MSK Anatomy

Annalisa Na, PT, DPT, OCS

Types of Bones

Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular
Sesamoid

Structures of a Long Bone

Epiphysis: Rounded end

separated by cartilage

Metaphysis: Bone transition

Diaphysis: Thick compact bone

that includes the shaft

Long Bone - Outer

End:
Articular Cartilage
Cortical Shell

Shaft
Cortical Bone (Compact)
Periosteum (Fibrous)

Long Bone - Inner

End
Cancellous bone (Trabecular)
Epiphyseal plates/lines

Shaft
Endosteum
Medullary Cavity - Bone marrow

Bone Anatomy

Head: proximal articular end of the bone

Neck: the region of bone between the
head and the shaft.

Crest: Prominent ridge

Condyle: large, rounded articular process

Epicondyle: Projection near to a condyle
but not part of the joint

Tubercle: projection or bump with a

roughened surface, smaller than
tuberosity

Lateral
Epicondyle

Facet: Small, flattened articular surface

Foramen: Opening in the bone

Process: relatively large projection or prominent bump

Articular Process: projection that contacts another bone

Spine: relatively long, thin

projection or bump

Tuberosity: projection or
bump with a roughened
surface

Eminence: Relatively small

projection or bump

Fossa: Broad, shallow

depressed area

Ramus: an arm-like branch

off the body of a bone

Cartilage

Less rigid than bone

Less flexible than muscle

Specialized cells: chondrocyte

Extracellular matrix collagen
Ground substance proteoglycan
Elastin Fiber

Types:
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline
Articular Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Yellow elastic
Elastic fibers = Elastin
Scattered throughout matrix
Function: Allows flexibility that withstands repeated bending
Examples: Ears, larynx, epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

White bundles
Dense fibers
Combination of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue
Function: Strength and support
Examples:
Annulus Fibrosis
Pubic Symphysis
Knee menisci

Hyaline Cartilage

Freely distributed collagen fibers in a translucent matrix

Characteristics: flexible and elastic
Function:
Reduces friction at joint
Movement
Support
Growth
Example: Trachea, rib-sternum, articular cartilage

Joints
Synovial

Allow movement
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane/fluid
Fibrous membrane

Nonsynovial Joint

Restrict movement
Connective tissue
(dense/fibrous)
Cartilage

Nonsynovial Joints
Synostosis joined by bone
Cranial sutures

Synchondrosis joined by cartilage

cartilage ribs
Intervertebral discs
Epiphyseal plates
Syndesmosis joined by fibrous tissue
Radial-ulnar
Tibia-fibular

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Synovial Joints

Always
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Synovial membrane
Capsular ligaments
Blood vessels
Sensory nerves

Sometimes
Intraarticular discs or menisci
Periphera labrum
Fat pads
Synovial plicae
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Synovial (Diarthrosis)

Function: provides for movement of the MSK system

Hinge: flexion and extension only

Ellipsoid: biplanar motion

Condyloid: biplanar

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Plane Joint - slide

(translation) and rotation

Saddle: biplanar motion, spins

with locking mechanism

Ball-and-Socket Joint:
Triplanar motion

Pivot: spinning around single

axis of rotation

Muscles

Stabilization of Joints
~ 700 muscles
40-50% of body weight
Provide Forces and Motions to the Body

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Muscle Types

Cardiac
Heart
Involuntary

Smooth
Visceral

Skeletal
Striated
Voluntary

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Function

Apply contractile force

Create tension between attachment points

Origin proximal attachment
Insertion distal attachment

Muscle creates motion at the joint it crosses

Uniarticular
Biarticular

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Passive Stability

Varying degrees of stretch

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Motion

Agonist causes a motion

Antagonist opposes a motion

Synergist helps agonist

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Shoulder

Acrimion-clavicular (AC)
Scapula
Clavicle

Glenohumeral
Scapula
Humerus

Scapulo-thoracic
Scapula
T-spine

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Hip

Femur
Femoral head

Pelvis
Acetablum

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Ankle

Talocrural

Subtalar

Distal TibioFibular Joint

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Upper Cervical Spine

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Spine

Spine

Questions?
Annalisa Na
Axna@udel.edu