Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GeologyofHydrocarbons
GEOL 4324001
2:00to3:20,TuesdaysandThursdays
Room104,HoldenHall
Textbook:
NontechnicalGuideto
PetroleumGeology,Exploration,DrillingandProduction,
3rd edition
By
NormanJ.Hyne
PennWell Corporation
Prerequisite:
PetroleumEngineeringmajors
GEOL 3324GeologyforPetroleumEngineers(passedwithCorbetter)
GEOL4324,Spring2016
Grading
Exam
Date
Chapters
Exam #1
Feb. 18
25%
Ch. 1 7
Exam #2
Mar. 31
25%
Ch. 8 13
10%
Ch. 8
10%
Ch. 18
Exam #3
May 3
20%
Ch. 8, 1718, 27
Attendance
cumulative
10%
All days
Final (optional)
May 13
A(>85%),B(>70%),C(>55%),D(>40%),F(<40%)
Miniprojectsareopenbook.
Allexamsareclosedbook.Arulerandacalculatorallowed.
TopHatwillbeusedforattendancetaking(www.tophat.com).
PDFcopyofthelectureslidescanbedownloadedviaTopHat.
GEOL4324,Spring2016
1/19/2016
Schedule
Tue.
1/26
2/2
2/9
2/16
2/23
3/1
3/8
3/15
3/22
3/29
4/5
4/12
4/19
4/26
5/3
5/10
Thur.
1/21
Propertiesofgasandoil,Ch.1
1/28
Geologictimescaleandgeochronology, 2/4
Ch.4
Sedimentarybasins,Ch.67
2/11
Basicsofmaps,Ch.8
2/18
Sourcerocks,Ch.9
2/25
Reservoirrocks,Ch.10
3/3
Petroleumtraps,Ch.11
3/10
SpringBreak
3/17
Geophysicalexplorationtechniques,
3/24
Ch.13
Unconventionaloilandgas,Ch.27
3/31
Contourmaps,Ch.8
4/7
Miniproject1:subsurfacemapping
4/14
Welltesting,Ch.1718
4/21
Miniproject2:welllogcorrelation
4/28
Exam#3
5/5
Reviewofexplorationtechniques
5/13
Introduction
Rocksandminerals,Ch.23
Deformationofsedimentaryrocks,Ch.
5
Sedimentarybasins,Ch.67
Exam#1
Reservoirrocks,Ch.10
Petroleumtraps,Ch.11
Petroleumexploration,Ch.12
SpringBreak
Geophysicalexplorationtechniques,
Ch.13
Exam#2
Subsurfacestratigraphicmaps,Ch.8
Miniproject1:subsurfacemapping
Geologiccrosssection
Miniproject2:welllogcorrelation
Reviewofexplorationtechniques
FinalExam(optional)
GEOL4324,Spring2016
UsefulOnlineResources
www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com
wiki.aapg.org
GEOL4324,Spring2016
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Resourcesinthetextbook
GEOL4324,Spring2016
170pagesofGlossary
GEOL4324,Spring2016
1/19/2016
Reviewingthematerials
fromGEOL3324willbe
helpful.
GEOL4324,Spring2016
SomeBasicTermsinPetroleumGeology
Petroleum
Naturallyoccurringhydrocarbonandotherorganicsubstance.
Hydrocarbons
Compoundsmadeupsolelyofhydrogen(H)andcarbon(C)
Crudeoil
Petroleuminliquidform
Heavy crude=verythickandviscous,difficulttoproduce
Light crude=veryfluid,easytoproduce,richingasoline($$$)
Naturalgas
Petroleumingaseousphase.Mixtureofprimarilymethane(CH4),otherhydrocarbon,
CO2,nitrogen,andhydrogensulfide.Wetgascontainscondensates whiledrygas
doesnot.
Gascondensate
Alighthydrocarbonmixturethatisaliquid(gasoline)undersurfaceconditionsbutis
agasundersubsurfacereservoirconditionsofhightemperature.
Wet gas=naturalgascontainingcondensate
Dry gas=naturalgaswithnocondensate
GEOL4324,Spring2016
1/19/2016
Theessentialelementsofaplay
PetroleumChargeSystem
Petroleumgenerationinsourcerocks
Expulsionofpetroleum
Migrationintoreservoirs
Reservoir
Porosityandinterconnectivity
Depositionalenvironment
Diagenesis
TrapsandTopseal (Caprock)
Structural/stratigraphic/hydrodynamicmechanismtodirectandconcentrate
petroleumfluidtoaspecificlocationinthereservoir.
Timelyrelationshipoftheseelements.
A(petroleum)playisaperceptionorconceptualmodelofhowanumberofgeologic
factorsmightcombinetoproducepetroleumaccumulationsataspecificstratigraphic
level.(where,whenandhow).
GEOL4324,Spring2016
GenerationofPetroleum
Sedimentaryrocks
Madeofloosemud&sandparticles,plant&animalremainssettleddownatthe
bottomofseas,lakes,rivers.
OriginofPetroleum
1. Organicmatter(deadplantandanimalmaterial)isburiedandpreservedin
sedimentaryrocks.
