Final Review Sheet

This is not a complete review sheet, some answers were not found,
it is your responsibility to find them

Teleology- Goal or end (focus on virtue and responsibility)

Deontology- Duty or obligation (focus on motivation for action)

Utilitarianism- Goal or end (the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of
people)

Law of Human Nature Natural law is the idea that there is an objective moral order,
grounded in essential humanity that holds universal and permanent implications for
the ways we should conduct ourselves as free and responsible human beings

The Common Good- what’s good for the whole society, not what is good for just one
person (duh)

Moral Relativism- is the view that ethical standards, morality, and positions of right
or wrong are culturally based and therefore subject to a person's individual choice

Character- the inherent complex of attributes that determines a person’s moral and
ethical actions and reactions

Integrity- moral soundness

Virtues- the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong

Vices- frailty: moral weakness

The Theological Virtues-

➢ Faith- steadfastness in belief

➢ Hope- expectation of and desire of receiving; refraining from despair and
capability of not giving up
➢ Love- selfless, unconditional, and voluntary loving-kindness such as helping
one's neighbors

The Cardinal Virtues-

➢ Fortitude- forbearance, endurance, and ability to confront fear and uncertainty,

or intimidation
➢ Prudence- able to judge between actions with regard to appropriate actions at a
given time
➢ Justice- proper moderation between self-interest and the rights and needs of
others
➢ Temperance- practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation (lol)

A Framework For Moral Decision Making-

➢ Which option will produce the most good and do the least harm?
➢ Which option respects the rights and dignity of all stakeholders? Even if not
everyone gets all they want, will everyone still be treated fairly?
➢ Which option would promote the common good and help all participate more
fully in the goods we share as a society, as a community, as a company, as a
family?
➢ Which option would enable the deepening or development of those virtues or
character traits that we value as individuals? as a profession? as a society?

Awareness of a Moral Dilemma- No Clue.

Moral Discernment- Of keen insight or good judgement; perceptive

Judgment / Decision- Self-explanatory

Action- acting on the specific moral issue in order to resolve

Conscience- conformity to one's own sense of right conduct

Well Informed Conscience- A conscience which has been influenced by morally

correct, and ethical people

A Consistent Ethic of Life- all human life is sacred and should be protected by law

The Gospel of Life- Evangelium Vitae (Latin: "The Gospel of Life") is the name of the
encyclical written by Pope John Paul II which expresses the position of the Catholic
Church regarding the value and inviolability of human life

The Culture of Death- Coined by the Evangelium Vitae, it describes it as the

proponents of pro-choice and other highly debatable ethical issues

Sexuality as Sacramental- The view that sex and sexuality should be based on true,
pure love, and not on sheer lust and animalistic drives

Gender- the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive
roles

Pornography- the depiction of explicit sexual subject matter for the purposes of
sexual excitement

Homosexuality- a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same
sex

Abortion- the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the

uterus of a fetus or embryo
Artificial Insemination- the introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by some
means other than sexual intercourse

In Vitro Fertilization-is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside
the womb, in vitro

Adult Stem Cell Research- the “more ethical” (in the views of Christianity) way to
research the benefits of stem cells given from consenting adults

Embryonic Stem Cells- the highly controversial use of stem cells from a newly
conceived fetus (in the form of a blastocyst)

Principle of Double Effect- is a set of ethical criteria for evaluating the permissibility
of acting when one's otherwise legitimate act (for example, relieving a terminally ill
patient's pain) will also cause an effect one would normally be obliged to avoid (for
example, the patient's death.)

➢ the nature of the act is itself good, or at least morally neutral;

➢ the agent intends the good effect and not the bad either as a means to
the good or as an end itself;
➢ the good effect outweighs the bad effect in circumstances sufficiently
grave to justify causing the bad effect and the agent exercises due
diligence to minimize the harm.
Euthanasia- the practice of ending a life in a manner which relieves pain and
suffering
➢ Euthanasia conducted with the consent of the patient is termed
voluntary euthanasia
➢ Euthanasia conducted where the consent of the patient is unavailable
is termed non-voluntary euthanasia.
➢ Passive euthanasia entails the withholding of common treatments,
such as antibiotics, necessary for the continuance of life. Whether the
administration of increasingly necessary, albeit toxic doses of opioid
analgesia is regarded as active or passive euthanasia is a matter of
moral interpretation, but in order to pacify doctors' consciences, it is
usually regarded as a passive measure.
➢ Active euthanasia entails the use of lethal substances or forces to kill
and is the most controversial means. An individual may use a
euthanasia device to perform active voluntary euthanasia on himself /
herself.
Physician Assisted Suicide- the common term for controversial actions by
which an individual helps another person die upon their wanting to do so
Ordinary Methods of Medical Treatment-
➢ Low risk of harm.
➢ Simple, relatively low tech.
 ➢ Routine.
➢ Good chance for benefit to the patient.
➢ Relatively inexpensive.
➢ Available to most people who need it.
➢ Causes little pain or distress.
Extraordinary Methods of Medical Treatment-
➢ High Risk
➢ Complex, relatively high tech.
➢ Innovative, experimental, unusual.
➢ Relatively small chance for benefit to the patient.
➢ Relatively expensive.
➢ Available to few (may involve distributive justice issues).
➢ Usually a source of pain or distress.
Proportionate and Disproportionate Care- the principle addresses whether
the forgoing of life-sustaining treatment constitutes euthanasia or physician-
assisted suicide in certain circumstances and it guides individuals and
surrogate decision-makers in the weighing of benefits and burdens
Excessive Burdens- A source of great worry or stress; weight
Artificial Nutrition and Hydration- Artificial nutrition and hydration supplements or
replaces ordinary eating and drinking by giving a chemically balanced mix of
nutrients and fluids through a tube placed directly into the stomach, the upper
intestine or a vein.
Living Will/Healthcare Directive- a document written by someone still legally
capable requesting that he should be allowed to die if subsequently severely
disabled or suffering terminal illness / known as living wills, advance directives, or
advance decisions, are instructions given by individuals specifying what actions
should be taken for their health in the event that they are no longer able to make
decisions due to illness or incapacity
Hospice Care- is a type of care and a philosophy of care which focuses on the
palliation of a terminally ill patient's symptoms. These symptoms can be physical,
emotional, spiritual or social in nature
Rehabilitation- To restore to useful life, as through therapy and education or To
restore to good condition, operation, or capacity
Retribution- the dispensing or receiving of reward or punishment especially in the
hereafter
General and Particular Deterrence- concerned with trying to persuade others who
might be inclined to offend not to do so is known as general deterrence / which
attempts to persuade the individual before the court not to commit further offences
is called specific deterrence