Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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THE
AMERICAN CITIZEN'S
BFJXr. A COMPUEIIKX.SIVE
POLITICAL VIEW
;av>
HOBART HA
I)
LEY
NEW-YORK.
Stereotyped by Vincent L. Dill, 12S Fulton-street.
Printed by S.
W.
CONTENTS.
...
Declaration of Independence,
Constitution of the United States,
Amendments
to the Constitution,
16
19
22
36-
40
....
-
.....
Treasury Department,
Exports and Imports within the commercial year 1839,
Of
1st
Post Office,
in
money of
51
53
57
42
44
45
47
48
...
......
Statistics
41
of October
statistics op
Page.
General
03
Jb,
04
//^^
&c.
General
Statistics
G5
G8
G9
Military Force
Universities
and Colleges
Principal Rail
Roads
Principal Canals,
finished
"
United States,
in the
Religious Denominations,
.
Revolutionary Pensioners,
-
and
in progress,
"
"
79
80
81
82
73
78
United States
Topographical and
in foreign countries,
...
Statistical
and Territories,
83
89
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
in the course of human events, it becomes necessary
people
to dissolve the political bands which have confor one
nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of
When,
God
station to
We
entitle
to the separation.
ated equal
unahenable rights
that
pursuit of happiness.
are instituted
among men,
ernment becomes
its
and
that,
all
it,
and
it is
to institute
new government,
them
shall
seem most
its
pow-
and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should not be changed for light and
safety
transient causes
them
to alter their
is
The
history
a history of repeated
in-
let facts
He
these states.
To prove
this,
has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and ne-
DECLARATION OF
He
He
and,
when
till
his
attend to them.
would
relinquish the
a right inestimable to
He
comfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose
with
his
He
ing,
measures.
He
his invasions
on the
rights
of the people.
others to be elected
whereby
of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the
eigners,
thither,
and
He
He
has
tenure of their
offices,
their
salaries.
He has
swarms
erected a multitude of
new
offices,
stance.
He
has kept
among
us, in
He
to,
of,
and
su-
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world
For imposing taxes on us without our consent
::
INDEPENDENCE.
rf
enlarging
and
fit
establishing there
boundaries so as to render
its
instrument for
these colonies
He is
works of death,
desolation,
and tyranny,
in the
totally
unworthy
He
become
fall
the exe-
themselves by
their hands.
He
on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merknown rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms. Our repeated petitions, have been
deavored
ciless
to bring
Nor have
ren.
by
v^^e
We have
been wanting
in attentions to
to time,
of the attempts,
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
nounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the
mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends.
We,
of
rest
America,
in
to the
Su-
JOHN HANCOCK.
New-Hampshire.
Joseph Bartlett,
William Whipple,
Mathew Thornton.
Massachusetts Bay.
Samuel Adams,
John Adams,
New-Jersey.
Richard Stockton,
John Witherspoon,
Roger Sherman,
Samuel Huntington,
William Williams,
Oliver Wolcott.
New- York.
William Floyd,
Phillip Livingston,
Francis Lewis,
Lewis Morris.
Virginia.
Francis Hopkinson,
John Hart,
George Wythe,
Abraham
Clark.
Thomas
Pennsylvania.
Charles Carroll, of
CarroUton.
James Wilson,
George Ross.
Jefferson,
Benjamin Harrison,
Thomas
Nelson, Jr.
Francis LightfootLee,
Carter Braxton,
North Carolina.
William Hooper,
Joseph Hewes,
John Penn.
South Carolina.
Delaivare.
George Read,
Edward IJutledge,
Thomas Hey ward, Jr.
Thomas Lynch, Jr.
Thomas M'Kean.
Arthur Middleton.
Csesar Rodney,
Maryland.
Georgia.
Samuel Chase,
William Paca,
Button Guinett,
Thomas
George Walton.
Stone.
Lyman
Hall,
ARTICLE
Sec.
All legislative
in a
ate
I.
I.
shall
be vested
shall consist
of a Sen-
Sec.
II.
1.
shall
be composed
in
each state
shall
have the
quali-
No
2.
person
shall
be a representative
who
shall
who
shall not,
which he
shall
when
may
an
be chosen.
among
3.
citi-
elected, be
be included within
all
other persons.
The
actual enumeration
first
meeting of the
number of
Carolina five
4.
When
Georgia three.
CONSTITUTION OF THE
any
state,
tion to
5.
fill
such vacancies.
shall
power of impeachment.
Sec. III.
1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature
thereof, for six years
2.
of the
first election,
cond
shall
shall
The
shall
be assembled in consequence
be divided, as equally as
may
be,
be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the seclass at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class,
may be
happen by resignation
or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state,
the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until
the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vachosen every second year and
;
if vacancies
cancies.
3.
No
who
shall
the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United
state for
divided.
5.
The Senate
shall
he
The Senate
shall
when
have the
sole
power
to try all
impeach-
ments.
and no person
shall
be convicted
Judgment
in cases
of impeachment,
shall
and
under the United
nevertheless, be liable and
enjoy any
States
of honor, trust or
office
subject to indictment,
trial,
shall,
profit,
to law.
Sec. IV.
1.
The
time,
times, places,
and representatives,
shall
elec-
be prescribed in each
at
any
to the
UNITED STATES.
The Congress
2.
shall
and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
1. Each house shall be judge of the elections, returns
Sec. V.
of its own members ; and a majority of each
qualifications
and
shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number
may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel
the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under
its
members
its
proceedings,
on the journal.
shall,
with-
out the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days,
nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be
sitting.
Sec. VI,
1. The senators and representatives shall receive a
compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and
They shall, in all
paid out of the treasury of the United States.
cases, except treason, felony,
privi-
and
for
No
in either house,
senator or representative
which he was
shall,
elected, be appointed to
any
civil office
under the
such time
States, shall be a
member of either
office
in office.
Sec. VII.
1.
All
bills
for
the
it
that house in
but
if not,
which
it
he shall return
shall
it
if
with
he approve, he
his objections, to
CONSTITUTION OF THE
objections at large
If,
on
their journal,
and proceed
to reconsider
it.
to pass the
bill, it
shall
if
the case of a
bill.
The Congress
Sec. VIII.
1.
To
lay
States
5.
coin,
6.
To
and
To
and measures
rities
7.
To establish
To promote
UNITED STATES.
To
12.
money
raise
but no appropriation of
13.
14.
regulation of the
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws
of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions
16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the mili:
tia,
and
them
as
may be employed
in
the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the
ing the
appointment of the
officers,
train-
militia,
And
To make all laws which
ful buildings
18.
shall
ers vested
States,
Sec. IX.
as
any of the
shall not
1.
