The History of Java Technology

See a text-version of the Java History Timeline

Since 1995, Java has changed our world . . . and our expectations..
Today, with technology such a part of our daily lives, we take it for granted that we can be
connected and access applications and content anywhere, anytime. Because of Java, we
expect digital devices to be smarter, more functional, and way more entertaining.
In the early 90s, extending the power of network computing to the activities of everyday life was
a radical vision. In 1991, a small group of Sun engineers called the "Green Team" believed that
the next wave in computing was the union of digital consumer devices and computers. Led by
James Gosling, the team worked around the clock and created the programming language that
would revolutionize our world Java.
The Green Team demonstrated their new language with an interactive, handheld homeentertainment controller that was originally targeted at the digital cable television industry.
Unfortunately, the concept was much too advanced for the them at the time. But it was just right
for the Internet, which was just starting to take off. In 1995, the team announced that the
Netscape Navigator Internet browser would incorporate Java technology.
Today, Java not only permeates the Internet, but also is the invisible force behind many of the
applications and devices that power our day-to-day lives. From mobile phones to handheld
devices, games and navigation systems to e-business solutions, Java is everywhere!

History of programming languages

The Antikythera mechanism from ancient Greece was a calculator utilizing gears of various sizes and
configuration to determine its operation,[3] which tracked the metonic cycle still used in lunar-to-solar
calendars, and which is consistent for calculating the dates of the Olympiads.[4] Al-Jazari built
programmable Automata in 1206. One system employed in these devices was the use of pegs
and cams placed into a wooden drum at specific locations, which would sequentially trigger levers that in
turn operated percussion instruments. The output of this device was a small drummer playing various
rhythms and drum patterns.[5][6] The Jacquard Loom, which Joseph Marie Jacquard developed in 1801,
uses a series of pasteboard cards with holes punched in them. The hole pattern represented the pattern
that the loom had to follow in weaving cloth. The loom could produce entirely different weaves using
different sets of cards. Charles Babbage adopted the use of punched cards around 1830 to control
his Analytical Engine. The first computer program was written for the Analytical Engine by
mathematician Ada Lovelace to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli Numbers.[7] The synthesis of numerical
calculation, predetermined operation and output, along with a way to organize and input instructions in a
manner relatively easy for humans to conceive and produce, led to the modern development of computer
programming. Development of computer programming accelerated through theIndustrial Revolution.

database

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A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can
easily be accessed, managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be
classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and
images.
In computing, databases are sometimes classified according to their
organizational approach. The most prevalent approach is the relational
database, a tabular database in which data is defined so that it can be
reorganized and accessed in a number of different ways. A distributed
database is one that can be dispersed or replicated among different points in
a network. An object-oriented programming database is one that is
congruent with the data defined in object classes and subclasses.
Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files,
such as sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer
profiles. Typically, a database manager provides users the capabilities of
controlling read/write access, specifying report generation, and analyzing
usage. Databases and database managers are prevalent in
largemainframe systems, but are also present in smaller
distributed workstation and mid-range systems such as the AS/400 and on
personal computers. SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard
language for making interactive queries from and updating a database such
as IBM's DB2, Microsoft's SQL Server, and database products
from Oracle, Sybase, and Computer Associates.
the primary key for that data entity. In an entity relationship diagram, each entity
relationship uses a unique key, most often the primary key, of one data entity and copies
the unique key data attributes to another data entity to which it relates.
a foreign key and is used to provide data access paths between data entities. Once
the data model is instantiated into a database, each data entity usually becomes
a database table, unique keys become unique indexes associated with their assigned
database tables, and entity relationships become foreign key constraints
a relational database, a unique key index can uniquely identify each row of data
values in a database table. A unique key index comprises a single column or a set of
columns in a single database table. No two distinct rows or data records in a database
table can have the same data value (or combination of data values) in those unique key
index columns if NULL values are not used. Depending on its design, a database table
may have many unique key indexes but at most one primary key index.

Speech is the physical productionof sound using our tongue, lips,

palate and respiratory system to communicate ideas.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based
primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a
standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by foreign
languagestudents and teachers, linguists, Speech-Language
Pathologists, singers, actors, lexicographers, constructed language creators (conlangers),
andtranslators.
The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are distinctive in spoken
language: phonemes, intonation, and the separation ofwords and syllables. To represent
additional qualities of speech such as tooth gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft
palate, an extended set of symbols called the Extensions to the IPA may be used.

Speech organs produce the many sounds needed for language. Organs used include
the lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum (soft palate), uvula and glottis.
Speech organsor articulatorsare of two types: passive articulators and active
articulators. Passive articulators remain static during the articulation of sound. Upper
lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and pharynx wall are passive
articulators. Active articulators move relative to these passive articulators to produce
various speech sounds, in different manners. The most important active articulator is the
tongue. The lower lip and glottis are other active articulators.