The Python Tutorial ZH-CN

Python
Release: 3.2.2
docspy3zh.readthedocs.org
2013 10 28
Python
4.4
break continue
, else
2.1
2.2
3.2
29
Python .
4.5
pass . . . . . . .
30
2.1.1
. . .
4.6
. . . . . . .
30
2.1.2
. . .
4.7
. . . . .
33
. . . .
10
4.7.1
. . .
33
2.2.1
. . .
10
4.7.2
. .
34
2.2.2
4.7.3
. .
36
Python .
10
4.7.4
37
2.2.3
. .
11
4.7.5
Lambda .
38
2.2.4
11
4.7.6
. .
38
2.2.5
. . .
: . . . .
39
Python
3.1
. . . . . . . . . .
12
12
Python
. . . . . . . . . .
13
3.1.1
. . . . . .
13
3.1.2
. . . . .
16
3.1.3
Unicode .
21
3.1.4
. . . . . .
22
. . . . . .
24
4.8

5.1
. . . . . . .
5.1.1
40
. . . . . .
5.1.2
40
42
. . . . . .
43
5.1.3
. .
43
5.1.4
45
5.2
del . . . . . . . .
46
5.3
. . . . . .
46
26
5.4
(Set) . . . . . . .
48
4.1
if . . . . . . . . .
26
5.5
. . . . . . . . . .
49
4.2
for . . . . . . . .
26
5.6
. . . . . . .
50
4.3
range() . . . . . .
27
5.7
. . . . .
52

5.8
2
53

6.1
. . . . . .
56
6.1.2
57
6.1.3
8.7
. .
83
83
9.1
84
9.2
Python
. . . . . . . . .
9.2.1
84
. . . . .
87
. . . . . .
88
9.3.1
88
61
9.3.2
. . . . .
88
* .
64
9.3.3
. . .
90
6.4.2
. .
65
9.3.4
. . .
90
6.4.3
. .
65
9.4
. . . . . . .
91
9.5
. . . . . . . . . .
93
. . .
94
9.6
. . . . . . .
95
9.7
. . . . . . . . . .
96
57
6.2
. . . . . . .
59
6.3
dir() . . . . . .
59
6.4
. . . . . . . . . . .
6.4.1

. . . . .
7.1.1
7.2
81
55
Python .
7.1
. . . . .
54
. . . . . . .
6.1.1
8.6
9.3
66
66
9.5.1
. . . . . .
70
9.8
. . . . . .
96
. . . . . .
71
9.9
. . . . . . . . .
97
99
7.2.1
71
9.10 . . . . . . . . .
7.2.2
pickle .
9.11 . . . . . 100
74

8.2
75
101
. . . . . . . 75
10.1 . . 101
. . . . . . . . . . 75
10.2 . . . . . 102
8.3
. . . . . . .
76
10.3 . . . . . . 102
8.4
. . . . . . .
79
10.4
8.5
. . . . . .
80
8.1
. . . . . . 102
10.5 . . 103
11.6 . . . . . . . . . 113
10.6 . . . . . . . 103
11.7 . . . . 114
10.7 . . . . . . 104
11.8 . 116
10.8 . . . . . . 104
10.9 . . . . . . 105
117
10.10 . . . . . . . 105
119
10.11 . . . . . . . 106
10.12 . . . . . . . . 107
13.1 . . . . . . . . . 119
13.2 . . . . . . . 119
108
11.1 . . . . . . 108
11.2 . . . . . . . . . 109
11.3 Working with Binary
Data Record Layouts . 111
13.3 . . . . . . . 120
13.4 122

122
14.1 . . . . . . . 127
11.4 . . . . . . . . . 111 A Sphinx

11.5 . . . . . . . . . . 113
LATEX
131
Python . ,
. Python
, ,
.
Python Python
Web http://www.python.org ,
. Python , ,
.
Python C C++ (
C ) . Python
.
Python .
Python , ,
.
, .
. C C++ ,
C . Python .
Python ,
. , Python ,
. , Python ,
Python Python .
.
. .
, ,
1
DocsPy3zh Zoom.Quiet Liam Huang
.
, C/C++/Java
, ///.
, .
, .
, Python .
Unix shell Windows
,
, . C/C++/Java ,
. Windows
MacOS X Unix , Python ,
.
Python , ,
Shell , , Python
. , C , ,
(very-high-level language), ,
. Python Awk
Perl, Python
Python , Python
. Python ,
Python .
I/O, , sockets TK
.
Python , ,
. ,
, , .
.
Python , . Python
C, C++ Java , :
;
/ ( C {}
Pascal begin/end );
.
Note:
Python ,
,
; Python :
:
!
, :
3 , ,
,
...
:
NB
50 ,
,
...
Python : C ,
, , ,
Python ().
PYTHON
, Python C , Python
.
, BBC Monty Pythons Flying
Circus , . Monty
Python , !
Python ,
. , , ,
Python .
, , ,
.
Python ,
, , ,
.
Python 2
Python
2.1
Python /usr/local/bin/ .
/usr/local/bin Unix Shell ,
:
python3 .2
.3 , ,
Python . (, /usr/local/python
)
Windows , Python C:\Python32 . ,
. Path
2

Unix, Python 3.x python , Python 2.x
.
3
PYTHON
, DOS :
set path=%path%;C:\python32
( UNIX Control-D , Windows Control-Z )
0 . , : quit().
, UNIX GNU
readline , .
ControlP, (), (
). ,
^P, ; .
UNIX Shell:
, ,
, .
python -c command [arg] ...,
command , Shell -c . Python
shell ,
command .
Python . pythonm module[arg]... ,
.
, .
-i . (, ,
. )
2.1.1
, sys.argv
.
PYTHON
, : sys.argv[0],
,
'-' () , sys.argv[0] '-'.
-c , sys.argv[0] '-c'.
-m , sys.argv[0] .
-c command -m module Python
, sys.argv , .
2.1.2
tty , (interactive mode).

(primary prompt) ,
(>>>); ( ... )
. , ,
:
$ python3 .2
Python 3.2 (py3k , Sep 12 2011 , 12:21:02)
[GCC 3.4.6 20060404 (Red Hat 3.4.6 -8)] on linux2
Type "help", " copyright ", " credits " or " license " for more
information .
>>>
, , if :
>>> the_world_is_flat = 1
>>> if the_world_is_flat :
...
print("Be careful nottofalloff!")
...
Be careful not to fall off!
PYTHON
2.2
2.2.1
10
, . ,
, , . (
try except ).
, ,
; .
( Control-C DEL)
, .4
KeyboardInterrupt , try .
2.2.2
Python
BSD UNIX , Python Shell

, :
#! /usr/bin/env python3 .2
( Python PATH ). #!
. , UNIX
('\n') , Windows ('\r\n') . , #
Python .
chmod :
$ chmod +x myscript.py
Windows , (executable mode).
Python .py python.exe ,
Python , . .pyw,
.
4
GNU Readline .

2.2.3
PYTHON
11
, Python UTF-8 . ,
, , ,
: ASCII
. ,
UTF-8 , .
. , #!
, :
# -*- coding : encoding -*-
encoding
UTF-8. Python codecs .
, UTF-8 ,
Windows-1252 , :
# -*- coding : cp -1252 -*-
Windows-1252 .
.
2.2.4
Python ,
. , PYTHONSTARTUP ,
. Unix Shell .profile .
, Python
/dev/tty ()
. ,
.
sys.ps1 and sys.ps2 .
,
PYTHON
12
: if os.path.isfile('.pythonrc.py'):exec(open('.
pythonrc.py').read()). ,
:
import os
filename = os. environ .get('PYTHONSTARTUP ')
if filename and os.path. isfile ( filename ):
exec(open( filename ).read())
2.2.5
Python (hook) : sitecustomize

usercustomize. , user site-package
. Python :
>>> import site
>>> site. getusersitepackages ()
'/home/user /. local /lib/ python3 .2/site - packages '
usercustomize.py ,
. Python ,
-s .
sitecustomize ,
site-packages , usercustomize .
site .
Python5
, (>>> ...) :
, ;
.
5
PYTHON
13
,
; .
, , . Python
, # , .
, , .
. ,
Python , .
:
#
SPAM = 1
#
# ... !
STRING = "# ."
Python
3.1
Python . , , >>>,
. ()
3.1.1
: , .
: +, -, *, / (, Pasal
C); . :
>>>
4
>>>
...
4
>>>
4
>>>
5.0
>>>
1.6
2+2
#
2+2
2+2
(50-5*6)/4
8/5 #
PYTHON
14
: , ;
, .
: .
, ,
, //:
>>> # :
... 7//3
2
>>> 7//-3
-3
('=') . ,
:
>>> width = 20
>>> height = 5*9
>>> width * height
900
:
>>>
>>>
0
>>>
0
>>>
0
x = y = z = 0
x
# x, y z 0
y
z
(),
:
>>> #
... n
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin >", line 1, in < module >
NameError : name 'n' is not defined
Python ; , Pyhton
:
PYTHON
15
>>> 3 * 3.75 / 1.5

7.5
>>> 7.0 / 2
3.5
; , j i.
(real+imagj), complex(real,imag) .
, . z
, z.real z.imag
>>> a=1.5+0.5j
>>> a.real
1.5
>>> a.imag
0.5
(float(), int())
. abs(z) (
), z.real :
>>> a=3.0+4.0j
>>> float(a)
File "<stdin >", line 1, in ?
TypeError : can 't convert complex to float ;useabs(z)
>>>a.real
3.0
>>>a.imag
4.0
>>>abs(a)#sqrt(a.real **2+a.imag **2)
5.0
, _.
Python , , :
>>> tax = 12.5 / 100
>>> price = 100.50
>>> price * tax
12.5625
PYTHON
16
>>> price + _
113.0625
>>> round(_, 2)
113.06
.
, .
3.1.2
, Python .
:
>>> 'spameggs '
'spameggs '
>>> 'doesn\'t'
"doesn 't"
>>> "doesn 't"
"doesn 't"
>>> '"Yes ,"hesaid.'
'"Yes ,"hesaid.'
>>> "\"Yes ,\"hesaid."
'"Yes ,"hesaid.'
>>> '"Isn\'t,"shesaid.'
'"Isn\'t,"shesaid.'
: ,
.
, , , . print()
.
. ,
:
hello = " \n\
, C .\n\
\
."
print(hello )
PYTHON
17
, \n
. :
, C .
.
, : """ '''.
, , .
.
print("""\
: thingy [ OPTIONS ]
-h
-H hostname
""")
:
: thingy [ OPTIONS ]
-h
-H hostname
, \n
, , , .
, :
hello = r" \n\
, C ."
print(hello )
:
\n\
, C .
+ (), * :
>>> word = 'Help ' + 'A'
>>> word
PYTHON
18
'HelpA '
>>> '<' + word*5 + '>'
'<HelpAHelpAHelpAHelpAHelpA >'
;
word = 'Help''A'; ,
:
>>> 'str ' 'ing '
'string '
>>> 'str '.strip()
'string '
>>> 'str '.strip()
File "<stdin >",
'str '.strip()
#
+ 'ing '
<-
'ing '
# <line 1, in ?
'ing '
^
SyntaxError : invalid syntax
<-
(); C ,
() 0. ;
. Icon , :
.
>>> word[4]
'A'
>>> word[0:2]
'He '
>>> word[2:4]
'lp '
; ,
.
>>> word[:2]
'He '
>>> word[2:]
'lpA '
#
#
C , Python .
:
PYTHON
19
>>> word[0] = 'x'