The migration
now
existing, shall
sand eight hundred and eight but a tax or duty may be imposed
on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.
:
2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public
safety
3.
4.
be taken.
5.
No
No
state.
preference
commerce or revenue
other
nor
shall vessels
enter, clear, or
6.
No money
shall
bound
pay duties
shall
to the ports of
to or
in another.
in conse-
CONSTITUTION OF THE
10
Sec. X.
ney
emit
No
1.
confederation
bills
of credit
make any
any
title
of
treaty,
alliance, or
coin
mo-
pass any
bill
of attainder, ex-post-
or grant
nobility.
No state
2.
any
shall,
solutely necessary
nett produce of
all
its
and imposts
duties
may
laid
be ab-
and the
by any state on im-
inspection laws
ports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the Uni-
ted States
and
all
such laws
shall
No
ARTICLE
II.
Each
be entitled
in the
person holding an
shall
Congress
office
legislature
the whole
state
may
be appointed an elector.
See Amendments,
3.
[Annulled.
4.
art. 12.]
and the day on which they shall give their votes which day
shall be the same throughout the United States.
5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the
United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution,
shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any per-
tors,
UNITED STATES.
eligible to that office, who shall not have attained the age
of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within
son be
6.
or of
office,
same shall devolve on the Vice-Presiand the Congress may by law provide for the case of re-
dent
what
officer shall
The President
7.
a compensation which
shall neither
be re-
during the period for which he shall have been elected and he
shall not receive, within that period, any other emolument from
;
8.
his office,
I will faithfully
of
my
he shall take
and
will, to
execute
the best
Sec. II.
1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the
army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the
several states,
States
he
and
all
are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be astab-
by law.
ment of such
lished
may happen
Sec.
III.
1.
He shall, from
CONSTITUTION OF THE
12
recommend
to their
executed
ted States.
Sec. IV.
ficers
and
1.
shall
The
he
shall receive
commission
shall
1.
The
of,
be removed from
judicial
office
on im-
ARTICLE
I.
all
Sec.
ambassadors, and
III.
power of
Sec.
II.
The
1.
office.
power
judicial
shall
extend to
all
cases in
law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the
United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under
their authority
ministers
to all
and consuls
to
all
risdiction
party
to controversies to
to controversies
;,
and
In
ali
and those in which a state shall be a party, the suIn all other cases
shall have original jurisdiction.
before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both aa to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under
such regulations as the Congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment,
shall be by jury
and such trial shall be held in the state where
but when not comthe said crimes shall have been committed
consuls,
preme court
13
UNITED STATES.
mitted within any state, the
as the Congress
Sec.
III.
directed.
1.
war
only in levying
trial shall
giving
them
aid
treason, unless
ARTICLE
life
IV.
I.
Full faith
1.
No
state,
under the
consequence of any
shall, in
law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or laup on claim of the party to whom such
service or labor
Sec.
to this
III.
union
1.
may
but no
in the jurisdiction
by
be due.
the junction of
new
state shall
in-
of the Congress.
2.
The Congress
shall
ail
Sec
IV.
1.
The United
states shall
in this union, a
CONSTITUTION OF THE
14
ture, or of the
executive,
(when the
legislature
cannot be con-
ARTICLE
V.
be valid to
shall
all
intents
by conventions
and purposes, as
posed by the
may
eight, shall in
any manner
first
its
ARTICLE
L
VI.
into,
before
judicial
officers,
states, shall
thi.^
stitution,
cation to
any
office
ARTICLE
1.
The
ratification
con-
qualifi-
VII.
states, shall
be
UNITED STATES.
Done
in
15
the
Independence
twelfth.
In
of the
vv^itness
whereof,
our names.
GEORGE WASHINGTON,
President and deputy from Virginia.
New- Hampshire.
Pennsylvania.
John Langon,
Benjamin Frankhn,
Nicholas Gilman.
Thomas
Massachusetts.
Nathaniel Gorman,
Rufus King.
Connecticut.
Mifflin,
Robert Morris,
George Clymer,
Thomas
Fitzsimons,
John Blair,
James Madison,
Jr.
North Carolina.
William Blount,
Jared Ingersoll,
James Wilson,
Governeur Morris.
Hugh Williamson.
Wm. SamuelJohnson
Roger Sherman.
Virginia.
South Carolina.
Delaware.
John Rutledge,
George Reed,
Charles C. Pinckney,
Gunning Bedford, Jr.Charles Pinckney,
Alexander Hamilton, John Dickerson,
Pierce Butler.
New- York.
Richard Bassett,
New-Jersey.
WiUiam
Jacob Broom.
Georgia.
WiUiam Patterson,
Maryland.
William Few,
James M'Henry,
Abraham Baldwin.
Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer,
Jonathan Dayton.
Daniel Carrol.
Livingston,
David Brearley,
Attest,
WILLIAM JACKSON,
Secretary.
Art.
ment of
I.
Congress
religion, or
shall
make no law
respecting an establish-
or
or the right
to the se-
and beai'
arms shall not be infringed.
Art. III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in
any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war,
but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Art. IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall issue,
but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons
curity of a free state, the right of the people to keep
or things to be seized.
Art. V.
No
person
shall
capital, or
when
or public danger
shall
nor
life
or
hmb
of
for the
nor
war
same
shall
be
be deprived of
law
nor
life,
liberty,
shall private
just compensation.
Art. VI.
In
all
In
suits
common
of
law,
17
in con-
Art. VIII.
bail
shall
Art.
inflicted.
constitution,
in
rights, shall
ed by the people.
Art. X. The powers not delegated to the United States by
the constitution, nor prohibited to it by the states, are reserved
Art. XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced
or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.
with themselves
they shall
name
person vo-
ted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for
as Vice President
and they
shall
make
all
no person have such majority, then from the persons having the
highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for
diately,
by
House of Representatives
shall
of
March
And
if
the
18
of the President.
the greatest
the
list,
quorum
whole number
But no person
of
Art. XIII.
If any
citizen
any
shall accept,
WASHINGTON'S
INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
April
30, 1789.
me
filled
tion
with greater anxieties than that of which the notificaorder, and received on the 14th
On
time.
to
awaken
in the wisest
citizens a
In
this conflict
of emotions,
my
circumstance by which it
by a
that if in executing this task I have been too much swayed
grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an affectionate
felsensibility to this transcendant proof of the confidence of my
low
citizens,
httle consulted
me,
and
my
its
and
my
incapacity
uiitried cares
before
20
who presides
tial
aids
in the councils
who
of nations
his
benediction
may
its
allot-
affairs
stitutional charter
separate views, nor party animosities will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great as-
so,
21
American people.
it
will re-
fied,
To
try,
22
any share
in the
may
be indispensa-
which
am
my continuance
it,
may be
thought to require.
may be
advancement of
their happi-
this
FAREWELL ADDRESS.
