Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EC2204
1.
2.
Seite 6
Groundwater
shallow wells
deep wells
(or Direct pumping)
Surface water
rivers
lakes
Reservoirs
Rainwater
Open area
Building
Groundwater
constant composition
high mineral content
low turbidity
low color
low or no D.O.
high hardness
high Fe, Mn
Surface water
variable composition
low mineral content
high turbidity
colored
D.O. present
low hardness
taste and odor
Rainwater
variable composition colorless
low mineral content D.O. present
low hardness
low turbidity
taste and odor
10
11
Total Hardness
Technically - the sum of all polyvalent cations
Practically - the amount of calcium and magnesium
12
of a water to:
cause soap scum
Ca2+ + (Soap)- Ca(Soap)2
(s)
OR
13
Description
Soft
Moderately hard
Hard
Very hard
Hardness range
(mg/L as CaCO3)
0 - 75
75 - 100
100 - 300
> 300
14
Precipitation
Topsoil
Subsoil
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Limestone CaCO3(s) + H2CO3 Ca(HCO3)2
MgCO3(s) + H2CO3 Mg(HCO3)2
15
Carbonate Hardness
Often called "temporary hardness" because heating
the water will remove it. When the water is heated,
16
Non-Carbonate Hardness
Called permanent hardness because it is not
removed when the water is heated. It is much more
expensive to remove non-carbonate hardness than
carbonate hardness.
Ca2+, Mg2+ associated with other ions, Cl-, NO3-,
SO42 NCH = TH - CH
If Alkalinity Total hardness, then NCH = 0
17
equivalents/liter (eq/L)
18
19
coagulation/flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Stabilization
fluoridation
chlorination
20
Coagulation/flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Stabilization
fluoridation
chlorination
21
22
23
Coagulation (process)
Colloidal particles
(0.001 - 1 m)
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+ ++
++
+
+ +
+
++
+
+ ++ + +
+ +
++ +
++
+
+ +
+
floc
(1 - 100 m)
24
water
Concentration
25
Alum: Al2(SO4)3.14H2O
Ferric chloride: FeCl3
26
Operating pH: 5 to 8
27
14
12
10
8
6
4
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
pH
16
14
12
10
Quantity of coagulant
where
8
6
4
4
10 12 14 16 18 20
m
= amount of coagulant needed (M/T)
Q
= design flow (L3/T)
22 Cdosage = dosage of optimum coagulant (M/L3)
28
Velocity of water:
0.5 - 1.5 ft/sec
Detention time of
at least 20 min
29
30
Groundwater treatment
31
Screen
Sedimentation
basin
Surface water
from supply
Rapid Flocculation
Mix
Sand Filter
Basin
Sludge
Disinfection
Storage
To
Distribution
System
32
34
35
40
41
Removal of turbidity
rapid mix tank
flocculation tanks
43
44
45
46
47
48
g (s ) 2
vs
d
18
where
s = settling velocity (m/s)
s = density of particle (kg/m3)
= density of fluid (kg/m3)
g = gravitational constant (m/s2)
d = particle diameter (m)
= dynamic viscosity (Pas)
Viscosity: A measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by
shear stress or tensile stress.
49
At 20
Liquid
Absolute
Viscosity
Air
1.983 x 10-5
Water
1 x 10-3
Olive Oil
1 x 10-1
Glycerol
1 x 100
Liquid Honey
1 x 101
Golden Syrup
1 x 102
Glass
1 x 1040
*)
(Pa s)
50
51
53
54
55
56
Q
v
As
where
v = overflow
rate (m/s)
Q = water flow
(m3/s)
As = surface
area (m2)
57
59
Source: Back to Basics Guide to Surface Water Treatment, American Water Works Association, 1P-2.5M-73026-11/92-MG
60
61
Q
va
As
where
va = face velocity (m/day) or
62
64
Backwashing is accomplished
by forcing water (and
sometimes air) up from the
clearwell back through the
filter.
65
disinfected
2 design goals
kill majority of organisms in water
provide residual disinfection capability
66
Cl2
(g)
pH dependent
essentially complete within a few milliseconds
HOCl = H+ + OCl HOCl is about 80 - 100 times more effective than is OCl- for E. Coli
[HOCl] + [OCl-] = free available chlorine
(pH > 7)
(pH < 7)
Metal precipitation
67
68
Ozone (O3)
very powerful oxidant kills cysts
no taste and odor problems, no residual
widely used in Europe
more expensive than chlorine (produced on-site)
69
Ultraviolet radiation
effective bactericide and viricide
70
Ultrasound
Attack cell-wall by using OH radical
no residual protection
But, energy intensive technology
71
Chicks Law:
include
dN
kN
dt
reduction in number of
organisms (e.g. 99.9% kill or 3log reduction)
where
N = number of
organisms
k = first-order rate
constant (day-1)
residual chlorine
72
Haloacetic acids
new rules require limits for 5 compounds
73
74
75
pH 3, pE 10
(Fe2+)
pH 8, pE 10
(Fe(OH)3)
pH 8, pE 10
(Fe(OH)3)
76
Polyphosphate addition
Added for corrosion control as it forms a
protective film on pipes
Also helps to control lead levels in tap water
as it complexes with lead
77
Fluoride addition
Added either as NaF, Na2SiF6, H2SiF6
React in water to yield fluoride ion
(F-)
78
Membrane process
discriminate on both size and chemistry
selective removal including desalinization
79
Sludge from
clarifiers
Finished
water
80
Lagoons
Sand-dying beds
Freeze treatment
Centrifugation
Vacuum filtration
81
On-site storage
Landfilling
Assignment 5
82
83
1.
84
2.
3.
4.
86
87