Professional Documents
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Research Article
ISSN: 0974-6943
3.
INTRODUCTION
The use of medicinal plants to treat diseases is as old as human civilization.
Human beings of all ages in both developing and undeveloped countries use
plants in seek to treat numerous diseases and to get relief from physical
ailments. Cancer is a class of diseases in which a cell or a group of cells
display uncontrolled growth, invasion and sometimes metastasis. It is largest
non-communicable disease and it has a sizable contribution in the total number of deaths. The World cancer report documents that cancer rates are set to
increase at an alarming rate globally. Cancer rates could increase by 50% new
cases for the year 20201
India is a rich source of medicinal plants and a number of plant extracts are
used against diseases in various systems of medicine such as Ayurveda,
Unani, and Siddha. Only a few of them have been scientifically explored.
There were good number of plant products such as flavonoids, terpenes,
alkaloids 2, 3, 4 and these can are used as remedies to treat various diseases and
disorders. Because of their distinct pharmacological qualities including cytotoxic and cancer chemopreventive effects, it is inspired many scientists to
take up independent investigations on a number of medicinal plants.5
Sida veronicaefolia, family Malvaceae, is a straggling way side herb found
very often growing in shady places. It grows mainly in clearing in the forest
and as weeds in the over grown grass of public parks and gardens.6 It is also
known as Rajbala, Bhumibala, Farid buti, Shaktibala, etc. It has a capability
to remove the three doshas from the body, and to provide strength and glow
to the body.7
Sida veronicaefolia is very popular with rural womenfolk, especially in the
areas where it grows in its natural habitat, and is used extensively in traditional medicine for shortening and reducing the pain of labour in childbirth. It
is believed to render parturition almost painless and leads to shorter period
of postpartum bleeding. Soup of this plant is taken in the last days of
*Corresponding author.
Manmeet Singh Saluja,
M Pharm, (Ph D),
Department of Pharmacy,
Suresh Gyan Vihar University,
Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan,India.
Tel.:+91-9303155885
E Mail ID: manisvcp@gmail.com
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Treatment
Mean Survival
Time(Days)
Increase in
life span (%)
1
2
3
4
Tumor Control
5- FU (20mg/kg, i.p)
AESV (500 mg/kg, p.o)
EESV (500 mg/kg, p.o)
21.50 2.73
40.16 2.13*
35.16 2.8*
34.164.5*
86.79 %
63.50 %
58.88 %
Treatment
Tumor
Volume (ml)
Tumor
weight (gm)
1
2
3
4
Tumor Control
6.70 0.16
5- FU (20mg/kg, i.p) 1.01 0.10*
AESV (500 mg/kg, p.o)2.15 0.09*
EESV (500 mg/kg, p.o)2.56 0.10*
6.87 0.21
1.1 0.06*
2.25 0.25*
2.71 0.31*
9.83
0.83
2.33
2.83
n=6 animals in each group, *P<0.01 Vs control. Days of treatment = 14, Values are expressed
as mean SEM
7th Day
14th Day
Normal
22.00.77
Tumor Control
27.830.79*
5-FU (20mg/kg, i.p) 23.330.61
AESV(500 mg/kg, p.o) 24.330.33$
EESV(500 mg/kg, p.o) 25.430.33$
21st Day
28th Day
230.51
24.160.54 27.660.66
40.330.76* 50.160.65* $
24.50.34 26.830.6 $ 29.330.66
29.50.56$,# 30.50.88$,# 31.50.35#
28.50.76# 30.50.88$,# 310.25#
35th Day
31.830.83
32.830.47
34.830.30#
35.830.30#
Values were expressed as mean SEM, n= 6 in each group. * P< 0.001 Vs Normal control, $ P<
0.001 Vs Tumor control, # P<0.001 Vs Standard,
n=6 animals in each group, *P<0.01 Vs control. Days of treatment = 14, Values are expressed
as mean SEM
Normal
Hb(g/dl)
14.30.10
RBC(million/mm3) 4.680.06
3
WBC(million/mm ) 7.480.03
Proteing %
8.210.06
PCV(mm)
16.50.42
Neutrophils%
30.830.60
Lymphocytes%
68.50.42
Monocytes%
1.160.16
Tumor
control
5 FU
(20 mg/kg)
AESV
EESV
8.350.09*
2.60.07*
27.190.07*
13.950.2*
31.50.42*
68.830.60*
300.57*
2.160.16#
14.00.05*,$
4.110.04*,$
8.230.02*,$
8.650.04*,$
19.50.42*,$
31.830.47*,$
64.660.42*,$
1.330.21 ns
13.20.10*,$
3.130.06*,$
9.580.02*,$
9.60.05*,$
24.50.42*,$
42.160.60*,$
54.00.68*,$
1.50.22 ns
12.910.10*,$
3.880.04*,$
9.090.03*,$
9.10.03*,$
21.30.33*,$
381.78*,$
59.50.42*,$
1.830.30 ns
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Invitro Cytotoxicity
Cell Cultures 18
The EAC cell line was procured through the courtesy of Amala Cancer
Research Center, Thrissur and maintained at Pharmacology Department,
TIT- Pharmacy, Bhopal in Dulbeccos modified eagle medium (DMEM) at
370C and 5% CO2 using standard cell culture methods. At confluence, cells
were trypsinised and equally distributed in two standard cell culture flasks
and were allowed to adhere for 24hr. In order to evaluate the effect of AESV
and EESV on cancer cells, cells were transferred in 96 well cell culture plate
and incubated for 24hr. After confluence, MTT assay and Neutral red uptake
cytotoxic assay have been conducted to evaluate the cell death caused by the
extracts.