September
and Fellow
i^riends
The
Citizens
new
period for a
17,
1796.
and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that
important
conduce
should
trust,
to a
now
is
appears to
me
proper, especially as
distinct expression
to
among
number of
the
it
may
being considered
choice
it
more
have formed,
those out of
to decline
whom
the
be made.
to
do
me
that this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to
which binds a
withdrawing the tender
of service, which silence in my situation might imply, 1 am inno
fluenced by no diminution of zeal for your future interest
deficiency of grateful respect for your past kindness but am
supported by a full conviction that the step is compatible with
all
and that
in
both.
The acceptance
which your
sacrifice
of,
of inclination
WASHINGTON
FAREWELL ADDRESS.
23
my determination
prove of
The
to retire.
I first
trust, I will
ment
which a very
Not unconscious,
capable.
in the outset,
my own
qualifications, experience in
fallible
judgment was
of the inferiority of
eyes, perhaps
my
more
still
in
me more and
me as it
is
as ne-
prudence
invite
not forbid
will
me
to quit the
does
it.
my
career of
Satisfied that if
political life,
moment which
my feelings
is
to determinate the
do not permit
me
to sus-
my
red upon
me
owe
more
many
honors
it
has confer-
which
have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by services faithIf
ful and persevering, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal.
benefits have resulted to our country from these services, let it
always be remembered to your praise, and as instructive example in our annals, that under circumstances in which the passions,
it
still
has supported
me
were
in situations in
liable
to mislead
amidst
ap-
sue-
26
weight, influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side
interest as
Any other
one nation.
its
loest
own
can
sepa-
regarded as particularly
it is,
your
liberty,
to
In
this
sense
main prop of
endear to you
These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reand virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the
union as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt
whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere ?
Let experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation in such a
case were criminal.
We are authorized to hope that a proper
organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of governments for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy issue of
the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experiment. With
such powerful and obvious motives to union, affecting all parts
of our country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its
flecting
otism of those
who
in
to
weaken
its
bands.
criminations
27
You
to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts.
cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and
is
The
who ought
to
they
be bound
this
head.
They have
seen in the negotiation by the executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the senate of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that event throughout the United States, a
decisive proof
among them of
sissippi.
to
ties,
wisdom
to rely for
whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict, between the parts can be an adequate substitute they must inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions which alliances
Sensible of this momentous truth,
at all times have experienced.
you have improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a
constitution of government, better calculated than your former
for an intimate union, and for the efficacious management of
your common concern. This government, the offspring of your
own choice, uninffuenced and unawed adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation completely free in its principles
in the distribution of its powers uniting security with energy, and containing within itself provision for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Refor the
spect for
its
its
laws, acquiescence in
of government.
changed by
until
exists,
time
any
at
But
an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right of the
people to
make and
the constitution
which
28
and
associations,
all
combinations
awe
of
this
nary force
to give
it
an
tendency.
fatal
artificial
umphs of different
They
and extraordi-
to put in
and according
make
parties, to
and enterprizing
mirror of the
ill
gested by
power of
men
be enabled to sub-
will
which have
you
steadily discountenance
irregular opposition to
its
ledged authority, but also that you resist with care the
innovation upon
One method of
its
principles,
assault
may
however specious
acknowspirit
of
the pretext.
by which
constitutions of a country
the credit, of
institutions
that experience
is
remember
especially,
that
from the
efficient
management of
your common interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indispensable.
Liberty itself will find in such a
government, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, its
surest guardian.
It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the
government
to confine
is
limits
prescribed
WASHINGTON
FAREWELL ADDRESS.
29
tranquil enjoy-
state,
ing
its
stifled,
it is
sts
controlled, or repressed
seen in
The
all
its
sharpened by the
domination
alternate
spirit
which
in different
at length to a
The
dis-
more
able or
some prevailing
fac-
own
to
an extremity of
this kind,
(which
common
make
restrain
It
it.
public administration.
ed jealousies and
false
It agitates
alarms
the
community with
ill-found-
of party passion.
subjected to
There
is
Thus
probably true and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit
;
of party.
But
in those
purely elective,
it is
tural tendency,
it
is
of popular character,
spirit
in
not to be encouraged.
governments
From
the na-
enough of
that
WASHINGTON
30
FAREWELL ADDRESS.
spirit for every salutary purpose ; and there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion to
it.
fire
not to quenched,
it
demands a
lest,
instead
tional spheres
its
admin-
The
of encroach-
spirit
of the truth of
The
this position.
necessity
To
If,
in
powers
rected by an
amendment
designates.
But
let
in
in
one instance,
time yield.
Of
all
perity, religion
tribute of patriotism,
human
men and
who
happiness
citizens.
should labor
these firmest
The mere
poHtician,
equally with the pious man, ought to respect and cherish them.
volume could not trace all their connexion with private and
Let it simply be asked, where is the security for
public felicity.
life,
if
And let
can be maintained without religion. Whatbe conceded to the influence of refined education on
ever
may
31
more or
that
is
less force to
or morality
The
is
a necessary
a sincere friend to
One method
of preserving
is
it,
to use
by
it
as spa-
cultivating
ought
to
is
always a choice of
dif-
felicity
of a nation with
its
virtue
The experiment,
at least,
is
32
it is
rendered impossible by
its
vices
nature.
is
more
essential than
gree, a slave.
either of
It is
which
is
a slave to
its
sufficient to lead
animosity or to
astray from
it
its
its
affection,
duty and
its
interest.
or
trifling
by
pride,
The peace
been ihe
victim.
So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils.
tion, facihtating
where no
Sympathy
common
common
interest in
real
interest exists,
to the fa-
own
ruption, or infatuation.
As avenues
to foreign influence, in
at-
33
awe
latter.
(I
con-
jure you to believe me, fellow citizens,) the jealousy of a free peo-
it.
Excessive partialone foreign nation, and excessive dislike for another, cause
those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and
serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other.
to
ity for
who may
Real patriots
ble to
their interests.
The
is,
in
little
friendships or enmities.
and enables us
If
we
to
is
nations,
us,
counsel.