TypeError : 'str ' object does not support item assignment
>>> word[:1] = 'Splat '
TypeError : 'str ' object does not support slice assignment
, :
>>> 'x' + word[1:]
'xelpA '
>>> 'Splat ' + word[4]
'SplatA '
: s[:i]+ s[i:] s.
>>> word[:2] + word[2:]
'HelpA '
>>> word[:3] + word[3:]
'HelpA '
: ,
.
>>> word[1:100]
'elpA '
>>> word[10:]
''
>>> word[2:1]
''
, . :
>>> word[-1]
'A'
>>> word[-2]
'p'
>>> word[-2:]
'pA '
>>> word[:-2]
#
#
#
#
PYTHON
20
'Hel '
, -0 0 , !
# ( -0 0)
>>> word[-0]
'H'
, ()
.
>>> word[-100:]
'HelpA '
>>> word[-10]
#
IndexError : string index out of range
,
0. n
n, :
+---+---+---+---+---+
| H | e | l | p | A |
+---+---+---+---+---+
0
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0...5 ;
. i j i j .
, . , word[1:
3] 2.
len() :
>>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '
>>> len(s)
34
PYTHON
21
See more:
Sequence Typesstr, bytes, bytearray, list, tuple, range
, .
String Methods
.
String Formatting
str.format() .
Old String Formatting Operations
Unicode % ,
.
3.1.3
, .
Unicode
Python 3.0 , Unicode ( http://www.

unicode.org/). Unicode
. , 256 . ,
.
(internationalization, i18n 'i' + 18 + 'n')
. Unicode .
, Unicode-Escape .
:
>>> 'Hello\ u0020World !'
'HelloWorld!'
\u0020 , 0x0020 (),

Unicode .
Unicode
. Latin-1 , , ,
Unicode 256 Latin-1 .
PYTHON
22
, Python ,
Unicode .
encode() ,
, , .
.
>>> "pfel". encode ('utf -8')
b'\xc3\ x84pfel '
3.1.4
Python , . list,
().
.
>>> a = ['spam ', 'eggs ', 100 , 1234]
>>> a
['spam ', 'eggs ', 100 , 1234]
, 0 , , :
>>> a[0]
'spam '
>>> a[3]
1234
>>> a[-2]
100
>>> a[1:-1]
['eggs ', 100]
>>> a[:2] + ['bacon ', 2*2]
['spam ', 'eggs ', 'bacon ', 4]
>>> 3*a[:3] + ['Boo!']
['spam ', 'eggs ', 100 , 'spam ', 'eggs ', 100 , 'spam ', 'eggs ',
100 , 'Boo!']
. ,
a :
>>> a[:]
PYTHON
23
['spam ', 'eggs ', 100 , 1234]
, .
>>> a
['spam ', 'eggs ', 100 , 1234]
>>> a[2] = a[2] + 23
>>> a
['spam ', 'eggs ', 123 , 1234]
, ,
:
>>> # :
... a[0:2] = [1, 12]
>>> a
[1, 12 , 123 , 1234]
>>> # :
... a[0:2] = []
>>> a
[123 , 1234]
>>> # :
... a[1:1] = ['bletch ', 'xyzzy ']
>>> a
[123 , 'bletch ', 'xyzzy ', 1234]
>>> # ( )
>>> a[:0] = a
>>> a
[123 , 'bletch ', 'xyzzy ', 1234 , 123 , 'bletch ', 'xyzzy ', 1234]
>>> # :
>>> a[:] = []
>>> a
[]
len() :
>>> a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>> len(a)
4
() , :
>>> q = [2, 3]

>>>
>>>
3
>>>
[2,
>>>
2
PYTHON
24
p = [1, q, 4]
len(p)
p[1]
3]
p[1][0]
:
>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
[2,
p[1]. append ('xtra ')

p
[2, 3, 'xtra '], 4]
q
3, 'xtra ']
, p[1] q !
.
3.2
, Python 2 + 2 . ,
Fibonacci :
>>>
...
...
>>>
...
...
...
1
1
2
3
5
8
# Fibonacci :
#
a, b = 0, 1
while b < 10:
print(b)
a, b = b, a+b
PYTHON
25
: a b 0 1.
,
. .
(: b < 10) , while .
Python , C , ; .
, ; ,
. . C
: < (), > (), == (), <= (), >= (
) != ().
: Python . Python (
!) , ,
. , Python
; .
, (
). ,
.
print() . (
) print()
. ,
, ,
>>> i = 256*256
>>> print ('Thevalueofiis ', i)
The value of i is 65536
end ,
:
>>> a, b = 0, 1
>>> while b < 1000:
...
print (b, end=',')
...
a, b = b, a+b
26
...
1,1,2,3,5,8,13 ,21 ,34 ,55 ,89 ,144 ,233 ,377 ,610 ,987 ,
while , Python
, .
4.1
if
if . :
>>> x = int( input (" Please enteran integer :"))

Please enter an integer : 42
>>> if x < 0:
...
x = 0
...
print('Negative changed tozero ')
... elif x == 0:
...
print('Zero ')
... elif x == 1:
...
print('Single ')
... else:
...
print('More ')
...
More
elif , else . elif

else if , . if . . . elif . . . elif . . .
switch case .
4.2
for
Python for C Pascal .
Pascal , C
6
27
, Python for (
) , . FOR
(;-) example:
>>> # :
... a = ['cat ', 'window ', 'defenestrate ']
>>> for x in a:
...
print(x, len(x))
...
cat 3
window 6
defenestrate 12
(
), .
. :
>>> for x in a[:]: #
...
if len(x) > 6: a. insert (0, x)
...
>>> a
['defenestrate ', 'cat ', 'window ', 'defenestrate ']
4.3
range()
, range() .
:
>>> for i in range (5):
...
print(i)
...
0
1
2
3
4
; range(10) 10 ,
10 . range ,
28
(; ):
range(5, 10)
5 through 9
range(0, 10 , 3)
0, 3, 6, 9
range(-10 , -100 , -30)
-10 , -40 , -70
, range() len():
>>> a = ['Mary ', 'had ', 'a', 'little ', 'lamb ']
>>> for i in range (len(a)):
...
print(i, a[i])
...
0 Mary
1 had
2 a
3 little
4 lamb
, enumerate() , .
range :
>>> print(range(10))
range(0, 10)
, range() ,
. range() : ,
, , .
(iterable), ,
.
for . list() ,
:
>>> list(range(5))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
4.4
29
break continue , else

break C , for while .
else ; :
(for ), , (while ),
break .
:
>>> for n in range (2, 10):
...
for x in range (2, n):
...
if n % x == 0:
...
print (n, 'equals ', x, '*', n//x)
...
break
...
else:
...
# loop fell through without finding a factor
...
print (n, 'isaprime number ')
...
2 is a prime number
3 is a prime number
4 equals 2 * 2
5 is a prime number
6 equals 2 * 3
7 is a prime number
8 equals 2 * 4
9 equals 3 * 3
(, . : else for , if )
, else try
if : try else
, else break .
try .
continue C ,
.
>>> for n in range (2, 10):
...
for x in range (2, n):
...
if n % x == 0:
...
print (n, 'equals ', x, '*', n//x)
...
break
30
...
else:
...
#
...
print (n, 'isaprime number ')
...
2 is a prime number
3 is a prime number
4 equals 2 * 2
5 is a prime number
6 equals 2 * 3
7 is a prime number
8 equals 2 * 4
9 equals 3 * 3
4.5
pass
pass . , ,
. :
>>> while True:
...
pass # (Ctrl+C)
...
:
>>> class MyEmptyClass :
...
pass
...
pass , ,
, . pass :
>>> def initlog (*args):
...
pass
# !
...
4.6
(Fibonacci)
>>>
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
>>>
...
0 1
31
def fib(n):
# Fibonacci n
""" n Fibonacci ."""
a, b = 0, 1
while a < n:
print (a, end='')
a, b = b, a+b
print()
# :
fib(2000)
1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597
def .
. , .
; ,
docstring. ()
,
; , , .
, (symbol table) .
, ;
, ,
, . ,
, ( global ).
; ,
(, ).7
, , .
.
,
. :
>>> fib
< function fib at 10042ed0 >
7
, , ,
().
32
>>> f = fib
>>> f(100)
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89
, fib , ,
. , return ,
. None ().
None, . ,
print():
>>> fib(0)
>>> print(fib(0))
None
Fibonacci , :
>>>
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
>>>
>>>
[0,
def fib2(n): # n Fibonacci

""" , n Fibonacci ."""
result = []
a, b = 0, 1
while a < n:
result . append (a)
#
a, b = b, a+b
return result
f100 = fib2(100)
#
f100
#
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 , 21 , 34 , 55 , 89]
, Python :
return . return
None. return None.
result.append(a) result .
obj.methodname , obj
(), methodname
. .
. (
33
, ) append()
; . ,
result= result+ [a], .
4.7
, .
4.7.1
.
. :
def ask_ok (prompt , retries =4, complaint ='Yesorno , please !')
:
while True:
ok = input ( prompt )
if ok in ('y', 'ye ', 'yes '):
return True
if ok in ('n', 'no ', 'nop ', 'nope '):
return False
retries = retries - 1
if retries < 0:
raise IOError ('refusenik user ')
print( complaint )
:
: ask_ok('Doyoureallywanttoquit?')
: ask_ok('OKtooverwritethefile?',2)
: ask_ok('OKtooverwritethefile?',2,'Comeon,
onlyyesorno!')
, in .
, :
i = 5
def f(arg=i):
34
print(arg)
i = 6
f()
5.
: .
, , , . ,
:
def f(a, L=[]):
L. append (a)
return L
print(f(1))
print(f(2))
print(f(3))
:
[1]
[1, 2]
[1, 2, 3]
, :
def f(a, L=None):
if L is None:
L = []
L. append (a)
return L
4.7.2
keyword= value . ,
:
def parrot (voltage , state ='astiff ', action ='voom ', type='
Norwegian Blue '):
print("--This parrot wouldn 't", action , end='')
35
print("ifyouput", voltage , "volts through it.")

