Data:

Water
Mass of 10 mL graduated cylinder: 25.70 g
Temp
(C)
30.5

Specific Gravity
0.990

( 60F/60F)
0.995
0.995

Mass(g)

Volume

Ave

Density

0.99

0.99251

35.6

35.6

35.8

10

0.98418

9
35.7

9
35.8

2
35.8

10

10

10

1.00967

10

10

10

1.00900

40

0.985

0.985

0.985

3
0.98

50

0.980

0.980

0.980

5
0.98

3
0.97918

2
35.7

6
35.7

1
35.8

Ave

Densit

(mL)
10 10

Ave
Density
1.00333

Sugar
Mass of beaker: 51.39 g
Temp

Specific Gravity

Mass(g)

Volume

Ave

68.9

68.1

68.1

(mL)
20 20 20

Density
0.851167

(C)
29.5

( 60F/60F)
1.04
1.04
1.04

1.04

y
1.03914

41

1.03

1.035

1.03

1.03081

6
67.2

8
67.4

5
67.2

20

20

20

0.797167

1.029

2
1.02

1.02815

8
68.3

5
67.6

7
68.0

20

20

20

0.830333

50

1.03

1.03
1.028

Salt
Mass of beaker(50 mL): 29.12g
Temp
(C)
30
41
51

Specific Gravity
( 60F/60F)
1.068
1.069
1.07
1.065
1.064
1.066
1.059
1.060
1.059

Ave

Densit

1.069
1.064
1.0593

y
1.06811
1.06312
1.05845

39.70
39.85
39.69

Mass(g)

Volume

Ave

39.75
39.80
39.75

(mL)
10 10 10
10 10 10
10 10 10

Density
1.061667
1.070000
1.060333

39.76
39.81
39.73

Oil
Mass of beaker: 114.94 g
Temp

Specific Gravity

Ave

Densit

Mass(g)

Volume (mL)

Ave

(C)

(60F/60F)

30

0.92

0.91

0.91

0.9183

40

5
0.90

5
0.90

5
0.90

50

3
0.89

2
0.90

Density

0.91757

199.5

199.6

199.5

10

10

10

0.846500

3
0.9033

0.90258

9
199.5

199.5

8
199.5

0
10

0
10

0
10

0.846267

5
0.90

3
0.8970

0.89626

7
199.2

7
199.2

6
199.2

0
10

0
10

0
10

0.843033

Theoretical Density of Water:

Temperature (C)

Density (g/mL)

30

0.99568

30.5

0.99551

0.996336

40

0.99225

0.993074

50

0.98807

0.988890

SG

(Geankoplis Appendix
Theoretical Density of Salt:
%

25C

30C

40C

1.05412

1.04798

12

1.08365

1.07699

10

1.068885

1.06675

1.062485

41

1.06198

50C

60C

Temp(*C)

SG

1.0381

30

1.06764

1.0667

41

1.06286

1.0524

51

1.05782

1.05744

51

1.05694

(Perrys Handbook)
Theoretical Density of Oil (Coconut):
Temp(C)

Density(g/mL)

Temp(C)

Density(g/mL)

SG

37.8

0.9107

30

0.910700

0.911456

48.9

0.9033

40

0.909233

0.909988

60

0.8949

50

0.902468

0.903217

(Noureddini et.al, 1992)

Calculation:
Density Calculation:
Hydrometer Method:

SG=

fluid
reference

reference = water at 60 F = 999.1706 g/L=0.9991706 g/mL

fluid =SG ave reference
e.g:

water at 30 =0.993 0.9991706= 0.992176

Mass and Volume Method:

fluid =

massbeaker +fluid massbeaker

volume

e.g:

water at 30 =

35.69 g25.70 g
=0.999 g / mL
10 mL

Average Density:
Hydrometer Method:

Average Density=(

SG T rial 1+ SG Trial 2 +SG Trial 3

) reference
3
g
0.9991706
=0.99251 g/ml
( 0.990+ 0.995+0.995
)
3
mL

Average Density water at 30 =

Mass and Volume Method:

Constant volume

Average Density=

trial 1

+ trial 2+ trial3
3

Average Density water at 30

35.69 g25.7 g
35.69 g25.7 g
35.82 g25.7 g
+(
+(
(
)
)
)]
10 mL
10 mL
10 mL
=[
3

Percentage Error:

theoretic al valueexperimental value

100
theoretical value

%Error=
Note: Average density values are used.
e.g:
Hydrometer:

100=0.35
0.99568
%Error water at 30 =

0.995680.992176

Mass and Volume:

100=0.77
0.99568
%Error water at 30 =

0.995681.00333

Density vs Temperature Graph(Hydrometer)

1.1
f(x) = - 0x + 1.08
R
f(x)==1 - 0x + 1.05

1.05
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

water

R = 0.94
f(x) = - 0x + 1.01
R = 0.98

0.95

Linear (water)
sugar
Linear (sugar)