Why
quit our
own
to stand
Why, by
Why
inter-
WASHINGTON
34
FAREWELL ADDRESS,
humor or
caprice ?
im no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honalways the best policy. I repeat, therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine sense. But in my opinion,
it is unnecessary, and would be unwise to extend them.
esty
is
to
we may
safely trust to
temporary
Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand
seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences
the stream of
neither
means
consulting
government
of intercourse,
the best that present circumstances and natural opinion will per-
and liable to be from time to time, abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate
constantly keeping in view that it is folly in one nation to look for
that it must pay with a pordisinterested favors from another
tion of its independence for whatever it may accept under that
character
that
by such acceptance,
it
may
of being
There
reproached with
ingratitude
for not
giving more.
upon
wish
But
course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations.
if I may even ffatter myself that they may be productive of
some partial benefit, some occasional good that they may now
and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit to warn
to guard against the
against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue
;
How
solicitude for
35
my
been
duties I have
official
and
To
world.
to the
science
my own
con-
is,
by
them.
still subsisting war in Europe, my Proclama22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that of your representatives in both houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has
uninfluenced by any attempts to deter
continually governed me
or divert me from it.
In relation to the
tion of the
was well
satisfied that
lights I
the
all
Having taken
it
it,
with
The
duct,
it is
right,
I will
only ob-
my
The duty of
all.
may be
inferred, without
nations.
The inducements of
own
reflections
command
Though
own
of
its
in
fortune.
of
my
many
Almighty
to
it
am
my
probable that
carry with
me
am
1 shall also
administration,
my country
will
tend.
never
JEFFERSON
36
INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
years of
my
dedicated to
life
its
and
service, with
an upright
zeal,
ral generations
anticipate,
treat, in
JEFFERSON'S
INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
March
4,
1801.
of our country,
I avail
first
executive office
my
my
ful
thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to
is
grate-
Utterly
indeed should
whom
here see remind me, that, in the other high authorities provided
by our
wisdom, of
virtue,
JEFFERSON
INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
to rely
under
37
To
all difficulties.
you, then,
gentlemen, who are charged with the sovereign functions of legislation, and to those associated with you, I look with encouragement
for that guidance
flicting
under the
common
will
all
will
good.
in
is
common
mind
in all
will, to
efforts
for the
sacred principle,
cases to prevail, that
this
which equal law must protect, and to violate, would be oppression. Let us then, fellow citizens, unite with
one heart and one mind, let us restore to social intercourse that
harmony and affection, without which liberty, and even life itself,
sesses their equal rights,
And
let
are
all
among
republicans
us
republican form,
safety with
JEFFERSON
38
INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
en-
own
faculties, to the acquisitions of our industry, to honor and confidence from our fellow citizens, resulting not from birth, but from
our actions and their sense of them enlightened by a benign religion, professed indeed and practiced in various forms, yet all of
them inculcating honesty, truth, temperance, gratitude, and the
love of man, acknowledging and adoring an overruling Providence, which, by all its dispensations, proves that it delights in
the happiness of man here, and his greater happiness hereafter
with all these blessings, what more is necessary to make us a
happy and prosperous people ? Still one thing more, fellow citizens a wise and frugal government, which shall restrain men
from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall
This
not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned.
;
is
the
circle
this is
felicities.
all
;;
39
M^hole constitu-
its
anchor of our peace at home and safea jealous care of the right of election by the people
ty abroad
sword of
revolution,
where peaceable
principle of republics,
vital principal
lined militia,
of war,
civil
till
that labor
may
economy
be lightly burthened
expense,
in the public
payment of our
the honest
and sacred preservation of the public faith encourageagriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid
the diffusion of information, and arrangement of all abuses at the bar
of public reason freedom of religion freedom of the press
and freedom of person, under the protection of the habeas
corpus and trials by juries impartially selected. These principles form the bright constellation which has gone before us,
and guided our steps through an age of revolution and reformation.
The wisdom of our sages, and blood of our heroes, have
been devoted to their attainment they should be the creed of
debts,
ment of
our
political
faith
the
touchstone
it
this,
the greatest of
all, I
of imperfect
which
will
40
to retain the
of
all.
Thomas Jefferson,
1758.
He
eight years.
continued in office
in 1817
Died July 4th, 1831, at the age of 73 years.
John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States,
was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1767. He was elected
President in 1825 continued in office four years.
Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States, was
born on the 15th of March, 1767, at Waxsaw, South Carohna,
inaugurated President in 1829 continued in office eight years.
Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States,
was born on the 5th of December, 1782, at Kinderhook, Columbia county. New- York.
He was elected President in 1837.
"
azure
'
gent, or an azure
"
Reverse.
field.
A pyramid
unfinished.
States,
colors of the pales are those used in the flag of the UniWhite signifies purity and innocence,
ted States of America.
red hardiness and valor, and blue, the color of the chief, signifies
"
The
and justice. The olive branch and arrows denote the power of peace and war, which is exclusively
vigilance, perseverance,
vested in Congress.
" The crest or constellation denotes a new state taking its place
or rank among other sovereign powers.
" The escutcheon borne on the breast of an American eagle,
without any other supporters, to denote that the United States
in
the
latter
part
of
this
work.
GOVERNMENT.
The government of
a Federal Represen-
is
bills
for raising
No
GENERAL
43
STATISTICS.
To
and
fix
copy-rights.
GOVERNMENT.
The government of
the United States is a Federal Represenwhich all power belongs to the people. The
legislative power is vested in a Congress, composed of a Senate
and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of two
members from each state, chosen by the legislatures respectivetative
Democracy,
in
ly,
bills
for raising
No
GENERAL
43
STATISTICS.
To
and
fix
copy-rights.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
REVENUE AND MEANS FOR 1839, EXCLUSIVE OF TRUSTS AND THE
POST OFFICE.