print("-- Lovely plumage ,the", type)
print("--It 's", state , "!")
:
parrot (1000)
parrot ( action = 'VOOOOOM ', voltage = 1000000 )
parrot ('a thousand ', state = 'pushing upthe daisies ')
parrot ('a million ', 'bereft oflife ', 'jump ')
:
parrot ()
parrot ( voltage =5.0, 'dead ')
parrot (110 , voltage =220)
parrot (actor='John Cleese ')
#
#
#
#
, .
(, actor parrot
), .
(, parrot(voltage=1000) ).
. :
>>> def function (a):
...
pass
...
>>> function (0, a=0)
TypeError : function () got multiple values for keyword
argument 'a'
**name , ,
() .
*name () ,
.(*name **name
) , :
36
def cheeseshop (kind , *arguments , ** keywords ):

print("--Doyouhaveany", kind , "?")
print("--I'msorry ,we 'realloutof", kind)
for arg in arguments :
print(arg)
print("-" * 40)
keys = sorted ( keywords .keys())
for kw in keys:
print(kw , ":", keywords [kw])
:
cheeseshop (" Limburger ", "It'sveryrunny ,sir.",
"It's really very ,VERYrunny ,sir.",
shopkeeper =" Michael Palin",
client ="John Cleese ",
sketch =" Cheese Shop Sketch ")
:
-- Do you have any Limburger ?
-- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger
It's very runny, sir.
It's really very, VERY runny, sir.
---------------------------------------client : John Cleese
shopkeeper : Michael Palin
sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch
, keys()
; , .
4.7.3
, ,
. (). ,
:
37
def write_multiple_items (file , separator , *args):

file.write( separator .join(args))
, variadic ,
. *arg
, ,
.
>>> def concat (*args , sep="/"):
...
return sep.join(args)
...
>>> concat (" earth ", "mars", "venus")
'earth/mars/ venus '
>>> concat (" earth ", "mars", "venus", sep=".")
'earth.mars. venus '
4.7.4
: ,
. , range()
. (
), *-
:
>>>
[3,
>>>
>>>
[3,
list(range(3, 6))
4, 5]
args = [3, 6]
list(range(*args))
4, 5]
, **-:
>>> def parrot (voltage , state ='astiff ', action ='voom '):
...
print("--This parrot wouldn 't", action , end='')
...
print("ifyouput", voltage , " volts through it.", end
='')
...
print("E's", state , "!")
...
38
>>> d = {" voltage ": "four million ", " state ": " bleedin '
demised ", " action ": "VOOM"}
>>> parrot (**d)
-- This parrot wouldn 'tVOOMifyouputfour million volts
through it.E's bleedin ' demised !
4.7.5
Lambda
, Lisp
Python. lambda, .
: lambda a, b: a+b. Lambda
. .
, lambda :
>>>
...
...
>>>
>>>
42
>>>
43
def make_incrementor (n):

return lambda x: x + n
f = make_incrementor (42)
f(0)
f(1)
4.7.6
.
. ,
, (
). , .8
, ,
.
, .
8
: , E .
39
Python ,
, . .
. (
.) .
, , .
( 8 ).
:
>>> def my_function ():
...
""" Do nothing , but document it.
...
...
No , really , it doesn 't do anything .
...
"""
...
pass
...
>>> print( my_function . __doc__ )
Do nothing , but document it.
No , really , it doesn 'tdo anything .
4.8
:
, Python ,
. (: ) ;
. ,
.
Python, :pep:8 ;
. Python
; :
4-, .
4 () ()
. , .
40
(Wrap), 79 .
,
.
, .
.
.
, ,
: a = f(1, 2) + g(3, 4).
; , CamelCase ,
lower_case_with_underscres . self
(:ref: <tut-rstclasses>
).
, . Python
UTF-8, ASCII .
, ,
ASCII .
,
.
5.1
:
list.append(x)
; a[len(a):]=[x].
9
41
list.extend(L)
; a[len(a):]=L.
list.insert(i, x)
.
, a.insert(0,x) , a.insert(len(a),x
) a.append(x).
list.remove(x)
x . ,
.
list.pop([i])
, . , a.pop
. ( i
, . Python
.)
list.index(x)
x . ,
.
list.count(x)
x .
list.sort()
.
list.reverse()
.
:
>>> a = [66.25 , 333 , 333 , 1, 1234.5]
>>> print(a. count (333), a.count(66.25), a.count ('x'))
2 1 0
>>> a. insert (2, -1)
>>> a. append (333)
>>> a
[66.25 , 333 , -1, 333 , 1, 1234.5, 333]
42
>>> a.index(333)
1
>>> a. remove (333)
>>> a
[66.25 , -1, 333 , 1, 1234.5, 333]
>>> a. reverse ()
>>> a
[333 , 1234.5, 1, 333 , -1, 66.25]
>>> a.sort()
>>> a
[-1, 1, 66.25 , 333 , 333 , 1234.5]
5.1.1
,
().
, append(). ,
pop(). :
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
[3,
>>>
7
>>>
[3,
>>>
6
>>>
5
>>>
[3,
stack = [3, 4, 5]
stack. append (6)
stack. append (7)
stack
4, 5, 6, 7]
stack.pop()
stack
4, 5, 6]
stack.pop()
stack.pop()
stack
4]

5.1.2
43
,
(); , .
, (
).
, collection.deque,
. :
>>> from collections import deque
>>> queue = deque (["Eric", "John", " Michael "])
>>> queue. append ("Terry ")
# Terry
>>> queue. append (" Graham ")
# Graham
>>> queue. popleft ()
#
'Eric '
>>> queue. popleft ()
#
'John '
>>> queue
# ,
deque(['Michael ', 'Terry ', 'Graham '])
5.1.3
.
, ,
.
, , ,
for , for if . for
if . ,
.
:
>>> vec = [2, 4, 6]
>>> [3*x for x in vec]
[6, 12 , 18]
44
:
>>> [[x, x**2] for x in vec]
[[2, 4], [4, 16], [6, 36]]
:
>>> freshfruit = [' banana ', ' loganberry ', 'passion fruit
']
>>> [ weapon . strip () for weapon in freshfruit ]
['banana ', 'loganberry ', 'passion fruit ']
if :
>>> [3*x for x in vec if x > 3]
[12 , 18]
>>> [3*x for x in vec if x < 2]
[]
, :
>>> [x, x**2 for x in vec] # error - parens required for
tuples
[x, x**2 for x in vec]
^
>>> [(x, x**2) for x in vec]
[(2, 4), (4, 16), (6, 36)]
:
>>>
>>>
>>>
[8,
>>>
[6,
>>>
[8,
vec1 = [2, 4, 6]
vec2 = [4, 3, -9]
[x*y for x in vec1 for y in vec2]
6, -18 , 16 , 12 , -36 , 24 , 18 , -54]
[x+y for x in vec1 for y in vec2]
5, -7, 8, 7, -5, 10 , 9, -3]
[vec1[i]*vec2[i] for i in range(len(vec1))]
12 , -54]
45
>>> [str(round(355/113 , i)) for i in range (1, 6)]

['3.1', '3.14', '3.142 ', '3.1416 ', '3. 14159 ']
5.1.4
, .
, .
, 3 3 ,
, :
>>> mat = [
...
[1, 2, 3],
...
[4, 5, 6],
...
[7, 8, 9],
...
]
, , :
>>> print([[row[i] for row in mat] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
[[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]]
:
.
, :
for i in [0, 1, 2]:
for row in mat:
print(row[i], end="")
print()
, . , zip()
.
>>> list(zip(*mat))
[(1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9)]
5.2
46
del
, : del
. pop() . del
, ().
:
>>>
>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
>>>
[]
a = [-1, 1, 66.25 , 333 , 333 , 1234.5]

del a[0]
a
66.25 , 333 , 333 , 1234.5]
del a[2:4]
a
66.25 , 1234.5]
del a[:]
a
del :
>>> del a
a ().
del .
5.3
, .
( Sequence Typesstr, bytes, bytearray,

list, tuple, range). Python ,
. : .
, :
>>> t = 12345 , 54321 , 'hello!'
>>> t[0]
12345
>>> t
(12345 , 54321 , 'hello !')
47
>>> # Tuples may be nested :

... u = t, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
>>> u
((12345 , 54321 , 'hello !'), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
, , ;
, (
).
. : (x, y) , .
: (
). , .
0 1 : ,
. ;
().
, . :
>>> empty = ()
>>> singleton = 'hello ',
>>> len(empty)
0
>>> len( singleton )
1
>>> singleton
('hello ' ,)
# <--
t = 12345,54321,'hello!' : 12345,
54321 'hello!' . , :
>>> x, y, z = t
.
. ,
. (, )
48
(Set)
5.4
Python (set) . .
. (union),
(intersection), (dierence), (sysmmetric dierence)
.
set() . :
set(), {}; ,
.
:
>>> basket = {'apple ', 'orange ', 'apple ', 'pear ', 'orange ', '
banana '}
>>> print( basket )
#
{'orange ', 'banana ', 'pear ', 'apple '}
>>> 'orange ' in basket
#
True
>>> 'crabgrass ' in basket
False
>>> #
...
>>> a = set('abracadabra ')
>>> b = set('alacazam ')
>>> a
# a
{'a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'}
>>> a - b
# a b
{'r', 'd', 'b'}

>>> a | b
# a b
{'a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}

>>> a & b
# a b
{'a', 'c'}
>>> a ^ b
# a b
{'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}
, :
49
>>> a = {x for x in 'abracadabra ' if x not in 'abc '}

>>> a
{'r', 'd'}
5.5
Python ( Mapping Types
dict). .
, ,
; . ,
; , ,
. , , , append()
extend() .
: , (
). : {}.
::. .
,
. del : .
, .
.
list(d.keys()) ,
(, sorted(d.keys())).10
, in .
:
>>> tel = {'jack ': 4098 , 'sape ': 4139}
>>> tel['guido '] = 4127
>>> tel
{'sape ': 4139 , 'guido ': 4127 , 'jack ': 4098}
>>> tel['jack ']
10
d.keys() dictionary view . ,

