ECS448 - Topic 4 (Arches)

ECS 448
DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Topic 4
Analysis of Arches
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Slide 1 of 34
Topic 4 Analysis of Arches
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1) Determine rise, y at each point of Arch.
2) Determine the support reactions of statically determinate
three-hinged arch.
3) Find out internal forces such as radial shear force, bending
moment and normal thrust values in statically determinate
three-hinged arch.
4) Draw the bending moment diagram shear force diagram and
normal thrust diagram of a statically determinate threehinged arch.
Slide 2 of 34
Introduction
Three-Pinned Arch is used for large span of structures.
Its have an ability to carry transverse loading efficiently
Bending moment can be greatly reduced due to curvature of
arches
Almost similar to three-pinned portal frame
Restrain on both ends to reduces horizontal thrust
Slide 3 of 34
Arch and Beam Differences

Moment equation for beam and arch
W kN/m
W kN/m
MX + = 0
2
MX
VA
C
VA(x) - W(x )/2 - MX =0

2
Mx = VA(x) W(x )/2 #
W kN/m
W kN/m
MX
MX + = 0
2
VA(x) - W(x )/2 - MX HA(y) =0
h
Y
A
B
L
Mx = VA(x) - HA(y) W(x )/2 #
HA
VA
Slide 4 of 34
Equation of Parabolic Arch

Parabolic equation can be derive as follows
C (L/2, h)
y
B
HA
L
VA
L/2
Using parabolic equation y = kx (L-x) at C
L kL
kL kL
L
=
h = k L =
2 2
4 4
2
2
4h
k = 2
L
= tan 1 Slope
Where
Slope =
4hx
y = 2 (L x )
L
Slide 5 of 34
dy 4h
= 2 (L 2 x )
dx L
Internal Forces in Arch

Thrust, N and Shear Force, Q in Arch Rib
Q
N
+
M
20 kN
N
M
Q
N
C (L/2, h)
P
P
y
HA
VA
L/2
*** Calculation for N and Q must be with and without point load ***
Slide 6 of 34
Example 1
A three-hinged parabolic arch is as shown in figure below. It carries a uniformly
distributed load of 20 kN/m between points A and B. Calculate value of N, Q and M
for every 10 m.
20 kN/m
C
10 m
B
20 m
20 m
Slide 7 of 34
Example 1
Step 1.
Step 2.
Draw Free Body Diagram of the arch. Calculate

the external reactions.
Split the arch at hinge (points C). Consider either

LHS or RHS
20 kN/m
20 kN/m
C
10 m
HA
A
VA
B
20 m
20 m
HB
VB
FX+ = 0
MA + = 0
FY+ = 0
20(40)(20) VB(40)=0
VA + VB = 20 (40)
VB = 400 kN #
VA = 400 kN
HB - H A = 0
HA = HB #
10 m
HA
A
VA
20 m
MC + = 0
VA(20) HA(10) 20(20)(10) = 0
HA = 400 kN #
HB = HA = 400 kN #
Slide 8 of 34
Example 1
Step 3.
Step 4.
Calculate the value of N, Q and M at 10 m from

left.
Using equilibrium equations compute the value of

N, Q and M
200 kN
Q
MD + = 0
VA(10) HA(7.5) 20(10)(5) = M

M=0#
y
FN
HA
Slope =
VA
10 m
4hx
y = 2 (L x )
L
4(10)(10)
y=
(40 10) = 7.5m
(40) 2
Slope =
4h
(L 2 x )
L2
N + 200Sin - 400Cos - 400Sin = 0

N = 447.21 kN
4(10)
[40 2(10)]
2
40
Slope = 0.5
1
FQ
+=0
Q + 200Cos + 400Sin - 400Cos = 0
= tan 0.5 = 26.57
+=0
Slide 9 of 34
Q=0#
Example 1
Step 5.
Step 6.
Calculate the value of N, Q and M at 10 m from

right.
Using equilibrium equations compute the value of

N, Q and M
Q
200 kN
MD + = 0
VB(10) HB(7.5) 20(10)(5) = M

M=0#
M
FN
7.5 m
HB
10 m
Slope =
VB
Slope =
4hx
y = 2 (L x )
L
y=
4(10)(10)
(40 10) = 7.5m
(40) 2
4h
(L 2x )
2
L
4(10)
[40 2(10)]
40 2
+=0
N + 200Sin - 400Cos - 400Sin = 0