0.9

f(x) = - 0x + 0.95
R = 0.95

salt
Linear (salt)

0.85

oil
Linear (oil)

0.8
25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Temperature

Density vs Temperature Graph(Mass and Volume)

1.1
1.05
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

f(x) = - 0x + 1.07
R = 0.02

water

f(x) = 0x + 1
R = 0.66

0.95

Linear (water)
sugar
Linear (sugar)

0.9

Linear (sugar)

0.85

salt

f(x) = - 0x + 0.85
f(x) = - 0x + 0.87
R = 0.8
R = 0.15

0.8

Linear (salt)
oil

0.75
25

30

35

40
Temperature

Percentage Error/Difference:

45

50

55

Linear (oil)

Water:
Temperature(C)

%Error in Hydrometer

%Error in Mass & Volume

30.5

0.30

0.786

40

0.81

1.76

50

0.90

2.12

Temperature(C)

%Error in Hydrometer

%Error in Mass & Volume

29.5

0.11

18.0

41

0.69

23.20

50

0.95

20.01

Temperature(C)

%Error in Hydrometer

%Error in Mass & Volume

30

0.127

0.476

41

0.107

0.755

51

0.143

0.321

Temperature(C)

%Error in Hydrometer

%Error in Mass & Volume

30

0.75

7.05

40

0.73

6.93

50

0.69

6.59

Sugar:

Salt:

Oil:

Objectives:
1. To measure the specific gravity of various fluids using a hydrometer and compare it
with their theoretical values
2. To determine and compare the densities of different fluids using 2 methods
measuring specific gravity and measuring corresponding mass and volume
3. To determine the relationship of density and temperature
Results & Discussions:
The measurement of density using hydrometer gave specific gravity (60/60F) data for the
fluids. The calculation of density is acquired from equation[xx] which uses the 60 F density of water as
the reference liquid. It is shown in table [theo water], [theo salt], and [theo oil] the theoretical densities of
the water, salt, and oil, respectively, at temperatures 30C, 40C and 50C. /For the sugar solution, table
of densities vs temperature is not found and only the density at 20C is available which is 1.038 g/mL.
This value is used for the calculation of percentage error in the experimental values of density at different
temperatures since it can be assumed that as long as the percentage error is less than 5 percent, the values
are acceptable. This assumption is taken from the fact that the change in density of the sugar at 30C, 40C
and 50C is minimal and only has a change of 0.01 to 0.02 in density/. The calculated densities of the
fluids using the hydrometer gave at most 0.95 percent error in sugar but this error is the cause of the
assumption that has been made. So, the proper greatest percentage error that has been made by the use of
hydrometer is the 0.90 percent at 50C of water.
The determination of density is also acquired from the method of mass and volume
measurement. The experimental data of water using this method showed at most 2.12 percent difference
at 50C. It is also observed that at the measurement of density of water, the densities acquired from this
method are greater than the theoretical values while in the measurement of densities using the
hydrometer showed less than the theoretical values. On other liquids like the sugar solution and oil, the
densities acquired from the mass and volume method are less than the values acquired from the method
using the hydrometer. The data taken from the sugar solution using the mass and volume method also
showed very large difference compared to the data taken using the hydrometer resulting to a maximum
of 23.20 percentage error at 41C and a minimum 18 percent at 29.5C. The salt solution showed erratic
data in which the data of the mass and volume method showed no pattern but the values of both data are
closer than that of the other liquids. Although the data of the salt solution showed inconsistency, it
showed at most 0.755 percentage error at 41C. The pattern of the data for the oil solution in the mass
and volume method is almost the same with the sugar but it has lesser difference in the data taken from
the hydrometer. It exhibited at most 7.05 percentage error at 30C and at least 6.59 percent at 50C. It is
assumed that the greatest possible percentage error that can be accepted is 5 percent and the sugar
solution and oil showed greater than 5 percent in error. Therefore, the data of mass and volume method
for both fluids is not dependable.
The measurement of densities is also to determine its relationship with temperature. All the
experimental data using the hydrometer showed that density decreases as the temperature increases.

/This is true and can be backed up by the idea that the molecules of the liquid are agitated by heat and
their movement is increased. The increased movement of the molecules will also increase the volume they
will occupy and while the volume is increased the mass stays the same. In which, the density will
decrease just by analyzing the mass over volume formula since volume increases while the mass is
constant/. Thus, the data taken using the hydrometer are following the theoretical relationship of density
and temperature. On the other hand, the experimental data acquired from the mass and volume method
showed inconsistency. The experimental density data of water using the mass and volume method
increased as the temperature is increased. The experimental data of sugar and salt using mass and
volume method is very inconsistent. Only the oil followed the theoretical relationship of density and
temperature. Thus, it can be established that the hydrometer is more reliable in measuring density than
the mass and volume method.