The balance
Treasury on the
in the
1st
was
$2,466,961 95
from customs, the first three quarters, $18,328,393 50
Receipts from lands the first three quarters, including also some collected last year in Treaposes,
The
receipts
5,417,286 31
sury notes
125,208 78
Miscellaneous receipts
from
5,700,000 00
those sources
From
on
1st
1,322,686 00
the act of
March
2,
1839
Aggregate means
3,857,276 21
37,217,812 75
and miscellaneous,
Civil, foreign,
the
for
first
$3,649,508 23
three quarters
-*
first
three quarters
Estimate for
all,
Funded debt
10,791,799 21
4,713,701 57
5,600,000 00
14,658 98
24,769,667 99
9,891,859 83
Aggregate payments
Leaving an available balance of money in the
Treasury on the 31st of December, 1839, of
1,000,000 00
35,661,427 82
1,556,384 93
37,217,812 75
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
45
The
computed
to
This
$9,872,388 more
is
lic
from
$15,000,000 00
Customs
Lands
3,500,000 00
100,000 00
Miscellaneous
Add
it
and applica
is supposed
1st
of January,
ble
to
will
1,556,385 00
1840.
m
.
in that
"^
20,156,385 00
,,
,
,
the aggregate
to
If Congress should
make
appropriations to the
at
Including
all
would be about
Treasury at the
close of the year, amounting to
But there will be due from the United States
Bank, in September next, on its fourth bond,
the aggregate expenditure
about
The
posites
Should
2,593.615 00
2,526,576 00
principal
specie
22,750,000 00
deficit in the
now due on
payments
all
in 1837,
these claims be
is
which suspended
-
collected
in
1,149,904,00
1840,
1,082,865 00
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
46
According to the opinions of the different departments, as to the sums of money proper for each,
and which constitute the basis of the estimates
submitted to Congress, the
new appropriations
sum
of
$18,280,600 55
Viz:
and miscellaneous
Naval service
$4,981,344 19
8,213,610 74
5,085,645 62
Receipts and Expenditures of the United States for the year 1838.
1st
January,
TREASURY DEPARTMENTT.
Of the public
47
debt.
On
debt:
$13,012 48
Principal
Interest
1,000 34
14,012, 82
2.
On
....
....
$62,941 99
248,566 02
311,508 01
certificates
$646, 16
$36,267 24
Viz:
Certificates issued for claims du-
and
$26,652 15
....
war
5,295 00
4,320 09
sumed by
Of the
city
of Washington
Alexandria
Georgetown
....
....
.
as-
$1,000,000 00
250,000 00
250,000 00
$1,500,000 00
$76,374 77
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
48
The Treasury
the
1.
from
period
$3,857,276 21
And
this office
in the
books
$4,148,848 98
126,413 65
4,275,262 63
2.
21st
And
books of
5,845,979 18
this office
508,017 26
of the department
6,353,996 44
Note
established in 1789.
is
infiooot^o
The Secretary
n<f
superin-
as he thinks proper
This department comprises the offices of
Secretary, two Comptrollers, five Auditors, the Register, the Treasurer, and the Solicitor
of the Treasury.
The revenue
offices, lead
is
chiefly derived
mines, &c.
tracts of territory
By
till
title
by purchase.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
49
50
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
Imports into the United States from the first of October, 1821,
the 30th September, 1838.
to
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
51
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
53
54
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
Continued.
EXPORTED FEOM
55
56
TRKASURY DEPARTMENT.
EXPORTED TO
NAVY DEPARTMENT.
OFFICERS SALARIES,
&c.
(Number
Grade.
in
service.
CAPTAINS
do
off duty
$4,500
3,500
4,000
3,500
2,500
COMMANDERS
Do
Do
Do
J2
55
sea service
navy yards, or other duty
on leave, &c.
2,500
2,100
1,800
in
at
LIEUTENANTS
Do
Do
Do
Rations.
55
Do
Pay per
annum.
290
commauding
1,800
on other duty
1,-500
waiting orders
1,200
SURGEONS
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
first five
1,000
1,250
l,333i
1,500
1,200
1,500
1,600
1,800
1,400
1,750
1,S66
2,100
1,600
2,000
2,133i
2,400
1,800
2,250
2,400
2,700
do
do
do
of the
fleet
do
at
navy yards
do of the fleet
twenty years and upwards
.
.
.
.
do at navy yards
twenty years and upwards in sea service
do of the fleet
17
ASSISTANT SURGEONS
53
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
do
do
do
do
do
do
te
ID
'->
950
-60
1,150
on leave, &c.
do
do
....
on duty
sea service
on other duty
on leave, &c.
in
1,200
rt
-~
800
191
750
600
waiting orders
....
MIDSHIPMEN
480
T3
13
m sea service
PASSED MIDSHIPMEN
Do
Do
Do
^ V
1,200
51
CHAPLAINS
Do
Do
Ij
ctf-r;
PURSERS
Do
Do
ll
2a
650
950
850
....
TS
231
400
350
300
!S
NAVY DEPARTMENT.
58
OFFICERS SALARIES,
Number
Grade.
in
service.
MASTERS
Do
Do
Do
&c.
Pay per
annum.
Rations.
(U
29
of a ship of the line at sea
on other duty - - on leave, &c.
1,100
1,000
0)
=^
C<i
CO
'^ S
^ 4) P,
750
.- <"
&c.
"
>$.
1,200
TEACHERS, &c.
BOATSWAINS,
GUNNERS,
CARPENTERS,
SAILMAKERS,
*480
32
37
24
25
of a ship of the line
of a frigate
on other duty
on leave, &c.
^
17
PROFESSORS, &c.
Do
Do
Do
Do
^ *
CO
tM
c3
j;
cS
i*
J-
-^5
2 o
a)
>^
btrr
bo
750
600
500
360
o3.H o
r-
MARINE
CORPS.
Number
Grade.
in
COLONEL COMMANDANT
LIEUTENANT COLONEL
MAJORS
CAPTAINS
FIRST LIEUTENANTS
SECOND LIEUTENANTS
NAVY AGENTS
TEMPORARY AGENTS
NAVAL STOREKEEPERS
CHIEF NAVAL CONSTRUCTOR
NAVAL CONSTRUCTORS
VESSELS OF
*
Three of these Captains are in the staff, as Paymaster, Quartermaster, and Adjuand Inspector, and receive pay as Majors,
Commissions not to exceed $2,000 per annum.
tant
t
WAR
69
NAVY DEPARTMENT.
Name.
Duty or Station
State of
which a
for 1840.
citizen.
James Barron
Charles Stewart
Isaac Hull - Isaac Chauncey
5 Jacob Jones
Charles Morris
Lewis Warrington
William M. Crane
James Biddle
10 Charles G. Ridgiey
JohnDownes
22 May,
22 Apr.
23 do
24 do
Mar.
do
3
5
22 Nov.
24 do
28 Feb.
do
5 Mar.
Jesse D. Elliott
Stephen Cassin
27 Mar.
3 Mar.
James Renshaw
15 Alx. S.
Wadsworth
George C. Read
do
do
do
do
Henry E. Ballard
David Deacon - 24 Jan.
Samuel Woodhouse 3 Mar.
20 Edmund P. Kennedy 24 Apr.
do
Alexander J. Dallas
do
John B. Nicolson
11 Mar.
Jesse Wilkinson 25
do
T. Ap Catesby Jones
Wm.Compton Bolton 21 Feb.
do
do
do
William B. Shubrick
Alexander Claxton
Charles
W. Morgan
Lawrence Kearney
30 Foxhall A. Parker
Edw. R. McCall
20 Dec.
Mar.
do
do
do
Daniel Turner
David Conner
22 Dec.
John Gallagher 35 Tho. Holdup Stevens 27 Jan.