N = 447.21 kN
FQ
+=0
Q 200Cos - 400Sin + 400Cos = 0

Q = 0 kN
Slope = 0.5
= tan 1 0.5 = 26.57 0
Slide 10 of 34
Example 2
A three-hinged parabolic arch is as shown in figure below. It carries a uniformly
distributed load of 20 kN/m and point load of 10 kN as shown. Calculate value of N,
Q and M at D and E. Take horizontal distance of D is 10m from support A and E is
10m from support B.
20 kN/m
D
9m
10 kN
C
E
15 m
15 m
5m
B
20 m
30 m
Slide 11 of 34
Example 2
Step 1.
Draw Free Body Diagram of the arch. Calculate the external reactions.
20 kN/m
15 m
D
HA
MB + = 0
15 m
10 m
-20(30)(30) - 10(10) + VA(50) + HA(5)=0
10 kN
50VA + 5HA = 18100 kN (

5)
10VA + HA = 3620 kN ----------- (1) #
9m
VA
10 m
yA
FY+ = 0
B
xA
20 m
30 m
HB
VB
VA + VB = 610 kN ----------- (2)#

FX+ = 0
4hx
y A = 2 (L x)
L
HD - HA = 0
HA = HB ----------- (3)#
4(9)(10)
[60 10 ] = 5m
yA =
60 2
VA + VB 20(30) 10 = 0
Slide 12 of 34
Example 2
Step 2.
Split the arch at hinge (points C). Consider either LHS or RHS
20 kN/m
Using simultaneous equations,
15 m
D
HA
Equation (1) + (4)
C
4m
15VA = 4182.5
VA = 278.833 kN #
VA
10 m
HA = 831.667 kN #
20 m
From equation (2)

MC + = 0
VB = 331.167 kN #
-20(15)(7.5) + VA(20) - HA(4)=0

20VA - 4HA = 2250 kN (
4)
From equation (3)
5VA - HA = 562.50 kN ----------- (4) #
HB = HA = 831.667 kN #
Slide 13 of 34
Example 2
Step 3.
Calculate the value of N, Q and M at D, 10 m from support A.
100 kN
MD + = 0
N
VA(10) HA(3) 20(5)(2.5) = M
M = 43.329 kNm #
M
3m
+=0
831.667
N + 100Sin - 831.667Cos - 278.833Sin = 0
278.833
N = 850.589 kN #
10 m
4hx
(L x)
2
L
4(9)(20)
yD =
[60 20]
60 2
y D = 8m
yD =
FN
4h
(L 2x)
L2
4(9)
[60 2(20)]
Slope =
60 2
Slope =
Slope = 0.2
FQ
+=0
Q + 100Cos + 831.667Sin - 278.833Cos = 0

Q = 12.256 kN
= tan 10.2 = 11.310

Slide 14 of 34
Example 2
Step 3.
Calculate the value of N, Q and M at E, 10 m from support B.
10 kN
ME + = 0
VB(10) HB(5) = M
5m
M = -846.665 kNm #
FN
+=0
N + 10Sin - 831.667Cos - 331.167Sin = 0

831.667
10 m
4hx
(L x)
L2
4(9)(10)
yE =
[60 10 ]
60 2
y E = 5m
yE =
N = 891.462 kN #(With Point Load)

N = 899.176 kN #(Without Point Load)
331.167
Slope =
4h
(L 2x)
L2
Slope =
4(9)
[60 2(10)]
2
60
Slope = 0.4
FQ
+=0
Q - 10Cos - 831.667Sin + 331.167Cos = 0