.
50
4098
>>> del tel['sape ']
>>> tel['irv '] = 4127
>>> tel
{'guido ': 4127 , 'irv ': 4127 , 'jack ': 4098}
>>> list(tel.keys())
['irv ', 'guido ', 'jack ']
>>> sorted (tel.keys())
['guido ', 'irv ', 'jack ']
>>> 'guido ' in tel
True
>>> 'jack ' not in tel
False
dict() -, ,
:
>>> dict([('sape ', 4139), ('guido ', 4127), ('jack ', 4098)])
{'sape ': 4139 , 'jack ': 4098 , 'guido ': 4127}
>>> dict([(x, x**2) for x in (2, 4, 6)])
#
{2: 4, 4: 16 , 6: 36}
, , dict()
. ,
:
>>> dict(sape=4139 , guido=4127 , jack=4098)
{'sape ': 4139 , 'jack ': 4098 , 'guido ': 4127}
5.6
, items() .
>>> knights = {'gallahad ': 'thepure ', 'robin ': 'thebrave '}
>>> for k, v in knights .items():
...
print(k, v)
...
gallahad the pure
robin the brave
51
, enumerate()
.
>>> for i, v in enumerate (['tic ', 'tac ', 'toe ']):
...
print(i, v)
...
0 tic
1 tac
2 toe
, zip()
>>> questions = ['name ', 'quest ', 'favorite color ']
>>> answers = ['lancelot ', 'theholy grail ', 'blue ']
>>> for q, a in zip(questions , answers ):
...
print('Whatisyour{0}?Itis{1}.'. format (q, a))
...
What is your name? It is lancelot .
What is your quest? It is the holy grail .
What is your favorite color? It is blue.
, , reversed()
>>> for i in reversed (range(1, 10 , 2)):
...
print(i)
...
9
7
5
3
1
, sorted() ,
>>> basket = ['apple ', 'orange ', 'apple ', 'pear ', 'orange ', '
banana ']
>>> for f in sorted (set( basket )):
...
print(f)
...
apple
banana
orange
52
pear
5.7
while if ,
.
in not in .
is is not ;
.
, .
. , a < b == c a b b c
.
() and or ,
not .
;
, not , or , A and not B or C
(A and (not B)) or C . , .
and or : ,
.
, A C , B , A and B and C
C.
,
.
. ,
>>> string1 , string2 , string3 = '', 'Trondheim ', 'Hammer
Dance '
>>> non_null = string1 or string2 or string3
>>> non_null
'Trondheim '
53
, Python , C, . C
, C , :
== =.
5.8
. :
, , ;
, , .
, .
, , .
(initial sub-sequence),
.
Unicode .
:
(1, 2, 3)
< (1, 2, 4)
[1, 2, 3]
< [1, 2, 4]
'ABC ' < 'C' < 'Pascal ' < 'Python '
(1, 2, 3, 4)
< (1, 2, 4)
(1, 2)
< (1, 2, -1)
(1, 2, 3)
== (1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
(1, 2, ('aa ', 'ab'))
< (1, 2, ('abc ', 'a'), 4)
, < > ,
. ,
, 0 0.0, . , ,
TypeError .
54
11
Python ,
() . , ,
, .
. ,
. ,
.
Python , ,
. ;
(import) (
).
Python .
.py. , ()
__name__ . ,
fibo.py , :
# Fibonacci
def fib(n):
# n Fibonacci
a, b = 0, 1
while b < n:
print(b, end='')
a, b = b, a+b
print()
def fib2(n): # n Fibonacci
result = []
a, b = 0, 1
while b < n:
result . append (b)
a, b = b, a+b
return result
11
55
Python (import) :
>>> import fibo
fibo (import)
; fibo. :
>>> fibo.fib(1000)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987
>>> fibo.fib2(100)
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 , 21 , 34 , 55 , 89]
>>> fibo. __name__
'fibo '
, :
>>> fib = fibo.fib
>>> fib(500)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
6.1
, .
. .
12
,
. ,
. , ,
modname.itemname .
. import (
, ) , .
.
import , (,
) . :
12
, ;
.
56
>>> from fibo import fib , fib2

>>> fib(500)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
(, fibo ).
:
>>> from fibo import *
>>> fib(500)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
(_) . , Python
, ,
.
: , * ,
. , .
Note:
,
. , - ,
, imp.reload(),
.
6.1.1
importimp; imp.reload(modulename).
Python
python fibo.py < arguments >
, , __name__
"__name__". :
if __name__ == " __main__ ":
import sys
fib(int(sys.argv[1]))
57
, ,
(main) :
$ python fibo.py 50
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
, :
>>> import fibo
>>>
, (
).
6.1.2
spam ,
spam.py , , sys.path
spam.py . sys.path :
().
PYTHONPATH (, shell PATH ).
.
, Python sys.path. ,
.
, Python .
, . .
6.1.3
Python
, spam.py
spam.pyc , spam
. spam.pyc spam.py
spam.pyc , , .pyc .
58
, spam.pyc . spam.py
, spam.pyc. ,
; ,
spam.pyc , . spam.pyc
, , Python
.
:
-O Python , python ,
.pyo . assert .
-O , bytecode ; .pyc , .py
.
-O Python (-OO)
, . ,
__doc__ , .pyo
. , ,
, .
.pyc .pyo , .py
; .
, .pyc
.pyo . , ,
, .
.pyc .pyo .
, spam.pyc ( spam.pyo -O
) spam.py . Python
, .
compileall .pyc (
.pyo , -O ).
6.2
59
Python , : Python (
) .
; ,
, , ,
.
, , winreg
Windows . : sys,
Python . sys.ps1 sys.ps2
:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.ps1
'>>>'
>>> sys.ps2
'...'
>>> sys.ps1 = 'C>'
C> print('Yuck!')
Yuck!
C>
, .
sys.path ,
. PATHONPATH ,
PYTHONPATH , .
:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path. append ('/ufs/guido/lib/ python ')
6.3
dir()
dir() .
60
>>> import fibo , sys

>>> dir(fibo)
['__name__ ', 'fib ', 'fib2 ']
>>> dir(sys)
['__displayhook__ ', '__doc__ ', '__excepthook__ ', '__name__ ',
'__stderr__ ', '__stdin__ ', '__stdout__ ', '_getframe ', '
api_version ', 'argv ', 'builtin_module_names ', 'byteorder ',
'callstats ', 'copyright ', 'displayhook ', 'exc_info ', '
excepthook ', 'exec_prefix ', 'executable ', 'exit ', '
getdefaultencoding ', 'getdlopenflags ', 'getrecursionlimit '
, 'getrefcount ', 'hexversion ', 'maxint ', 'maxunicode ', '
meta_path ', 'modules ', 'path ', 'path_hooks ', '
path_importer_cache ', 'platform ', 'prefix ', 'ps1 ', 'ps2 ',
'setcheckinterval ', 'setdlopenflags ', 'setprofile ', '
setrecursionlimit ', 'settrace ', 'stderr ', 'stdin ', 'stdout
', 'version ', 'version_info ', 'warnoptions ']
, dir() .
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> import fibo
>>> fib = fibo.fib
>>> dir()
['__builtins__ ', '__doc__ ', '__file__ ', '__name__ ', 'a', 'fib
', 'fibo ', 'sys ']
, : , , , .
dir() . ,
buildin
>>> import builtins
>>> dir( builtins )
['ArithmeticError ', 'AssertionError ', 'AttributeError ', '
BaseException ', 'BlockingIOError ', 'BrokenPipeError ', '
BufferError ', 'BytesWarning ', 'ChildProcessError ', '
ConnectionAbortedError ', 'ConnectionError ', '
ConnectionRefusedError ', 'ConnectionResetError ', '
DeprecationWarning ', 'EOFError ', 'Ellipsis ', '
EnvironmentError ', 'Exception ', 'False ', 'FileExistsError '
, 'FileNotFoundError ', 'FloatingPointError ', '
FutureWarning ', 'GeneratorExit ', 'IOError ', 'ImportError ',
61
'ImportWarning ', 'IndentationError ', 'IndexError ', '

InterruptedError ', 'IsADirectoryError ', 'KeyError ', '
KeyboardInterrupt ', 'LookupError ', 'MemoryError ', '
NameError ', 'None ', 'NotADirectoryError ', 'NotImplemented '
, 'NotImplementedError ', 'OSError ', 'OverflowError ', '
PendingDeprecationWarning ', 'PermissionError ', '
ProcessLookupError ', 'ReferenceError ', 'ResourceWarning ',
'RuntimeError ', 'RuntimeWarning ', 'StopIteration ', '
SyntaxError ', 'SyntaxWarning ', 'SystemError ', 'SystemExit '
, 'TabError ', 'TimeoutError ', 'True ', 'TypeError ', '
UnboundLocalError ', 'UnicodeDecodeError ', '
UnicodeEncodeError ', 'UnicodeError ', '
UnicodeTranslateError ', 'UnicodeWarning ', 'UserWarning ', '
ValueError ', 'Warning ', 'WindowsError ', 'ZeroDivisionError
', '__build_class__ ', '__debug__ ', '__doc__ ', '__import__ '
, '__loader__ ', '__name__ ', '__package__ ', 'abs ', 'all ', '
any ', 'ascii ', 'bin ', 'bool ', 'bytearray ', 'bytes ', '
callable ', 'chr ', 'classmethod ', 'compile ', 'complex ', '
copyright ', 'credits ', 'delattr ', 'dict ', 'dir ', 'divmod ',
'enumerate ', 'eval ', 'exec ', 'exit ', 'filter ', 'float ', '
format ', 'frozenset ', 'getattr ', 'globals ', 'hasattr ', '
hash ', 'help ', 'hex ', 'id ', 'input ', 'int ', 'isinstance ',
'issubclass ', 'iter ', 'len ', 'license ', 'list ', 'locals ',
'map ', 'max ', 'memoryview ', 'min ', 'next ', 'object ', 'oct '
, 'open ', 'ord ', 'pow ', 'print ', 'property ', 'quit ', '
range ', 'repr ', 'reversed ', 'round ', 'set ', 'setattr ', '
slice ', 'sorted ', 'staticmethod ', 'str ', 'sum ', 'super ', '
tuple ', 'type ', 'vars ', 'zip ']
6.4
Python ,
. , A.B A B
. ,
, NumPy Python ,
.
(),
. (, : .wave,
62
.ai, .au), ,
. (
, , , ), ,
.
:
sound/
__init__.py
formats/
__init__.py
wavread.py
wavwrite.py
aiffread.py
aiffwrite.py
auread.py
auwrite.py
...
effects/
__init__.py
echo.py
surround.py
reverse.py
...
filters/
__init__.py
equalizer.py
vocoder.py
karaoke.py
...
, Python sys.path
63
.
__init__.py Python ;
, string,
. , __init__.py
, , __all__ ,
.
, :
import sound. effects .echo
sound.eects.echo . .
sound.effects.echo.echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4)
:
from sound. effects import echo
echo , ,
:
echo.echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4)
:
from sound. effects .echo import echofilter
, echo , echolter()
.
, from packageimportitem ,
(), , ,
. import ; ,
. , ImportError.
, importitem.subitem.subsubitem ,
; , ,
.
64
6.4.1
from sound.effects import * ?