William M. Hunter
9 Feb.
John D. Sloat - do
Matthew C. Perry
do
Charles W. Skinner
do
Newton
T.
do
John
40
do
Joseph Smith - Lawrence Rousseau
do
George W. Storer
do
9 Feb.
Beverly Kennon do
45 Edward R. Shubrick
Francis H. Gregory 18 Jan.
28 Feb.
John H. Clack
do
P. F. Voorhees
Benjamin Cooper
do
24 May
50 David Geisinger Robert F.Stockton
8 Dec.
Isaac McKeever do
John P. Zantzinger 22 Dec.
Salter
D.
3
Mar.
Wm.
9 Dec.
55 Chs. S. M'Cauley
1799 Virginia
1806 Penn.
do Conn.
do Conn.
1813 Delaware
do Conn.
1814 Virginia
do N. Jersey
181-5 Penn.
do Maryland
1817 Mass.
ISIS Maryland
1825 Penn.
do Penn.
do Maine
do Ireland
do Maryland
1826 N. Jersey
1827 Penn.
1828 Maryland
do Penn.
do Virginia
1829 Virginia
do Virginia
1831 England
do
do
do
S. Car.
Penn.
Virginia
1832 N. Jersey
1835 Virginia
do S. Car.
do
do
do
N. York
Virginia
Waiting orders.
N. Jersey
Conn.
N. York
Delaware
N. York
Com't.
Vii-ginia
do. N. Y. Portsmouth.
Gov. Nav. Asylum, Phil.
Maryland Ap. to Com.Brazil Squa.
Com't. N. Yard, Boston.
Mass.
Waiting orders.
Penn.
Dis. Col.
Waiting orders.
Penn.
Com't. N.Yard, N.York.
Maine
Comm'r. Navy Board.
Penn.
Com'g. E. India Squad.
Maryland Com'g. N'l Station, Bait
N. Jersey Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Penn.
Virginia
Waiting orders.
Peim.
Com't. N. Yd Pensacola
Virginia
Com'g. Brazilian Squad.
Virginia
Waiting orders.
Penn.
Virginia
Dis. Col.
S. Car.
Penn.
Virginia
N. Jersey
Virginia
S. Car.
R. Island
Penn.
Penn.
Maryland
S. Car.
Penn.
do N. York
do R. Island
do Maine
do Virginia
do Mass.
do Louisiana
do N. Ham.
N. York
1837 Virginia
Virginia
S. Car.
do
S. Car.
1838 Conn.
do Virginia
do N. Jersey
do N. Jersey
do
do
do
do
Maryland
N.Jersey
Penn.
Penn.
1839 N. York
do Penn.
N. Jersey
Maryland
1836 S. Car.
1837 Penn.
N. York
Virginia
N. York
Mass.
Louisiana
N. Ham.
Conn.
On
leave.
[wine.
60
NAVY DEPARTMENT.
Commanders, in number,
55.
NAVY DEPARTMENT.
Vesssels of
Name.
War
NAVY DEPARTMENT.
62
Vesssels
Name.
of
War Continued.
Army
Official
amounted
to 12,577.
The
principal organization
is
in
January, 1840;
as follows
General Staff
Medical Department
Pay Department
Purchasing Department
Corps of Engineers
Total
The principal
Major General
Brigadier Generals
2
1
17
Colonels
12,577
Officers are.
Lieutenant Colonels
Adjutant General
36
322
1,498
3,020
7,496
Majors
18
26
Captains
First Lieutenants
172
208
The
total
The
total
Western
number of the
it
the
Eastern
is
Division.
about 1,400,000.
The
militia
ser-
POST OFFICE.
The
following table exhibits the general condition of the Post Office Department, at
different periods
from 1790
to 1839, inclusive.
64
STATISTICS OF
THE
PRESS.
65
Presidents.
Vice Presidents.
Thomas
Salary, $5,000.
Thomas
S
Jenerson, (Va.)
James Madison,
Andrew Jackson,
1829.
Secretaries of State.
Salary, $6,000.
6,
1821
W.
5, 1817.
Secretaries of
War.
S.
Salary, $6,000.
W.
Salary, $6,000.
May
3, 1798,
(de-
Benjamin
clined.)
W.
19, 1814.
Thompson, (N.
S.
66
Post-Masters General.
R.
Salary, $6,000.
J.
Amos
Kendall, (Ky.,)
John M.
Chief Justices.
Niles, (Ct.)
May
May,
1, 1835.
1840.
Salary, $5,000.
the Senate,
Associate Justices,
March
15, 1836.
Salary, $4,500.
J.
Attorneys General.
E. Randolph, Va., Sept. 26, 1789.
Wm. Bradford, Pa., Jan. 27, 1794.
Charles Lee, Va., Dec. 10, 1795.
Levi Lincoln, Mass., Mar. 5, 1801.
J. Breckenridge, Ky., Dec. 23, 1805.
C. A. Rodney, Del., Jan. 20, 1807.
Wm.
Salary, $3,500.
10, 1814.
16, 1817.
Berrien, Ga., Mar. 9, 1829.
Roger B. Taney, Md., 1831.
Benj. F. Butler, N. Y., 1833.
Felix Grundy, Tenn., 1838.
H. D. Gilpin, Pa., 1840.
Wm.
J.
11, 1811.
McP.
Salary, $9,000.
Thomas Pinckney,
S. C, to England,
Gouvemeur Morris, N. Y., to France,
Con., 1819.
W.
Ovteit, $9,000.
67
Va., to France, May 28, 1794.
Pinckney, S. C, to Spam, Nov. 24, 1794.
Rufus King, N. Y., to England, May 20, 1796.
James Monro*,
Thomas
S.
C,
Ministers Resident.
Wm.
68
James Buchanan, Pa., lo Russia, 1831.
Martin Van Buren, N. Y., to Great Britain,
Anthony Butler, N. Y., to Mexico, 1829.
Emanuel J. West, 111., to Peru, 1829.
Ethan A. Brown, Ohio, to Brazil, 1829.
John Hamm, Ohio, to Chili, 1829.
Maine,
New-Hampshire,
Vermont,
Massachusetts,
Rhode-Island,
Connecticut,
New- York,
New-Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
Delaware,
Maryland,
Dist. of Columbia
Virginia,
N. Carolina,
S. Carolina,
Georgia,
Florida,
Alabama.