S No
Sample Concentration
1
2
3
Control
AESV
EESV
No treatment
200 g/ml
200 g/ml
Optical density
0.380
0.0221
0.0239
% inhibition
0.00 1.88 %
94 .19 3.48%
93 .72 3.45%
Control group
1
2
3
No treatment
200 g/ml
200 g/ml
Control
AESV
EESV
0.3660
0.0226
0.0157
0.00 1.31 %
93.83 3.48%
95.71 3.45%
Statistical analysis
All the values were expressed as mean SEM (standard error of mean) for six
rats. Statistical analysis was carried out by using PRISM software package
(version 3.0). Statistical significance of differences between the control and
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span. It may be concluded that AESV and EESV by decreasing the nutritional
fluid volume and arresting the tumor growth, increases the life span of EACbearing mice.
A significant enhancement of peritoneal cell count was observed. The effect
of AESV and EESV treatment on the peritoneal exudate cells of normal mice
is an indirect method of evaluating its inhibitory effect on tumor cell growth.
Normally, a mouse contains about 5 x 106 peritoneal cells, 50% of which are
macrophages. AESV and EESV treatment was found to enhance peritoneal
cells count. These results demonstrate the indirect inhibitory effect of AESV
and EESV on EAC cells, which is probably mediated by the enhancement
and activation of either macrophage or cytokine production.
Usually, in cancer chemotherapy the major problems that are being encountered are of myelosuppression and anemia.22, 23 The anemia encountered in
tumor bearing mice is mainly due to reduction in RBC or haemoglobin percentage, and this may occur either due to iron deficiency or due to hemolytic
or myelopathic conditions.24 In EAC control group, a differential count the
presence of neutrophils increased, while the lymphocyte count decreased,
the observed leucocytopenia indicates a common symptom of immunosuppression in many types of cancers25, 26 and one of the causes of neutrophilia
is myeloid growth factors which are produced in malignant process as part of
a paraneoplastic syndrome. In addition to this another factor granulocyte
colony stimulating factor produced by the malignant cells has also been
attributed to be the cause of neutrophilia because of its action on bone
marrow granulocytic cells in cancer. After the repeated treatment, AESV and
EESV able to reverse the changes in altered neutrophils and lymphocytes
count.27,28 Treatment with AESV and EESV brought back the haemoglobin
content, RBC, and WBC count more or less to normal levels and this indicates that AESV and EESV posses protective action on the haematopoietic
system.Preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compound, tannins, alkaloids, phytosterols, saponins,
proteins and amino acids. Flavonoids have been shown to possess antimutagenic 29 and antimalignant 30 effects. Moreover, flavonoids have a
chemopreventive role in cancer through their effects on signal transduction in
cell proliferation31 and angiogenesis.32 Tannins and phenolic compounds are
considered to have cancer-preventive properties33, 34 These induced cell death
in cancer cells by concentration-dependent decrease of ATP and a deterioration of cellular gross morphology.35, 36 Alkaloids shown to inhibit cell growth
without cell death, thus providing enhanced opportunities for DNA repair,
immune stimulation, anti-inflammation and cancer prevention. 37 Phytosterols inhibited tumor growth by an alteration of signal transduction pathways.
38, 39
The cytotoxic and antitumor properties of the extract may be due to
these compounds.
The present study points to the potential anticancer activity of AESV and
EESV against EAC bearing mice. Further studies to characterize the active
principles and elucidate the mechanism of the action of AESV and EESV are
in progress.
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