, ,
, , . ,
, !
, . import
:
__init__.py __all__ ,
from sound.effects import * ,
.
.
, * .
, sound/effects/__init__.py :
__all__ = ["echo", " surround ", " reverse "]
from sound.effects import * sound

.
__all__ , from sound.effects import *
sound.eects ;
sound.eects ( __init__.py
), . __init__.py
(). import
. :
import sound. effects .echo
import sound. effects . surround
from sound. effects import *
, echo surround ,
from . . . import sound.eects . (
__all__ , .)
65
, import * ,
(that follow certain patterns, ),
.
, from Package import specific_submodule !
, , :
.
6.4.2
( sound ),
. , sound.filters.vocoder
sound.effects echo , from sound.effects
import echo.
, import from module import name

. .
:mod:surround, :
from . import echo
from .. import formats
from .. filters import equalizer
, .
"__main__", Python
.
6.4.3
, __path__ . ,
, __init__.py .
; .
,
.
66
13
;
, . .
7.1
, : print()
. ( write() ;
sys.stdout . .)
, .
. ,
, . string
, ; .
str.format() .
string , .
, : ? , Python
: repr() str() .
str() , repr()
(
SyntaxError ). , str() repr()
. , ,
. .
:
>>> s = 'Hello , world .'
>>> str(s)
'Hello ,world.'
>>> repr(s)
"'Hello ,world.'"
>>> str(1.0/7.0)
13
67
'0. 142857142857 '

>>> repr(1.0/7.0)
'0. 14285714285714285 '
>>> x = 10 * 3.25
>>> y = 200 * 200
>>> s = 'The value ofxis' + repr(x) + ',andyis' + repr
(y) + '... '
>>> print(s)
The value of x is 32.5, and y is 40000...
>>> # The repr () of a string adds string quotes and
backslashes :
... hello = 'hello ,world \n'
>>> hellos = repr(hello)
>>> print( hellos )
'hello ,world\n'
>>> # The argument to repr () may be any Python object :
... repr((x, y, ('spam ', 'eggs ')))
"(32.5,40000 ,('spam ','eggs '))"
:
>>> for x in range (1, 11):
...
print(repr(x).rjust(2), repr(x*x).rjust (3), end='')
...
# Note use of 'end ' on previous line 'end '
...
print(repr(x*x*x).rjust(4))
...
1
1
1
2
4
8
3
9
27
4 16
64
5 25 125
6 36 216
7 49 343
8 64 512
9 81 729
10 100 1000
>>> for x in range (1, 11):
...
print('{0:2d}{1:3d}{2:4d}'. format (x, x*x, x*x*x))
...
1
1
1
2
4
8
68
3
9
27
4 16
64
5 25 125
6 36 216
7 49 343
8 64 512
9 81 729
10 100 1000
(, print() :
.)
rjust() , ,
. , ljust() center().
, . ,
, ;
, . (,
, x.ljust(n)[:n].)
, zfill(), 0. :
>>> '12'.zfill(5)
'00012 '
>>> '-3.14'. zfill (7)
'-003.14'
>>> '3. 14159265359 '.zfill (5)
'3. 14159265359 '
str.format() :
>>> print('Wearethe{}whosay"{}!" '. format ('knights ', 'Ni
'))
We are the knights who say "Ni!"
( format eld) format()

. format() .
>>> print('{0}and{1}'. format ('spam ', 'eggs '))
spam and eggs
>>> print('{1}and{0}'. format ('spam ', 'eggs '))
eggs and spam
69
format() ,
.
>>> print('This{food}is{ adjective }.'. format (
...
food='spam ', adjective ='absolutely horrible '))
This spam is absolutely horrible .
:
>>> print('The story of{0},{1},and{ other }.'. format ('Bill '
, 'Manfred ', other ='Georg '))
The story of Bill , Manfred , and Georg.
'!a' ( ascii()), '!s' ( str()) '!r' ( repr())

:
>>> import math
>>> print('The value ofPIis approximately {}.'. format (math.
pi))
The value of PI is approximately 3. 14159265359 .
>>> print('The value ofPIis approximately {!r}.'. format (
math.pi))
The value of PI is approximately 3. 141592653589793 .
':' eld name.

. Pi .
>>> import math
>>> print('The value ofPIis approximately {0:. 3f}.'. format (
math.pi))
The value of PI is approximately 3.142.
':' , .
.
>>> table = {'Sjoerd ': 4127 , 'Jack ': 4098 , 'Dcab ': 7678}
>>> for name , phone in table.items():
...
print('{0:10}==>{1:10d}'. format (name , phone))
...
Jack
==>
4098
Dcab
==>
7678
Sjoerd
==>
4127
70
, ,
.
, '[]' :
>>> table = {'Sjoerd ': 4127 , 'Jack ': 4098 , 'Dcab ': 8637678 }
>>> print('Jack:{0[Jack ]:d}; Sjoerd :{0[ Sjoerd ]:d};'
'Dcab:{0[Dcab ]:d}'. format ( table))
Jack: 4098; Sjoerd : 4127; Dcab: 8637678
table ** .
>>> table = {'Sjoerd ': 4127 , 'Jack ': 4098 , 'Dcab ': 8637678 }
>>> print('Jack:{Jack:d}; Sjoerd :{ Sjoerd :d};Dcab:{Dcab:d}
'. format (**table))
Jack: 4098; Sjoerd : 4127; Dcab: 8637678
vars() (
) .
str.format() , Format String Syntax.
7.1.1
% .
sprintf() , ,
. :
>>> import math
>>> print('The value ofPIis approximately %5.3f.' % math.pi
)
The value of PI is approximately 3.142.
str.format() , Python %
. ,
str.format().
old-string-formatting .
71
7.2
open() , :
open(filename, mode).
>>> f = open('/tmp/ workfile ', 'w')
. ,
. mode 'r' , 'w'
(), 'a' ;
. 'r+' . mode ; 'r'
.
, text mode , ,
, ( UTF-8). mode
'b' , binary mode :
. .
(text mode), ( Unix
\n, Windows \r\n ) \n \n
. ,
JPEG EXE . .
7.2.1
f .
, f.read(size),
, . size
. size ,
; , . , size
. , f.read()
('').
>>> f.read()
'Thisisthe entire file .\n'
72
>>> f.read()
''
f.readline() ;
(\n), ,
. ; f.readline() ,
, '\n' , .
>>> f. readline ()
'Thisisthe first lineofthefile .\n'
>>> f. readline ()
'Second lineofthefile\n'
>>> f. readline ()
''
f.readlines() .
sizehint, , .
, .
.
>>> f. readlines ()
['Thisisthe first lineofthefile .\n', 'Second lineofthe
file\n']
. , ,
:
>>> for line in f:
...
print(line , end='')
...
This is the first line of the file.
Second line of the file
, .
, .
f.write(string) string , .
>>> f.write('Thisisatest\n')
15
73
, :
>>> value = ('the answer ', 42)
>>> s = str( value)
>>> f.write(s)
18
f.tell() ,
. , f.seek(offset, from_what).
oset . from_what , 0
, 1 , 2 . from_what 0,
.
>>> f = open('/tmp/ workfile ', 'rb+')
>>> f.write(b'0123456789abcdef ')
16
>>> f.seek(5)
# Go to the 6th byte in the file
5
>>> f.read(1)
b'5'
>>> f.seek(-3, 2) # Go to the 3rd byte before the end
13
>>> f.read(1)
b'd'
( b ),
, (, seek(0, 2) ).
, f.close() ,
. f.close() , .
>>> f.close()
>>> f.read()
ValueError : I/O operation on closed file
, with .
, , . try finally :
74
>>> with open('/tmp/ workfile ', 'r') as f:

...
read_data = f.read()
>>> f. closed
True
, isatty() trucate(),
; .
7.2.2
pickle
, . ,
read() , int() ,
'123' 123. ,
, , , , .
, Python
, pickle. Python (
Python ), ; pickling.
, unpickling. pickling unpickling
, , ,
.
x, f, pickle
:
pickle .dump(x, f)
pickle , f :
x = pickle .load(f)
(, pickling , ;
pickle .)
pickle Python ;
persistent (). pickle ,
75
Python , pickle
unpickle.
14
, , ,
. () : syntax error
exception , , .
8.1
, , Python
:
>>> while True print ('Helloworld ')
while True print ('Helloworld ')
^
, ,
. (
): , print() ,
(':'). ,
.
8.2
. exception , ,
: Python .
, , :
14
76
>>> 10 * (1/0)
ZeroDivisionError : int division or modulo by zero
>>> 4 + spam*3
NameError : name 'spam ' is not defined
>>> '2' + 2
TypeError : Can 't convert 'int ' object tostr implicitly
. ,
:
ZeroDivisionError, NameError TypeError.
. ,
, ().
().
, ,
.
, stack traceback (
) . ;
.
Built-in Exceptions .
8.3
. ,
, ( Control-C
); , KeyboardInterrupt:
>>> while True:
...
try:
...
x = int(input (" Please enter a number :"))

...
...
...
77
break
except ValueError :
print ("Oops!Thatwasno valid number .Try
again ...")
...
try .
, try clause ( try except ) .
, except clause , try .
try , ,
. except ,
, try .
except ,
try ; , unhandled exception
.
try except , .
. Handler try ,
try Handler.
, , :
... except ( RuntimeError , TypeError , NameError ):
...
pass
, .
, !
, ():
import sys
try:
f = open('myfile .txt ')
s = f. readline ()
i = int(s. strip ())
except IOError as err:
print("I/O error :{0}". format (err))
except ValueError :
print(" Could not convert datatoan integer .")
78
except :
print(" Unexpected error:", sys. exc_info ()[0])
raise
try ... except else , ,

except . . :
for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
try:
f = open(arg , 'r')
except IOError :
print('cannot open ', arg)
else:
print(arg , 'has ', len(f. readlines ()), 'lines ')
f.close()
else try ,
, .
, , .
.
except .
, instance.args. ,
__str__() , .args.
, , .
>>> try:
...
raise Exception ('spam ', 'eggs ')
... except Exception as inst:
...
print(type(inst))
# the exception instance
...
print(inst.args)
# arguments stored in .args
...
print(inst)
# __str__ allows args to be
printed directly ,
...
# but may be overridden in
exception subclasses
...
x, y = inst.args
# unpack args
...
print('x=', x)
...
print('y=', y)
...
<class 'Exception '>
79
('spam ', 'eggs ')

('spam ', 'eggs ')
x = spam
y = eggs
, .
handler , try ,
. :
>>> def this_fails ():
...
x = 1/0
...
>>> try:
...
this_fails ()
... except ZeroDivisionError as err:
...
print('Handling run -timeerror:', err)
...
Handling run-time error : int division or modulo by zero
8.4
raise . :
>>> raise NameError ('HiThere ')

NameError : HiThere
raise .
( Exception ).
, ,
, :
>>> try:
...
raise NameError ('HiThere ')
... except NameError :
...
print('An exception flewby!')
...
raise
...
80
An exception flew by!

NameError : HiThere
8.5
( tut-classes)
. Exception ,
. :
>>> class MyError ( Exception ):
...
def __init__ (self , value):
...
self. value = value
...
def __str__ (self):
...
return repr(self.value)
...
>>> try:
...
raise MyError (2*2)
... except MyError as e:
...
print('My exception occurred , value :', e.value)
...
My exception occurred , value: 4
>>> raise MyError ('oops!')
__main__ . MyError : 'oops!'
, Exception __init__() .
, ,
handler . ,
, , ,
:
class Error( Exception ):
""" Base class for exceptions in this module ."""
pass
class InputError ( Error):
81
""" Exception raised for errors in the input .