Q = 10.655 kN
Q = 1.371 kN
# (With
Point Load)
# (Without
Point Load)
= tan 1 0.4 = 21.8 0

Slide 15 of 34
Example 3
Draw bending moment diagram, shear force diagram and thrust diagram for the
parabolic arch shown below.
100 kN
F
D
E
H
y
16 m
25 m
50 m
50 m
Slide 16 of 34
Example 3
Step 1.
Step 2.
Draw Free Body Diagram of the arch. Calculate

the external reactions.
Split the arch at hinge (points C). Consider either

LHS or RHS
100 kN
25m
100 kN
C
E
16 m
16 m
HA
HB
A
VA
HA
A
VB
50 m
VA
50 m
MA + = 0
FY+ = 0
FX+ = 0
100(25) VB(100)=0
VA + VB = 100
HB - H A = 0
VB = 25 kN #
VA = 75 kN
HA = HB #
Slide 17 of 34
50 m
MC + = 0
75(50) HA(16) 100(25) = 0
HA = 78.125 kN #
HB = HA = 78.125 kN #
Example 3
Step 3.
Calculate value of M, N and Q at point D with and without point load.
yD =
Q
100 kN
N
4hx
(L x)
2
L
4(16)(25)
yD =
[100 25]
100 2
y D = 12m
4h
Slope = 2 (L 2x)
L
4(16)
Slope =
[100 2(25) ]
2
100
78.125 kN
Slope = 0.32
75 kN
25 m
FN
+ = 0 (without load)
N - 78.125Cos - 75Sin = 0
N = 97.267 kN #
FN
+ = 0 (with load)
N + 100Sin - 78.125Cos - 75Sin = 0

N = 66.788 kN
FQ
+ = 0 (without load)
Q + 78.125Sin - 75Cos = 0
= tan 0.32
Q = 47.621 kN
= 17.745 0
FQ
MD + = 0
+ = 0 (with load)
Q + 100Cos + 78.125Sin - 75Cos = 0
75(25) 78.125(12) = MD
Q = - 47.622 kN
MD = 937.5 kNm #
Slide 18 of 34
Example 3
Step 4.
Calculate value of M, N and Q when x = 0 (at point A)
yD =
Q
N
78.125 kN
75 kN y
4hx
(L x)
L2
FN
+=0
N - 78.125Cos - 75Sin = 0
4(16)(0)
yD =
[100 0] = 0
100 2
N = 106.233 kN #
FQ
4h
Slope = 2 (L 2x)
L
+=0
Q + 78.125Sin - 75Cos = 0
Q = 21.055 kN
Slope =
4(16)
[100 2(0)] = 0.64
2
100
= tan 1 0.64 = 32.62 0
Slide 19 of 34
Example 3
Step 5.
Calculate value of M, N and Q when x = 20m (at point E)
Q
N
yE =
ME + = 0
4hx
(L x)
2
L
75(20) 78.125(10.24) = MD
4(16)(20)
[100 20 ]
100 2
y E = 10.24m
MD = 700 kNm #
yE =
FN
78.125 kN
75 kN
20 m
Slope =
Slope =
4h
(L 2x)
L2
+=0
N - 78.125Cos - 75Sin = 0
N = 99.819 kN #
4(16)
[100 2(20) ]
2
100
Slope = 0.384
FQ
+=0
Q + 78.125Sin - 75Cos = 0
Q = 42.009 kN
= tan 0.384 = 21.007
Slide 20 of 34
Example 3
Step 6.
Calculate value of M, N and Q when x = 40m (at point F)
Q
100 kN
4hx
(L x)
L2
4(16)(40)
yF =
[100 40 ]
100 2
y F = 15.36m
Slope =
78.125 kN
75 kN
yF =
40 m
Slope =
MF + = 0
75(40) 78.125(15.36) 100(15) = MD
MD = 300 kNm #
4h
(L 2x)
L2
FN
4(16)
[100 2(40) ]
2
100
N = 74.319 kN
+=0
N + 100Sin - 78.125Cos - 75Sin = 0