2. Theorganicmatterisheatedbygeothermalheatasitbecomesmoredeeply
buriedovertime,anditchemicallytransformsitselftocrudeoiland/ornatural
gas.
SourceRocks
Organicrichrockscapableof
expellingpetroleumcompounds.
GEOL4324,Spring2016
1/19/2016
MigrationofPetroleumthroughSedimentaryRocks
Mostsedimentaryrockshaveporespacesi.e.voidsbetweenthesmall,individual
sedimentaryparticlespackedtogether.
Porosity
Ameasureoftherocksporespacevolume
Oilandgasarelessdense
thanwater.Oncetheyreach
thereservoirrock,theymake
theirwayup,displacingthe
wateroccupyingporespaces.
GEOL4324,Spring2016
ReservoirRocks
Areservoirrockmustbeporousenoughtoconstituteatankofpetroleumwithinthe
trapanditsporesmustbesufficientlyinterconnectedtoallowthecontainedpetroleum
fluidstoflowthroughtherocktowardthewellbore.
Atrapisahighpointinthereservoirrockwherethemigratingpetroleumhitsan
imperviouswallandaccumulates.
leastdense
mostdense
GEOL4324,Spring2016
1/19/2016
Howdowefindatrap?
Mostpetroleumtrapsarelocatedat
somedepthwheresedimentaryrocksare
verythick(>>1km).Insearchofatrap,
randomdrillingwouldbetooexpensive
andtootimeconsuming.
Inseismicexploration,scientists
artificiallygenerate,smallearthquakes
andobservewheretheseismicwaves
bounce.
Thatinformationallowsgeoscientiststo
delineatethegeometryofsubsurface
rocklayersandfaults.
Inmakinggeologicinterpretationofthe
seismicdata,scientistsmaybeableto
locateapotentialtrap.
Seismicmethodshelpyoubetterunderstandthesubsurfacegeology,butdonotfindatrap
foryou.
GEOL4324,Spring2016
DrillingBasics
Wildcat
An exploration well. The significance of this type
of well to the drilling crew and well planners is
that by definition, little if anything about the
subsurface geology is known with certainty,
especially the pressure regime.
SchlumbergerOilFieldGlossary
Drillmud/fluid
Removescutting.
Preventthewater/oil/gasfrom
flowingoutoftherockformation.
GEOL4324,Spring2016
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Atypicaldrillingoperation
PPDM WellOperationsReferenceGuide
GEOL4324,Spring2016
PPDM WellOperationsReferenceGuide
GEOL4324,Spring2016
1/19/2016
OptionsforOffshoreDrilling
PPDM WellOperationsReferenceGuide
GEOL4324,Spring2016
WellboreTrajectory
horizontal
WellOperationsReferenceGuide(www.ppdm.org)
GEOL4324,Spring2016
1/19/2016
Mudlogging
Detailrecord(log)ofvisualandchemicalanalysesofthecuttingsandthedrillmud
broughttothesurfaceasthewellisdrilled.Therockslithology(rocktype)andtracesof
oilandgasarerecorded.Performedatthewellsite.
CrainsPetrophysical Handbook
Wikipedia
GEOL4324,Spring2016
WellLogging
WellLog
Adetailedrecordof
thegeologicformation
penetratedbythe
borehole.Most
commonly,alog
consistsofgraphsof
thephysical
measurementsmade
byinstruments
insertedintothehole.
TripleCombotool
(InternationalOceanDiscoveryProject)
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Examplesofwelllogs
Theloggingtoolisfirst
loweredtothebottomofthe
hole.Then,itisslowly
pulledupasthetool
measuresvariousphysical
propertiesofthewellbore
rockformation.Thedataare
plottedagainstthedepth.
Asquith(1984)
GEOL4324,Spring2016
WellCompletion
Installationofequipmenttoprepareforproducingoiland/orgasfromawell
open
producingformation
Perforation
Holesshotincasing,cement,andreservoir
rocktoallowoil/gastoflowintothewell
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EquipmentforSurfaceCompletion
Naturalgasflowsoutbyitself.
Dependingonthereservoirpressure
andthepropertyoftheoil,oilmayflow
upbyitself.
TheChristmastreecontrolstheflow.
Formostoilwell,oilmustbepumpedout.
GEOL4324,Spring2016
Separator
Naturalgas(bubbles
out)andoccupiesthe
top.
Watersettlesdownat
thebottom.
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EnhancedOilRecovery
While80%ofthegasinthereservoirisrecoverable,only35%oftheoil,onthe
average,isrecoverable.InanEOR,waterorgasisinjectedintotheoil/gas
reservoir.Theinjectedwaterorgaspushestheoiltowardtheproductionwelland
resultsinhigherrecoveryrates.
AAPG Wiki
GEOL4324,Spring2016
WellStimulation
Engineeringmethodsusedtoincreasethepermeabilityofareservoiraround
thewellbore.Thatresultsinincreasedproduction.
HydraulicFracturing
Wikipedia
GEOL4324,Spring2016
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