Attributes :
expression -- input expression in which the error
occurred
message -- explanation of the error
"""
def __init__ (self , expression , message ):
self. expression = expression
self. message = message
class TransitionError (Error):
""" Raised when an operation attempts a state transition
that 's not
allowed .
Attributes :
previous -- state at beginning of transition
next -- attempted new state
message -- explanation of why the specific transition
is not allowed
"""
def __init__ (self , previous , next , message ):
self. previous = previous
self.next = next
self. message = message
Error , .
,
. tut-classes.
8.6
try , ,
. :
>>> try:
...
raise KeyboardInterrupt
82
... finally :
...
print('Goodbye ,world!')
...
Goodbye , world !
KeyboardInterrupt
*nally * try ,
. try , except (
except else ), finally
. finally try , break,
continue return. :
>>> def divide (x, y):
...
try:
...
result = x / y
...
except ZeroDivisionError :
...
print (" division byzero!")
...
else:
...
print (" result is", result )
...
finally :
...
print (" executing finally clause ")
...
>>> divide (2, 1)
result is 2.0
executing finally clause
>>> divide (2, 0)
division by zero!
>>> divide ("2", "1")
File "<stdin >", line 3, in divide
TypeError : unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str ' and 'str '
, finally .
TypeError except ,
finally .
83
, finally , (
), .
8.7
, ,
. ,
.
for line in open(" myfile .txt"):
print(line)
, , .
,
. with .
with open(" myfile .txt") as f:
for line in f:
print(line)
, f , .
, ,
.
15
, Python .
C++ Modula-3 . Python
: ,
, .
. , Python :
, .
15
84
C++ , Python () public

( (page 95)), virtual .
Modula-3 , Python :
,
. Smalltalk , Python .
. C++ Modula-3 , Python
. , C++ ,
(, ) .
(, Smalltalk
C++ . Modula-3 ,
C++ Python, .)
9.1
, ()
. . Python
, (, , )
. , lists, dictionaries,
, Python .
, . ,
, ;
,
Pascal .
9.2
Python
, Python .
,
. ,
Python .
85
.
.
Python , (),
.
, ,
z.real , real z . ,
: modname.funcname , modname
funcname .
:
!
16
. ,
. : modname.the_answer = 42.
:keyword:del . , del modname.the_answer
modname the_answer.
, .
Python , .
; ,
. ,
, __main__
, . (
; builtins.)
,
. (,
.) , .
Python , ,
. .
, .
16
. Module , __dict__,
. , , post-mortem debuggers
.
86
, :
, ,
, , ,

()
,
. , nonlocal
; nonlocal , (
, , )
.
, . ,
: .
.
.
, , . ,
, ,
, , ! (,
.)
Python global
.
. : del x x . ,
: , import ,
.
global ,
; nonlocal .

9.2.1
87
, global
nonlocal :
def scope_test ():
def do_local ():
spam = " local spam"
def do_nonlocal ():
nonlocal spam
spam = " nonlocal spam"
def do_global ():
global spam
spam = " global spam"
spam = "testspam"
do_local ()
print(" After local assignment :", spam)
do_nonlocal ()
print(" After nonlocal assignment :", spam)
do_global ()
print(" After global assignment :", spam)
scope_test ()
print("In global scope :", spam)
:
After local assignment: test spam
After nonlocal assignment: nonlocal spam
After global assignment: nonlocal spam
In global scope: global spam
( ) scope_test spam.
nonlocal scope_test spam, global
.
global spam .
88
9.3
, , .
9.3.1
:
class ClassName :
< statement -1>
.
.
.
< statement -N>
, (def ) . (
if , .)
, ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
, . ,
.
, class object . ,
; .
() ,
, ( ClassName).
9.3.2
: .
Python .
. :
89
class MyClass :
"""A simple example class """
i = 12345
def f(self):
return 'hello world '
, MyClass.i MyClass.f ,
. , MyClass.i
. __doc__ , docstring
: "A simple example class".
.
. ():
x = MyClass ()
, x.
( ) . ,
.
, __init__(), :
def __init__ (self):
self.data = []
__init__() , __init__()
, . ,
:
x = MyClass ()
, , __init__() .
, __init__(). ,
>>> class Complex :
...
def __init__ (self , realpart , imagpart ):
...
self.r = realpart
...
self.i = imagpart
...
90
>>> x = Complex (3.0, -4.5)

>>> x.r, x.i
(3.0, -4.5)
9.3.3
?
. , .
data attribute Smalltalk instance variable, C++
data member. ; ,
. , x MyClass ,
16, :
x. counter = 1
while x. counter < 10:
x. counter = x. counter * 2
print(x. counter )
del x. counter
.
. ( Python , :
. , append, insert, remove, sort, .
, , , .)
. ,
, . , x.f
, MyClass.f , x.i ,
MyClass.i . x.f MyClass.f method
object, function object.
9.3.4
, :
x.f()
91
MyClass , 'hello world'. ,

: x.f ,
. :
xf = x.f
while True:
print(xf())
'hello world'.
? x.f()
, f() . ? , Python
...
, : , ,
. , x.f()
MyClass.f(x). , ( n ),
( n , ),
.
, .
, , .
,
, () , :
. ,
, .
9.4
; ,
bug, ,
. ,
(), ,
.
92
() . ,
. , Python
. (, Python C ,
; Python
.)
,
.
, ,
, .
(!) .
: ,
.
, self. : self
Python . , ,
, class browser .
, .
:
. :
# Function defined outside the class
def f1(self , x, y):
return min(x, x+y)
class C:
f = f1
def g(self):
return 'hello world '
h = g
f, g h C , , C
h g . .
self :
class Bag:
93
def __init__ (self):

self.data = []
def add(self , x):
self.data. append (x)
def addtwice (self , x):
self.add(x)
self.add(x)
, .
, . (
.) , :
, ,
. , , ,
.
, class ( type) .
object.__class__.
9.5
, class .
:
class DerivedClassName ( BaseClassName ):
< statement -1>
.
.
.
< statement -N>
BaseClassName . ,
. , :
class DerivedClassName ( modname . BaseClassName ):
. ,
. : ,
94
. ,
.
: DerivedClassName()
. : ,
, , .
.
, . (
C++ : Python vitual .)
.
: BaseClassName.methodname(self,
arguments). . ( BaseClassName
.)
Python :
isinstance() : isinstance(obj, int)
obj.__class__ int True.
issubclass() : issubclass(bool,
int) True, bool int . , issubclass(float,
int) False float int .
9.5.1
Python . :
class DerivedClassName (Base1 , Base2 , Base3):
< statement -1>
.
.
.
< statement -N>
, , ,
, , , .
DerivedClassName , Base1, ()
95
Base1 , , Base2, .
, ; super() .
call-next-method ,
.
, (
). , object , object
. ,
, ,
, (,
. , .
http://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/.
9.6
Python , . ,
Python : ( _spam)
API (, ).
, .
(
), name mangling.
__spam , ()
_classname__spam, classname .
, .
, ; ,
. , , .
, exec() eval()
; global ,
. getattr(), setattr() delattr() ,
__dict__ .
9.7
96
, Pascal record C struct
, . :
class Employee :
pass
john = Employee () # Create an empty employee record
# Fill the fields of the record
john.name = 'JohnDoe '
john.dept = 'computer lab '
john. salary = 1000
Python ,
, .
, ,
, read() readline() ,
.
: m.__self__ m() ,
m.__func__ .
9.8
. ,
.
raise :
raise Class
raise Instance
, Class type .
:
raise Class()
97
except , , ,
( except
). , B, C, D:
class B( Exception ):
pass
class C(B):
pass
class D(C):
pass
for c in [B, C, D]:
try:
raise c()
except D:
print("D")
except C:
print("C")
except B:
print("B")
, except ( except B),

B, B, B .
, ,
, , str() .
9.9
, , for
:
for element in [1, 2, 3]:
print( element )
for element in (1, 2, 3):
print( element )
for key in {'one ':1, 'two ':2}:
print(key)
for char in "123":
print(char)
98
for line in open(" myfile .txt"):

print(line)
, . Python .
, for iter().
, __next__() , .
, __next__() StopIteration , for
. next() __next__() ;
:
>>> s = 'abc '
>>> it = iter(s)
>>> it
< iterator object at 0x00A1DB50 >
>>> next(it)
'a'
>>> next(it)
'b'
>>> next(it)
'c'
>>> next(it)
next(it)
StopIteration
,
. __iter__() __next__() .
__next__() , __iter__() self:
class Reverse :
" Iterator for looping overa sequence backwards "
def __init__ (self , data):
self.data = data
self. index = len(data)
def __iter__ (self):
return self
def __next__ (self):
if self. index == 0:
99
raise StopIteration
self. index = self.index - 1
return self.data[self.index]
>>> rev = Reverse ('spam ')
>>> iter(rev)
< __main__ . Reverse object at 0x00A1DB50 >
>>> for char in rev:
...
print(char)
...
m
a
p
s
9.10
Generator () .
, , yield .
next() , (
). :
def reverse (data):
for index in range (len(data)-1, -1, -1):
yield data[index ]
>>> for char in reverse ('golf '):
...
print(char)
...
f
l
o
g
,
. __iter()
__next__().
100
, .
, , self.index
self.data.
, ,
StopIteration . ,
, .
9.11
, ,
.
. , ,
.
:
>>> sum(i*i for i in range (10))
squares
285
>>> xvec = [10 , 20 , 30]
>>> yvec = [7, 5, 3]
>>> sum(x*y for x,y in zip(xvec , yvec))
260
# sum of
# dot product
>>> from math import pi , sin

>>> sine_table = {x: sin(x*pi/180) for x in range (0, 91)}
>>> unique_words = set(word
line.split ())
for line in page
for word in
>>> valedictorian = max(( student .gpa , student .name) for

student in graduates )
>>> data = 'golf '
>>> list(data[i] for i in range(len(data)-1, -1, -1))
['f', 'l', 'o', 'g']
101
17
10.1
os :
>>> import os
>>> os. getcwd ()
# ( current working
directory )
'C:\\ Python32 '
>>> os.chdir('/ server / accesslogs ')
#
>>> os. system ('mkdir today ')
# shell mkdir
0
import os from os import *.

