All animals can trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived in the

Neoproterozoic era
What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common? Presence of Hox
genes
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? nervous system signal conduction
and muscular movement
A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal
kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of
the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny? Collagen genes
A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A
postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide
whether it is an animal or a fungus? Look for cell walls under a microscope.
The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the
Cambrian explosion
Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal?
Choanoflagellates
Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of adaptive
radiation
Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most
clearly implies that: arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than
have vertebrates
Asymmetry: Sponge
Radial Symmetry: Jelly, Hydra
Bilateral Symmetry: Bobcat, Turtle, Snake, Octopus
Triploblasts have tissues derived from three embryonic germ layers: endoderm inside,
ectoderm outside, and mesoderm in the middle.
The three basic body plans of triploblasts relate to the presence or absence of a body
cavity.
No body cavity: acoelomate
Body cavity lined on the inner side by endoderm-derived tissue and on the outer side by
mesoderm-derived tissue: pseudocoelomate
Body cavity lined entirely by mesoderm-derived tissue: coelomate

Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several aspects of their early embryonic

development

Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation?
type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom)
The oldest generally accepted fossils of large animals range in age from 565 to 550
million years old. The Ediacaran biota was a group of early animals. Some are sponges,
whereas others may be related to living cnidarians. Still others of these fossil organisms
have proven difficult to classify. Read about this biota.
Identify the features that distinguish animals from organisms in other multicellular
kingdoms.
Animals are ingestive heterotrophs.
Select the correct statement(s) about animal body plans.
Development in all animals is determined by the unique family of Hox genes (or
other similar homeobox genes).

What is the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom?

Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue. A coelom is formed from mesoderm
tissue, whereas a pseudocoelom is formed from mesoderm and endoderm and is not fully
lined with mesoderm
Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human
twins?
Deuterostomes have indeterminate development.
Most deuterostomes have indeterminate cleavage, meaning that each cell produced by
early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. For
example, if the cells of a sea urchin embryo are isolated at the four-cell stage, each can
form a complete larva. It is the indeterminate cleavage of the human zygote that makes
identical twins possible.
Which of these primate groups is most closely related to humans?
Apes
Prosimians are the oldest known primate group
The primates that spend the most time walking upright are the homonids
Which of these anthropoid groups consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and
whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length? Monkeys
Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have
nostrils that are wide open and far apart? New World monkeys (New World=Western
Hemisphere)
Which of the following statements about hominin evolution is correct?
As hominins have evolved, sexual dimorphism was significantly reduced (Reduced
sexual dimorphism is associated with pair-bonding)
On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is an opening where
the spinal cord enters the skull. The location of this opening toward the bottom of the
skull is significant in evolutionary biology for what reason?
It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance.
In what respect do hominins differ from all other anthropoids?
bipedal posture

Arrange the following taxonomic terms in order from most inclusive (most general) to
least inclusive (most specific). 5, 4, 1, 2, 3
1. apes

2. hominins
3. Homo
4 anthropoids
5. primates
Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption of bipedalism?
repositioning of foramen magnum
Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct?
The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved separately.
With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree?
Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common
ancestor.
Which of the following chordate groups include(s) humans?
Amniotes, Gnathostomes, Hominins
Which of the following statements describing hominin evolution is/are correct
Homo sapiens is the only surviving member of a highly branched evolutionary tree
of hominin species. The first hominin species evolved from chimpanzees.