Mississippi,
Louisiana,
Ohio,
Kentucky,
Tennessee,
Michigan,
Indiana,
Illinois,
Missoui'i,
Arkansas,
Total,
Population,
.Slaves,
1330.
1830.
399,955
269,328
280,652
610,408
97,199
297,665
1,918,608
320,823
1,348,233
76,748
447,040
39,834
1,211,405
737,987
581,185
516,823
34,730
309,527
136,621
215,739
937,903
687,917
681,903
31,639
343,031
157,455
140,445
30,388
Pop. to
Sq-
M.
12
28
27
81
17
25
75
2,254
403
3,292
102,994
6,119
469,757
245,601
315,401
217,531
15,501
117,549
65,659
109,588
165,213
141,603
32
75
62
40
40
29
36
41
40
18
15
19
9
6
3
4
24
18
16
10
*747
25,081
4,576
12,866,020 2,009,618
69
Is
70
fa
11
ft
O
02
<:
P
O
P
;^
K
H
O
02
Q
H
<1
(/}
71
72
llll
Oh
l
cEh
5h
WW
>
Wo,
pSW
-^9
o
Wh
go
w^
^
wt>
H _
WPS
sw
2>
^9
w^
OhJS
^<tw
73
QUALIFICATIONS OF GOVERNORS, SENATORS, REPRESENTATIVES, AND VOTERS, AND MANNER OF APPOINTING JUDGES, IN THE SEVERAL STATES.
MAINE.
Governor
A native
citizen of the
United States,
five
years a citizen of the State, and thirty years of age. Senators Five
years a citizen of the United States, one year of this State, and 25
years of age. Represe?iiaiives ^A citizen of the United States five
years, and an inhabitant of this State one year, and 21 years of age.
Residence in the State three months preceding
Electors, or Voters
Judges are appointed by the
any election. Paupers excepted.
governor, by and with the consent of his council, and hold office
during good behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years.
HAMPSHIRE. Governor A citizen of the State seven
years, owning an estate of 500 pounds, (one half a freehold) and
Senators A resident of this State seven years,
thirty years of age.
owning a freehold estate worth j200, in the State, and thirty years
Two yeai's an inhabitant of this State, and
Representatives
of age.
owning an estate worth 100, one half of which must be a freehold.
Electors, or Voters
Twenty-one years of age, and paying taxes.
Judges are appointed by the governor and council, and hold office
during good behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years.
VERSIONT. Governor
A citizen of the State four years.
Senators A qualified voter, and 30 years of age. Representatives
Persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, and who have resided in
Electors, or Voters
the State two years.
One year's residence in
the State, of a quiet and peaceable disposition, and will vote as he
NEW
RHODE
74
a settlement in the State, own a freehold of $7 per annum, or have
done military duty, paid a State tax, and taken the prescribed oath.
.hidges are appointed by the legislature, and hold office during good
behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years.
YORK. Governor A native citizen of the United States,
five years of this State, a freeholder, and thirty years of age.
Senators A qualified elector, and a freeholder.
Representatives
The constitution of this State is silent as to any qualifications required of representatives. Electors^ or Voters A male citizen, of
the age of 21 years, an inhabitant of the State for the last year, and
a resident of the county for ths last six months a colored man
must own a freehold of $250, have paid taxes thereon, and been
Judges are nominated by the governor, and
three years a citizen.
appointed by him, by and with the consent of the senate, and hold
office, during good behavior, or until the age of sixty years.
Inferior
NEW
judges
five years.
NEW
75
VIRGINIA.
Governor
of the State for five years, and thirty years of age, ineligible for
Senators A resident and freehol }er
three years after first term.
in the district for which he is chosen, and thirty years of uge.
Representatives
A resident and freeholder in the county for wnich
Eledots, or
he shall be chosen and twenty-five years of age.
Voters
Own a freehold of the value of $25, or having been a housekeeper one year, and been assessed. Some other small qualifications are required of those who have no freehold, but they amount
to almost universal suffrage.
Judges are appointed by the h gislature and hold office during good behavior.
CAROLINA. Goreror A resident of the State five
years, owning a freehold in the State above the value of 1000 pounds,
and thirty years of age. Senators One year a citizen of the county
Representafor which he is chosen, and owning 300 acres of land.
tivesOne year a citizen of the county in which he may be chosen,
owning 100 acres of land in fee, or for the term of his life. Electors^
or Voters A citizen of the State 1 year, who has paid taxes may
vote for the members of the house of commons, but must own 50
acres of land to vote for a senator. Judges are appointed by the
legislature and hold office during good behavior.
SOUTH CAROLINA. Governor A citizen of the State ten years,
owning an estate of the value of fifteen hundred pounds sterling,
Senators A citizen of this
thirty years of age, and clear of debt.
State five years.
If a resident of the election district must own a
freehold estate of 300 sterling if not, of JEIOOO, and 30 years of
age.
Representatives A citizen of this State, 3 years, own 500
acres and 10 negroes, or j150 sterling in real estate and if a nonElectors, or
resident of the district a freehold worth 500 sterling.
Voters
Residence in the State two years, and in the district where
he shall offer his vote six months. Small property qualification.
Judges are appointed by the legislature, and hold office during good
behavior.
GEORGIA. Governor A citizen of the United States 12 years,
and of the State six years owning 500 acres of land, and other
property to the amount of $4000, besides discharging his debts, and
thirty years of age.
Senators Nine years a citizen of the United
States, and 3 years of this State, a freeholder of $500, or taxable
property of $1000, over and above his debts, have paid all legal
taxes, and 25 years of age.
Representatives
Seven years a citizen
of the United States, and three years of this State, owning a freehold of $250, or taxable property of $500, over and above his debts,
and having paid all legal taxes. Electors or Voters A citizen of the
State, and six months residence in the county where they offer to
vote, and must have paid all taxes imposed on them.
Judges are
chosen by the legislature for three years. Inferior judges elected
by the people.
ALABAMA. Governor A native citizen of the United States,
and of this State for four years, thirty years of age, and ineligible
for more than four successive years.
Senators A citizen of the
United States, and of this State two years, and one year of the
district for which he shall be chosen, and twenty-seven years of age.
Representatives
A citizen of the United States, and of this State
NORTH
76
two years, and one year of the county for which he shall be chosen,
and 21 years of age. Electors^ or Voters A citizen of the United
States, one year of this State, and three months residence in the
county where he shall offer his vote. Judges are appointed by the
MISSISSIPPI. Governor
citizen of the United States twenty
years, and of this State five years, and thirty years of age, and ineligible for more than 4 successive years, and must be a freeholder of
the value of $2000.