:fun:os.open open().
dir() help() os::
:
>>> import os
>>> dir(os)
< returns a list of all module functions >
>>> help(os)
< returns an extensive manual page created from the module 's
docstrings >
, shutil
:
>>> import shutil
>>> shutil . copyfile ('data.db', 'archive .db ')
>>> shutil .move('/build / executables ', 'installdir ')
17
10.2
102
glob ,
, :
>>> import glob
>>> glob.glob('*. py ')
['primes .py', 'random .py ', 'quote.py']
10.3
. sys
argv . , python demo.py
one two three , :
>>> import sys
>>> print(sys.argv)
['demo.py', 'one ', 'two ', 'three ']
getopt Unix getopt() sys.argv.

argparse .
10.4
sys stdin, stdout, stderr . stderr

, stdout
:
>>> sys. stderr . write ('Warning ,logfilenotfound starting a
newone\n')
Warning , log file not found starting a new one
sys.exit().
10.5
103
re , .
, :
>>> import re
>>> re. findall (r'\bf[a-z]* ', 'whichfootorhandfell fastest
')
['foot ', 'fell ', 'fastest ']
>>> re.sub(r'(\b[a-z]+)\1', r'\1', 'catinthethehat ')
'catinthehat '
, ,
:
>>> 'teafortoo '. replace ('too ', 'two ')
'teafortwo '
10.6
math C :
>>> import math
>>> math.cos(math.pi / 4)
0. 70710678118654757
>>> math.log(1024 , 2)
10.0
random :
>>> import random
>>> random . choice (['apple ', 'pear ', 'banana '])
'apple '
>>> random . sample (range (100), 10)
#
[30 , 83 , 16 , 4, 8, 81 , 41 , 50 , 18 , 33]
>>> random . random ()
#
0. 17970987693706186
>>> random . randrange (6)
# range(6)
104
Scipy <http://scipy.org> .
10.7
python .
, urllib.request ,
smtplib :
>>> from urllib . request import urlopen
>>> for line in urlopen ('http :// tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi -bin/
timer .pl '):
...
line = line. decode ('utf -8') #
...
if 'EST ' in line or 'EDT ' in line: #
...
print (line)
<BR>Nov. 25 , 09:43:32 PM EST
>>> import smtplib
>>> server = smtplib .SMTP('localhost ')
>>> server . sendmail ('soothsayer@example .org ', '
jcaesar@example .org ',
... """ To: jcaesar@example .org
... From: soothsayer@example .org
...
... Beware the Ides of March.
... """)
>>> server .quit()
(. )
10.8
datetime ,
. ,
. .
>>> # dates are easily constructed and formatted
105
>>> from datetime import date

>>> now = date. today ()
>>> now
datetime .date(2003 , 12 , 2)
>>> now. strftime ("%m -%d-%y.%d%b%Yisa%Aonthe%ddayof
%B.")
'12 -02 -03.02Dec2003isa Tuesday onthe02dayof December
.'
>>> # dates support calendar arithmetic
>>> birthday = date(1964 , 7, 31)
>>> age = now - birthday
>>> age.days
14368
10.9
, : zlib,
gzip, zipfile tarfile.
>>> import zlib
>>> s = b'witch which haswhich witches wrist watch '
>>> len(s)
41
>>> t = zlib. compress (s)
>>> len(t)
37
>>> zlib. decompress (t)
b'witchwhichhaswhich witches wrist watch '
>>> zlib.crc32(s)
226805979
10.10
Python
. Python ,
.
106
,
. timeit , :
>>> from timeit import Timer
>>> Timer('t=a;a=b;b=t', 'a=1;b=2'). timeit ()
0. 57535828626024577
>>> Timer('a,b=b,a', 'a=1;b=2'). timeit ()
0. 54962537085770791
timeit , profile pstats

.
10.11
, ,
, , ,
.
doctest
.
, .
, . , :
def average ( values ):
""" Computes the arithmetic mean of a list of numbers .
>>> print( average ([20 , 30 , 70]))
40.0
"""
return sum( values ) / len( values )
import doctest
doctest . testmod ()
unittest doctest ,
, :
import unittest
107
class TestStatisticalFunctions ( unittest . TestCase ):

def test_average (self):
self. assertEqual ( average ([20 , 30 , 70]), 40.0)
self. assertEqual (round( average ([1, 5, 7]), 1), 4.3)
self. assertRaises ( ZeroDivisionError , average , [])
self. assertRaises (TypeError , average , 20 , 30 , 70)
unittest .main() #
10.12
Python (batteries included).

python .
xmlrpc.client xmlrpc.server
. , XML
.
email email , MIME RFC
2822 . poplib smtplib
, email
.
xml.dom xml.sax
. , csv .
, Python
.
:mode:gettext , locale codecs, Python
, .
108
18
.
.
11.1
reprlib
repr(),
>>> import reprlib
>>> reprlib .repr(set('supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '))
"set (['a','c','d','e','f','g', ...]) "
pprint ,
. ,
pretty printer ,
:
>>> import pprint
>>> t = [[[['black ', 'cyan '], 'white ', ['green ', 'red ']], [['
magenta ',
...
'yellow '], 'blue ']]]
...
>>> pprint . pprint (t, width =30)
[[[['black ', 'cyan '],
'white ',
['green ', 'red ']],
[['magenta ', 'yellow '],
'blue ']]]
textwrap :
>>> import textwrap
>>> doc = """ The wrap () method is just like fill () except
that it returns
... a list of strings instead of one big string with newlines
to separate
18
109
... the wrapped lines ."""

...
>>> print( textwrap .fill(doc , width=40))
The wrap() method is just like fill()
except that it returns a list of strings
instead of one big string with newlines
to separate the wrapped lines.
locale .
locale , ,
:
>>> import locale
>>> locale . setlocale ( locale .LC_ALL , 'English_United States .
1252 ')
'English_United States .1252 '
>>> conv = locale . localeconv ()
#
>>> x = 1234567 .8
>>> locale . format ("%d", x, grouping =True)
'1,234 ,567 '
>>> locale . format_string ("%s%.*f", (conv['currency_symbol '],
...
conv['frac_digits '], x), grouping =
True)
'$1 ,234 ,567.80 '
11.2
string Template ,
, .
.
$ Python
.
. $$ $
>>> from string import Template
>>> t = Template ('${ village }folksend$$10to $cause .')
110
>>> t. substitute ( village ='Nottingham ', cause ='theditchfund '

)
'Nottinghamfolk send$10totheditchfund.'
, substitute()
KeyError . mail-merge ,
, , safe_substitute()
, :
>>> t = Template ('Return the$itemto $owner .')
>>> d = dict(item='unladen swallow ')
>>> t. substitute (d)
. . .
KeyError : 'owner '
>>> t. safe_substitute (d)
'Return the unladen swallow to $owner .'
Template . ,
, ,
:
>>> import time , os.path
>>> photofiles = ['img_1074 .jpg ', 'img_1076 .jpg ', 'img_1077 .
jpg ']
>>> class BatchRename ( Template ):
...
delimiter = '%'
>>> fmt = input('Enter rename style(%d-date%n- seqnum %fformat ):')
Enter rename style (%d-date %n- seqnum %f- format ): Ashley_ %n%
f
>>> t = BatchRename (fmt)
>>> date = time. strftime ('%d%b%y')
>>> for i, filename in enumerate ( photofiles ):
...
base , ext = os.path. splitext ( filename )
...
newname = t. substitute (d=date , n=i, f=ext)
...
print('{0} -->{1}'. format (filename , newname ))
img_1074 .jpg --> Ashley_0 .jpg
111
. XML
html .
11.3
Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
struct , :fun:pack :fun:unpack

. zipfile
ZIP . H I
. <
:
import struct
data = open('myfile .zip ', 'rb').read()
start = 0
for i in range(3):
# 3
start += 14
fields = struct . unpack ('<IIIHH ', data[start :start+16])
crc32 , comp_size , uncomp_size , filenamesize , extra_size =
fields
start += 16
filename = data[start :start+ filenamesize ]
start += filenamesize
extra = data[ start :start+ extra_size ]
print(filename , hex(crc32), comp_size , uncomp_size )
start += extra_size + comp_size
11.4
112
.
.
threading
:
import threading , zipfile
class AsyncZip ( threading . Thread ):
def __init__ (self , infile , outfile ):
threading . Thread . __init__ (self)
self. infile = infile
self. outfile = outfile
def run(self):
f = zipfile . ZipFile (self.outfile , 'w', zipfile .
ZIP_DEFLATED )
f.write(self. infile )
f.close()
print('Finished background zipof:', self. infile )
background = AsyncZip ('mydata .txt ', 'myarchive .zip ')
background . start ()
print('Themain program continues torunin foreground .')
background .join()
#
print('Main program waited until background wasdone.')
. , ,
.
,
. ,
, queue .
Queue
, , .
11.5
113
logging .
, sys.stderr:
import logging
logging .debug('Debugging information ')
logging .info('Informational message ')
logging . warning ('Warning : config file%snotfound ', 'server .
conf ')
logging .error('Error occurred ')
logging . critical ('Critical error-- shutting down ')
:
WARNING :root: Warning : config file server .conf not found
ERROR:root: Error occurred
CRITICAL :root: Critical error -- shutting down
, , .
HTTP
. ,
: DEBUG, INFO, WARING, ERROR, CRITICAL.
Python ,
, .
11.6
Python
garbage collection .
.
, ,
. ,
. weakref
. ,
114
weakref weadref .
:
>>> import weakref , gc
>>> class A:
...
def __init__ (self , value):
...
self.value = value
...
def __repr__ (self):
...
return str(self.value)
...
>>> a = A(10)
#
>>> d = weakref . WeakValueDictionary ()
>>> d['primary '] = a
#
>>> d['primary ']
#
10
>>> del a
#
>>> gc. collect ()
#
0
>>> d['primary ']
#
File "<stdin >", line 1, in < module >
d['primary ']
#
File "C:/ python31 /lib/ weakref .py", line 46 , in __getitem__
o = self.data[key]()
KeyError : 'primary '
11.7
.
.
array array() ,
, .
H) Python
list 16 :
>>> from array import array
>>> a = array('H', [4000 , 10 , 700 , 22222 ])
>>> sum(a)
26932
115
>>> a[1:3]
array('H', [10 , 700])
cllections deque() ,
apend pop , .
:
>>> from collections import deque
>>> d = deque([" task1 ", "task2", " task3 "])
>>> d. append (" task4 ")
>>> print(" Handling ", d. popleft ())
Handling task1
unsearched = deque ([ starting_node ])
def breadth_first_search ( unsearched ):
node = unsearched . popleft ()
for m in gen_moves (node):
if is_goal (m):
return m
unsearched . append (m)
, , bisect ,
:
>>> import bisect
>>> scores = [(100 , 'perl '), (200 , 'tcl '), (400 , 'lua '), (500
, 'python ')]
>>> bisect . insort (scores , (300 , 'ruby '))
>>> scores
[(100 , 'perl '), (200 , 'tcl '), (300 , 'ruby '), (400 , 'lua '), (
500 , 'python ')]
heapq .
.
:
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
from heapq import heapify , heappop , heappush

data = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8, 0]
heapify (data)
#
heappush (data , -5)
#
[ heappop (data) for i in range(3)] #
116
[-5, 0, 1]
11.8
decimal Decimal
. float ,

,
,
, , ,
.
, 5,
, . ,
:
>>> from decimal import *
>>> round( Decimal ('0.70 ') * Decimal ('1.05 '), 2)
Decimal ('0.74')
>>> round(.70 * 1.05 , 2)
0.73
Decimal 0,
. Decimal ,
.
Exact representation enables the Decimal class to perform modulo calculations and equality tests that are unsuitable for binary oating point:
>>> Decimal ('1.00 ') % Decimal ('.10')
Decimal ('0.00')
>>> 1.00 % 0.10
0. 09999999999999995
>>> sum([ Decimal ('0.1')]*10) == Decimal ('1.0')
True
117
>>> sum([0.1]*10) == 1.0