#
Slope = 0.128
FQ
= tan 1 0.128 = 7.294 0
+=0
Q + 100Cos + 78.125Sin - 75Cos = 0

Q = - 34.717 kN
Slide 21 of 34
Example 3
Step 7.
Calculate value of M, N and Q when x = 50m (at point C)
Q
100 kN
yC =
4hx
(L x)
2
L
4(16)(50)
[100 50]
100 2
y C = 16m
yC =
MC + = 0
75(50) 78.125(16) 100(25) = MC
MC = 0 kNm #
FN
+=0
N + 100Sin - 78.125Cos - 75Sin = 0

78.125 kN
75 kN
50 m
Slope =
4h
(L 2x)
L2
N = 78.125 kN
Slope =
4(16)
[100 2(50) ]
2
100
FQ
Slope = 0
+=0
Q + 100Cos + 78.125Sin - 75Cos = 0

Q = - 25 kN
= tan 1 0 = 0 0
Slide 22 of 34
Example 3
Step 8.
Calculate value of M, N and Q when x = 40m (at point G)
Q
N
4hx
y G = 2 (L x)
L
4(16)(40)
[100 40 ]
100 2
y G = 15.36m
yG =
M
78.125 kN
40 m
25 kN
Slope =
4h
(L 2x)
L2
Slope =
4(16)
[100 2(40) ]
2
100
Slope = 0.128
= tan 1 0.128 = 7.294 0
Slide 23 of 34
MG + = 0
25(40) 78.125(15.36) = MG
MG = -200 kNm #
FN
+=0
N - 78.125Cos - 25Sin = 0
N = 80.667 kN
FQ
+=0
Q - 78.125Sin + 25Cos = 0
Q = - 14.879 kN
Example 3
Step 9.
Calculate value of M, N and Q when x = 20m (at point H)
MG + = 0
yH =
4hx
(L x)
L2
4(16)(20)
[100 20 ]
100 2
y H = 10.24m
yH =
y
M
78.125 kN
20 m
25(20) 78.125(10.24) = MH
MH = -300 kNm #
FN
+=0
N - 78.125Cos - 25Sin = 0
Slope =
4h
(L 2x)
L2
N = 81.895 kN
Slope =
4(16)
[100 2(20) ]
2
100
FQ
25 kN
Slope = 0.384
+=0
Q - 78.125Sin + 25Cos = 0
Q = 4.668 kN
= tan 1 0.384 = 21.007 0
Slide 24 of 34
Example 3
Step 10.
Draw Bending Moment Diagram, Shear Force Diagram and Thrust Diagram.
100 kN
Point
M (kNm)
N (kN)
Q (kN)
106.233
21.055
700
99.819
42.009
D (w/o L)
937.5
97.267
47.621
D (w L)
937.5
66.788
- 47.622
300
74.319
- 34.717
78.125
-25
-200
80.667
-14.879
-300
81.895
4.668
79.278
21.06
A
Slide 25 of 34
E D
Example 3
Step 11.
Bending Moment Diagram
Point
D (w/o)
D (w)
M (kNm)
700
937.5
937.5
300
-200
-300
20 m
A
15 m
E
10 m
F
10 m
C
Slide 26 of 34
20 m
G
20 m
H
Example 3
Step 12.
Shear Force Diagram
Point
D (w/o)
D (w)
Q (kN)
21.06
42.01
47.62
- 47.62
- 34.72
-25
-14.879
4.668
21.06
20 m
A
15 m
E
10 m
F
10 m
C
Slide 27 of 34
20 m
G
20 m
H
Example 3
Step 13.
Thrust Diagram
Point
D (w/o)
D (w)
N (kN)
106.23
99.82
97.27
66.79
74.319
78.125
80.667
81.895
79.278
20 m
A
15 m
E
10 m
F
10 m
C
Slide 28 of 34
20 m
G
20 m
H
Review
Problem
Slide 29 of 34
Problem 1
A three-hinged parabolic arch is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m acting between A
to D as shown in Figure P1.
1.
2.
Calculate the length yd.

