454
0.747
0.758
0.350
0.371
0.397
0.383

CL

CV

cs

CFI

1.246
1.364
1.721
1.412
1.461
1.527
1.690
1.603
1.522
1.517
1.920
1.577

0.387
0.232
0.302
0.390
0.331
0.326
0.354
0.257
0.296
0.459
0.450
0.398

2.916
2.753
2.521
2.970
2.929
2.846
2.987
2.944
2.694
2.564
2.697
2.790
2.703
2.644
2.832

1.896
1.885
1.856
1.912
1.991
1.522
1.864
2.012
1.900
1.760
1.841
1.870
1.996
2.178
1.966

2.038

0.495

1.377
1.659

0.379
0.464

2.819
2.840

1.694
1.930

1.744
1.168
1.641

0.465
0.408
0.402

2.702
2.918

1.626
2.177

1.553
1.487
1.577
1.219

0.369
0.345
0.390
0.342

2.894

1.871

2.841
2.866

1.989
1.702

1.080
0.756
0.883
0.976

0.322
0.425
0.366
0.410

2.959
3.179
3.277
2.865

1.786
2.242
2.472
2.083

Page 238

Characteristics from Billet

C06
09/30/2010

Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Ceramic
Metal
Metal
Metal
Metal
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Metal
Metal
Metal
Carbon
Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Metal
Ceramic
Metal
Metal
Metal
Metal
Metal
Plastic
Plastic
Aluminum
Metal
Metal

25 mm
22 mm
15 mm
50 mm
50 mm
35 mm
25 mm
15 mm
50 mm
35 mm
25 mm
15 mm
1
2
50 mm, hydr.
50 mm
38 mm
25 mm
50 mm
38 mm
25 mm
25 mm
25 mm
15 mm
10 mm
6 mm
15 mm
25
0.3
0.5
1
2
3
2
25 mm
50 mm
50 mm, no. 2
25 mm, no. 1

31

43
27
40
56
70
26
40
55

179
380
1,000
1,600
170

40

180.0
249.0
311.4
155.2
112.6
139.4
223.5
368.4
111.1
151.1
225.0
307.9
165
100
94.3
95.2
150
190
105
135
215
202.2
190.0
312.0
440.0
771.9
378.4
190.0
315
250
160
97.6
80
100
190.0
105.5
104.6
199.6

0.927
0.913
0.918
0.754
0.951
0.965
0.954
0.933
0.919
0.906
0.887
0.894
0.940
0.945
0.939
0.983
0.930
0.940
0.975
0.965
0.960
0.720
0.680
0.690
0.650
0.620
0.917
0.680
0.960
0.975
0.980
0.985
0.982
0.960
0.930
0.956
0.980
0.975

0.601
0.343
1.066
0.784
0.644
0.719
0.590
0.593
0.718
0.528
0.491
0.640
0.640
0.439
0.640
0.640
0.719
0.784
0.644
0.714
0.623
0.577
0.648
0.791
1.094
0.455
0.577
0.750
0.620
0.750
0.720
0.620
0.720
0.588
0.881
1.135
1.369

0.397
0.365
0.233
0.763
0.967
0.957
0.990
0.698
0.927
0.865
0.595
0.485
0.350
0.468
0.672
0.800
0.763
1.003
0.957
1.329

1.329
0.760
0.780
0.500
0.464
0.430
0.377
0.538
0.604
0.773
0.782

1.278
1.192
1.012
1.440

0.333
0.410
0.341
0.336

3.793
2.725
2.629
2.627

3.024
1.580
1.679
2.083

1.239
0.856
0.905
1.913
1.486
1.270
1.481
1.520
1.320
1.320
1.192
1.277
1.440
1.379
1.361
1.276
1.303
1.130

0.368
0.380
0.446
0.370
0.360
0.320
0.341
0.303
0.333
0.333
0.345
0.341
0.336
0.471
0.412
0.401
0.272

2.816
2.654
2.696
2.825
3.612
3.412

1.757
1.742
2.064
2.400
2.401
2.174

2.843
2.843
2.841
2.725
2.629
2.627

1.812
1.812
1.989
1.580
1.679
2.083

1.361
1.500
1.450
1.290
1.323
0.850
1.250
0.899
1.326
1.222
1.376

0.412
0.450
0.430
0.440
0.400
0.300
0.337

2.454
3.560
3.350
3.491
3.326
3.260
3.326
2.913
2.528
2.806
2.755

1.899
2.340
2.200
2.200
2.096
2.100
2.096
2.132
1.579
1.689
1.970

0.389
0.420
0.405

(Continued )