False
Decimal ,
:
>>> Decimal ('1.00 ') % Decimal ('.10')
Decimal ('0.00')
>>> 1.00 % 0.10
0. 09999999999999995
>>> sum([ Decimal ('0.1')]*10) == Decimal ('1.0')
True
>>> sum([0.1]*10) == 1.0
False
decimal :
>>> getcontext ().prec = 36
>>> Decimal (1) / Decimal (7)
Decimal ('0. 142857142857142857142857142857142857 ')
?19
, Python
Python . ,
?
This tutorial is part of Pythons documentation set. Some other documents in the set are:
Python . :
The Python Standard Library:
, () ,
, , . Python ,
. Unix , HTTP ,
19
118
, , CGI , , .
.
Installing Python Modules Python
.
The Python Language Reference: Python
. ,
.
Python :
http://www.python.org: Python . , ,
Python . ,
, , ; ,
.
http://docs.python.org: Python .
http://pypi.python.org: Python , Cheese Shop,
Python , .
, , .
http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Python/Cookbook/: Python Cookbook , , .
, Python Cookbook (OReilly & Associates, ISBN 0-596-00797-3.)
http://scipy.org: Python .
, , , , , .
Python , comp.lang.python
, python-list@python.org .
, .
120 ( ), ( ) , ,
. , Frequently Asked Questions (
FAQ), Python Misc/ .
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/ . FAQ
119
, .
20
Python ,
Korn shell GNU Bash shell . GNU Readline ,
Emacs vi . ,
; .
Unix, Cygwin .
* * Mark Hammond PythonWin
Python , Tk IDLE. NT
DOS Windows , .
13.1
, , .
Emacs . : C-A (ControlA) , C-E , C-B , C-F .
, C-D . C-K
, C-Y . C-underscore
; .
13.2
.
, , . C-P
, C-N . ;
, . Return ()
. C-R ; C-S .
20
13.3
120
Readline ~/.inputrc .
:
key-name: function -name
:
" string ": function -name
:
set option -name value
:
# I prefer vi - style editing :
set editing -mode vi
# Edit using a single line:
set horizontal - scroll -mode On
# Rebind some keys:
Meta-h: backward -kill-word
"\C-u": universal - argument
"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
, Tab Python Tab ,

Readline . ,
:
Tab: complete
~/.inputrc . (, .)
. ,
:
21
21
, Python ,
PYTHONSTARTUP .
121
import rlcompleter , readline

readline . parse_and_bind ('tab: complete ')
Tab , Tab ;
Python , , .
string.a, ,
. , ,
__getattr__() .
.
; , ,
.
, os,
.
# Add auto - completion and a stored history file of commands
to your Python
# interactive interpreter . Requires Python 2.0+, readline .
Autocomplete is
# bound to the Esc key by default (you can change it - see
readline docs).
#
# Store the file in ~/. pystartup , and set an environment
variable to point
# to it: " export PYTHONSTARTUP =/ home/user /. pystartup " in
bash.
#
# Note that PYTHONSTARTUP does *not* expand "~", so you have
to put in the
# full path to your home directory .
import
import
import
import
atexit
os
readline
rlcompleter
historyPath = os.path. expanduser ("~/. pyhistory ")

def save_history ( historyPath = historyPath ):
122
import readline
readline . write_history_file ( historyPath )
if os.path. exists ( historyPath ):
readline . read_history_file ( historyPath )
atexit . register ( save_history )
del os , atexit , readline , rlcompleter , save_history ,
historyPath
13.4
, ; ,
: (
). .
, .
IPython , tab ,
, . , .
bpython.
: 22
. , :
0.125
1/10 + 2/100 + 5/1000, , :

0.001
0/2 + 0/4 + 1/8. , ,

, .
22
123
, .
, , ,
.
. 1/3 .
:
0.3
,
0.33
,
0.333
. , 1/3,
1/3.
, , 0.1 .
,
0.0001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011...
, .
, , 53 ,
2 . 1/10, 3602879701896397 / 2 ** 55.
, .
. Python
, .
, Python ,
, 0.1
>>> 0.1
0. 1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625
124
, Python
:
>>> 1 / 10
0.1
, 1/10 ,
.
, . , 0.1
0.10000000000000001 0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625
3602879701896397 / 2 ** 55 .
, eval(repr(x)) == x.
, Python repr() 17 ,
0.10000000000000001 . Python 3.1 , Python (),
0.1.
, : Python
bug, bug .
(,
).
,
:
>>> format (math.pi , '.12g ')
'3. 14159265359 '
# give 12 significant digits
>>> format (math.pi , '.2f ')

'3.14'
# give 2 digits after the point
>>> repr(math.pi)
'3. 141592653589793 '
, , , :
.
125
. , 0.1 1/10,
0.1 0.3:
>>> .1 + .1 + .1 == .3
False
, 0.1 1/10 , 0.3

3/10 , round() :
>>> round(.1, 1) + round (.1, 1) + round (.1, 1) == round(.3, 1
)
False
, round()
, :
>>> round(.1 + .1 + .1, 10) == round(.3, 10)
True
, . 0.1
, Representation Error .
, The Perils of Floating Point.
, . , .
Python , ,
1/2**53 . ,
, , .
, ,
, , . str()
, str.format() , Format
String Syntax (http://docs.python.org/library/string.html#formatstrings).
, decimal ,
.
fractions , ( 1/3
).
126
, Python
, SciPy .
<http://scipy.org>.
Python .
float.as_integer_ratio() :
>>> x = 3.14159
>>> x. as_integer_ratio ()
( 3537115888337719 , 1125899906842624 )
, :
>>> x == 3537115888337719 / 1125899906842624
True
float.hex() ,
:
>>> x.hex()
'0x1. 921f9f01b866ep +1'
, :
>>> x == float. fromhex ('0x1. 921f9f01b866ep +1')
True
, Python ()
, ( java C99).
math.fsum() .
. .
.
>>> sum([0.1] * 10) == 1.0
False
>>> math.fsum([0.1] * 10) == 1.0
True
14.1
127
0.1 , .
.
Representation error , ()
. ,
Python ( Perl, C, C++, Java, Fortran, )
.
? 1/10 .
(2000 11 ) IEEE-754 ,
Python IEEE-754 double . 754 doubles
53 , , 0.1 ,
J/2**N , J 53 . :
1 / 10 ~= J / (2**N)
:
J ~= 2**N / 10
J 53 ( >= 2**52 < 2**53), N

56:
>>> 2**52 <=
True
2**56 // 10
< 2**53
, 56 J 53 N . J
:
>>> q, r = divmod (2**56 , 10)
>>> r
6
10 , :
128
>>> q+1
7205759403792794
754 double 1/10 :

7205759403792794 / 2 ** 56
:
3602879701896397 / 2 ** 55
, , 1/10 ;
, 1/10 . , 1/10!
1/10: , 754
:
>>> 0.1 * 2 ** 55
3602879701896397 .0
10**55, 55 :
>>> 3602879701896397 * 10 ** 55 // 2 ** 55
1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625
0.100000000000000005551115123125
7827021181583404541015625. ( Python )
, 17 :
>>> format (0.1, '.17f ')
'0. 10000000000000001 '
fractions decimal :
>>> from decimal import Decimal
>>> from fractions import Fraction
>>> Fraction . from_float (0.1)
Fraction ( 3602879701896397 , 36028797018963968 )
129
>>> (0.1). as_integer_ratio ()

( 3602879701896397 , 36028797018963968 )
>>> Decimal . from_float (0.1)
Decimal ('0.
1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625 ')
>>> format ( Decimal . from_float (0.1), '.17 ')
'0. 10000000000000001 '
130
2013 10 30 http://docspy3zh.readthedocs.
org/en/latest/tutorial/index.html Python
Python LATEX
PDF LaTeX
Sphinx
Python
PDF
Python LATEX Python
Liam Huang
2013 11 7
SPHINX LATEX
131
Sphinx
LATEX
Sphinx PDF,
TEX
index.txt LATEX
1. Sphinx Python TEX Live 2013.

2. index.txt sphinx-quickstart,
3. conf.py LATEX
LATEX
4. index.txt sphinx-build-blatex..\_build
Win .\_build .tex, .sty, .cls
LATEX Sphinx
5. project-name.texproject-name sphinx-quickstart
\def\sphinxdocclass{ctexrep},
\documentclass[UTF8,english]{sphinxmanual}
6. pdfLATEX XLATEX PDF
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Python

11.4 . . . . . . . . . 111 A Sphinx

DocsPy3zh Zoom.Quiet Liam Huang

DocsPy3zh Zoom.Quiet Liam Huang

tty , (interactive mode).

BSD UNIX , Python Shell

Python (hook) : sitecustomize

DocsPy3zh Zoom.Quiet Liam Huang

STRING = "# ."

>>> 3 * 3.75 / 1.5

>>> word[0] = 'x'

Python 3.0 , Unicode ( http://www.

\u0020 , 0x0020 (),

['spam ', 'eggs ', 100 , 1234]

p[1]. append ('xtra ')

>>> x = int( input (" Please enteran integer :"))

elif , else . elif

DocsPy3zh Zoom.Quiet Liam Huang

break continue , else

def fib2(n): # n Fibonacci

print("ifyouput", voltage , "volts through it.")

def cheeseshop (kind , *arguments , ** keywords ):

def write_multiple_items (file , separator , *args):

def make_incrementor (n):

DocsPy3zh Zoom.Quiet Liam Huang

deque(['Michael ', 'Terry ', 'Graham '])

>>> [str(round(355/113 , i)) for i in range (1, 6)]

a = [-1, 1, 66.25 , 333 , 333 , 1234.5]

( Sequence Typesstr, bytes, bytearray,

>>> # Tuples may be nested :

{'r', 'd', 'b'}

{'a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}

{'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}

>>> a = {x for x in 'abracadabra ' if x not in 'abc '}

Python ( Mapping Types

d.keys() dictionary view . ,

DocsPy3zh Zoom.Quiet Liam Huang

>>> from fibo import fib , fib2

>>> import fibo , sys

'ImportWarning ', 'IndentationError ', 'IndexError ', '

from sound.effects import * ?

from sound.effects import * sound

, import from module import name

DocsPy3zh Zoom.Quiet Liam Huang

'0. 142857142857 '

( format eld) format()

'!a' ( ascii()), '!s' ( str()) '!r' ( repr())

':' eld name.

>>> with open('/tmp/ workfile ', 'r') as f:

DocsPy3zh Zoom.Quiet Liam Huang

try ... except else , ,

('spam ', 'eggs ')

>>> raise NameError ('HiThere ')

An exception flew by!

""" Exception raised for errors in the input .

DocsPy3zh Zoom.Quiet Liam Huang

C++ , Python () public

>>> x = Complex (3.0, -4.5)

MyClass , 'hello world'. ,

def __init__ (self):

, Pascal record C struct

, except ( except B),

for line in open(" myfile .txt"):

def init (self):

J 53 ( >= 252 < 253), N