Determine the shear force Q and axial thrust N at point D.
20 kN/m
4m
yD
B
6m
3m
3m
Figure P1
Slide 30 of 34
Problem 2
A semi-circular three-hinged arch is pinned to the foundations at A and B and loaded as shown in Figure
P2. Given the radius is 6 m, write the equations for the bending moment in section BC of the arch in 9,
taking 6 = 0 at B.
2m
2m
10 kN/m
50 kN
C
30 kN
300
450
Figure P2
Slide 31 of 34
Problem 3
A semi-circular three-hinged arch is pinned to the foundations at A and B and loaded as shown in Figure
Q1. The radius of the arch is 5m.
1.
2.
Calculate all the reaction forces.

Write down the bending moment equation(s) for segment AC and draw the corresponding
bending moment diagram.
40 kN
20 kN
C
B
450
600
300
A
O
Figure P3
Slide 32 of 34
Problem 4
5 kN/m
A three-hinged parabolic arch is as shown in Figure P4. It

carries a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m between
points E and F, and a horizontal point load of 5 kN at
point D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Evaluate all the reaction forces at A and B.

Determine all the internal forces at G.
Write the equations for the bending moment in
the segment of the arch between B and C.
Draw the bending moment diagram for the
segment of the arch between B andC.
10 m
G
5 kN
2.5 m
C
F
B
5.76 m
A
8m
20 m
15 m
Figure P4
Slide 33 of 34
References
Hibbeler R.C, (2012), Structural Analysis, 8th Edition in S.I. Units, Pearson,
Singapore
Singapore
Singapore
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Analysis, Cerdik Publications Sdn.
Bhd.
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Mechanics, Cerdik Publications
Sdn. Bhd.
Mc Cormac N., (1999), Structural Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons
Slide 34 of 34

ECS448 - Topic 4 (Arches)

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ECS 448

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

Arch and Beam Differences

VA(x) - W(x )/2 - MX =0

Mx = VA(x) W(x )/2 #

VA(x) - W(x )/2 - MX HA(y) =0

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Mx = VA(x) - HA(y) W(x )/2 #

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

Equation of Parabolic Arch

Using parabolic equation y = kx (L-x) at C

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Internal Forces in Arch

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

Draw Free Body Diagram of the arch. Calculate

Split the arch at hinge (points C). Consider either

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

Calculate the value of N, Q and M at 10 m from

Using equilibrium equations compute the value of

VA(10) HA(7.5) 20(10)(5) = M

N + 200Sin - 400Cos - 400Sin = 0

Q + 200Cos + 400Sin - 400Cos = 0

= tan 0.5 = 26.57

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

Calculate the value of N, Q and M at 10 m from

Using equilibrium equations compute the value of

VB(10) HB(7.5) 20(10)(5) = M

N + 200Sin - 400Cos - 400Sin = 0

Q 200Cos - 400Sin + 400Cos = 0

= tan 1 0.5 = 26.57 0

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

-20(30)(30) - 10(10) + VA(50) + HA(5)=0

50VA + 5HA = 18100 kN (

10VA + HA = 3620 kN ----------- (1) #

VA + VB = 610 kN ----------- (2)#

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

Using simultaneous equations,

Equation (1) + (4)

From equation (2)

-20(15)(7.5) + VA(20) - HA(4)=0

From equation (3)

5VA - HA = 562.50 kN ----------- (4) #

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

VA(10) HA(3) 20(5)(2.5) = M

N + 100Sin - 831.667Cos - 278.833Sin = 0

Q + 100Cos + 831.667Sin - 278.833Cos = 0

= tan 10.2 = 11.310

Topic 4 Analysis of Arches

N + 10Sin - 831.667Cos - 331.167Sin = 0

N = 891.462 kN #(With Point Load)

Q - 10Cos - 831.667Sin + 331.167Cos = 0

= tan 1 0.4 = 21.8 0