Page 239

Nor-Pak rings
Nor-Pak rings
Nor-Pak rings
Pall rings
Pall rings
Pall rings
Pall rings
Pall rings
Pall rings
Pall rings
Pall rings
Raflux1 rings
Ralu flow
Ralu flow
Ralu1 rings
Ralu rings
Ralu rings
Ralu rings
Ralu rings
Ralu rings
Ralu rings
Raschig rings
Raschig rings
Raschig rings
Raschig rings
Raschig rings
Raschig rings
Raschig rings
Raschig Super-rings
Raschig Super-rings
Raschig Super-rings
Raschig Super-rings
Raschig Super-rings
Raschig Super-rings
Tellerettes
Top-Pak rings
VSP rings
VSP rings

239

C06

Page 240

cs

CFI
0.511
0.678
1.900
0.431

0.250
0.344
0.417
0.262

0.973

0.167
1.317
0.983

0.327
0.270

3.075
2.986
2.664
2.610

1.975
2.099
1.655
1.996

0.554
0.626
0.547
0.482

0.292

3.157

2.464
3.116
3.098

2.339
2.464
2.653
3.178

1.973
2.558

For the Montz packing,



120:0204 1=3
0:5062=3 0:0722 m3 /m3
16:67

From (6-97), for the Hiflow packing,



120:000942 1=3
0:9092=3 0:0637 m3 /m3
36:1

Absorption and Stripping of Dilute Mixtures

CV

0.390
0.422
0.412
0.385

0.971
1.165
1.006
0.739
1.334
0.650

0.355
0.295
0.453
0.481
0.191

0.970
0.987
0.979
0.930
0.954
0.900
0.945

Plastic
Metal
Ceramic
Metal
Metal
Metal
Plastic
Metal
Metal
Metal
Plastic
Plastic
Metal

PN-110
A2 T-304
100
250
CY
BX
250 Y
Bl-100
B1-200
B1-300
CI-200
C2-200
YC-250

33

250.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
200.0
200.0
250.0

Euroform1
Gempak
Impulse1
Impulse
Koch-Sulzer
Koch-Sulzer
Mellapak
Montz
Montz
Montz
Montz
Montz
Ralu Pak1

70
21
22

Size

DT

The functions f{rL} and f{mL} are corrections for liquid

properties given by Figures 6.35b and 6.35c, respectively.
For given flow rates, properties, and packing, the GPDC
chart is used to compute uV,f, the superficial gas velocity at
flooding. Then a fraction of flooding, f, is selected (usually
from 0.5 to 0.7), followed by calculation of the tower diameter from an equation similar to (6-44):


4V M V 0:5
6-103
f uV;f prV

Liquid holdup, column diameter, and pressure drop are closely

related. The diameter must be such that flooding is avoided and
pressure drop is below 1.5 inches of water (equivalent to 0.054
psi)/ft of packed height. General rules for packings also exist.
One is that the nominal packing diameter not be greater than
1/8 of the diameter of the column; otherwise, poor distribution
of liquid and vapor flows can occur.
Flooding data for packed columns were first correlated by
Sherwood et al. [26], who used the liquid-to-gas kineticenergy ratio, F LV LM L =VM V rV =rL 0:5 , previously used
for trayed towers, and shown in Figures 6.23 and 6.27. The
superficial gas velocity, uV, was embedded in the dimensionless term uV2 a=ge3 , arrived at by considering the square of the
actual gas velocity, uV2 =e2 ; the hydraulic radius, rH e=a,
i.e., the flow volume divided by the wetted surface area of
the packing; and the gravitational constant, g, to give a
dimensionless expression, uV2 a=ge3 uV2 F P =g. The ratio,
a/e 3, is the packing factor, FP. Values of a, e, and FP are
included in Table 6.6. In some cases, FP is a modified packing factor from experimental data, chosen to fit a generalized
correlation. Additional factors were added to account for
liquid density and viscosity and for gas density.
In 1954, Leva [48] used experimental data on ring and
saddle packings to extend the Sherwood et al. [26] flooding
correlations to include lines of constant pressure drop, the
resulting chart becoming known as the generalized pressuredrop correlation (GPDC).
A modern version of the GPDC chart by Leva [49] is
shown in Figure 6.35a. The abscissa is FLV; the ordinate is
!
uV2 F P
rv
6-102
f frL gf fuL g
g
rH2 OL

6.8.2 Flooding, Column Diameter,

and Pressure Drop

Note that for the Hiflow packing, the void fraction available for gas
flow is reduced by the liquid flow from e 0:977 (Table 6.6) to
0:977  0:064 0:913 m3 =m3 . For Montz packing, the reduction is
from 0.979 to 0.907 m3/m3.

hL

hL

CL
Ch
e, m3/m3
a, m2/m3
Material

FP, ft2/ft3
Packing

Structured Packings
110.0
0.936
202.0
0.977
91.4
0.838
250.0
0.975

Cp

Chapter 6

Characteristics from Billet

09/30/2010

240

Table 6.6 (Continued )