Senators
citizen of the United States, and
of this state four years, the last year of the district for which he
shall be chosen, and be 30 years of age.
Representatives
citizen
of the United States, and of this state two years, and the last year
of the county for which he shall be chosen, and 21 years of age, and
a freeholder of the value of $500. Electors, or Voters
citizen of
the United States, and residence in this State one year, and in the
county six months, and having done military duty or paid taxes.
Judges are appointed by the legislature and hold office during good
LOUISIANA.
this State
Governor
six years,
owning landed
Representatives
they must
in
to
of age.
Electors or
offers
in
his vote one year, and having paid taxes within the last six months.
Judges are appointed by the governor, with advice of the senate,
and hold
TENNESSEE.
behavior.
OHIO. Governor
and an inhabitant of
77
age.
Senators A citizen of the United States, and two years of
the district or county in which he may be elected, have paid a State
and county tax, and thirty years of age. Representatives A citizen
of the United States, an inhabitant of this state, and one year of the
county in which he may be chosen, have paid a State or county tax,
and 25 years of age. Electors or Voters One year's residence in
the State, next preceding the election, having paid or been charged
with a State or county tax. Judges ave appointed by the joint ballot
of the two houses of the general assembly, for seven years.
INDIANA. Governor A citizen of the United States ten years,
and of this State five years, and thirty years of age. Senators
citizen of the United States, and of this State two years, and the last
year of the county or district for which he may be chosen, have paid
a State or county tax, and twenty-five years of age. Representatives
A citizen of the United States, an inhabitant of this State and
of the county for which he may be elected, one year, have paid a
State or county tax, and 21 years of age.
Electors or Voters
One
year's residence in the State immediately preceding the election,
entitles him to vote in the county where he resides.
Judges of the
supreme court are appointed by the governor, with the consent of
the senate ; presidents of the circuit courts by the legislature ; associate judges by the people ; each seven years.
ILLINOIS. Governor A citizen of the United States thirty
years, and two years of this State, thirty years of age, and ineligible
for two successive terms.
Senators
A citizen of the United States,
the last year of the district where he may be chosen, paid a state or
county tax, and 25 years of age. Representatives
citizen of the
United States, and an inhabitant of the State and of the county
where he may be chosen one year, paid a State or county tax, and
21 years old. Electors, or Voters Residence in the State six
months, but can vote only in the county where he actually resides.
Judges are appointed by the general assembly and hold office during
good behavior.
MISSOURI. Governor A native citizen of the United States, and
resident of this State four years, and thirty-five years of age.
Senators A citizen of the United States, and of this State four
years, and of the district one year, and having paid a State or county
tax, and thirty years of age.
Representatives
A citizen of the United States, and of this State two years, of the county where he may
be chosen one year, paid a State or county tax, and 24 years of age.
Electors or voters A citizen of the United States, and one year's
residence in this State, next preceding the election, and three months
in the county.
Judges are appointed by the governor, by and with
consent of the senate, and hold office during good behavior.
MICHIGAN. Governor A citizen of the United States five years,
and a resident of the State for two years immediately preceding the
Senators A citizen of the United States, and a qualified
election.
Representatives
citizen of
elector in the county he represents.
the United States, and qualified electors in the counties they represent.
Electors or Voters Twenty-one years of age, and six months
Judges of the supreme court
residence next preceding election.
are appointed by the governor, by advice and consent of the Senate,
for the term of 7 years, other judges by the people, for 4> years.
78
79
IN
LIST OF UNIVERSITIES
AND COLLEGES
Bowdoin College
Waterville*
Brunswick,
Me.
Waterville,
do.
Dartmouth
Hanover,
N. H.
University of Vermont
Burlington,
Vt.
Middlebury
Norwich University
Harvard
do.
Williams
Middlebury,
Norwach,
Cambridge,
IWiiliamstown,
Amherst,
do.
do.
Mass.
do.
do.
9
10
Amherst
Brown University
11
Yale
Washingtonf
New-Haven,
Ct.
Hartford,
Wesleyan
Middletown,
New- York,
do.
do.
12
13
14
10
16
17
18
University^:
Columbiaf
Union
Hamilton
Hamilton Lit.
Genevaf
Providence,
Schenectady,
Clinton,
&
19 University of N.
Theol.* Hamilton,
Geneva,
York
New-York,
20 Brockport*
Brockport,
21 College of N. Jersey
Princeton,
22 Rutgers
N. Brunswick
23 Univer. of Pennsylvania Philadelphia,
24 Dickinson|
Carlisle,
25 Jefferson
Canonsburg,
26 Washington
Washington,
27 Alleghany:}:
Meadville,
2S Western University
Pittsburg,
29 Pennsylvania
Gettysburg,
30 Lafayette
Easton,
31 Marshall
Mercersburg,
32 Newark
33 St. John's
34 St. Mary's
35 Mount St. Mary's
36 Mount Hope
37 University of Md.
Newark,
Annapolis,
Baltimore,
'
Washington
62 University of Nashville
63 East Tennessee
64 Jackson
65 Transylvania
66 St. Joseph's
67 Centre
68 Augusta:}:
69 Cumberland
l70
Bacon*
N. Y.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
N.J.
do.
Penn.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Del.
Md.
do.
do.
Emmetsburg,
Near Baltimore, do.
Baltimore,
38 Georgetown
Georgetown,
39 Columbian*
Washington,
40 William and Maryf
Williamsburg,
41 Hampden Sidney
Prince Ed. Co.,
42 Washington
Lexington,
43 University of Virginia
Charlottesville,
44 Randolph-MaconJ
Boydton,
45 University of N. Carolina Chapel-Hill,
46 Davidson
Mecklenb'g Co..
47 College of S. Carolina
Columbia,
148 Charleston
Charleston,
149 University of Georgia
Athens,
50 Oglethorpe
Midway,
51 University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa,
52 Laffrangel
Lagrange,
53 Spring Hill
Spring Hill,
54 Jefferson
Washington,
55 Oakland
Oakland,
56 Mississippi
iClinton,
57 Kemper
Kemper Co.,
58 Louisisma
Jackson,
59 Jefferson
St. Jas. Park,
60 Greenville
Greenville,
61
R.I.
[Wash. Co.,
Nashville,
Knoxville,
[Near Columbia,
iLexington,
do.
D. C.
do.
Va.
do.
do.
do.
do.
N.
C.
do.
S. C.
do.
Ga.
do.
Ala.
do.
do.
Mi.
do.
do.
do.
La.
do.
25
138
43
35
125
'Georgetown
do.
Augusta,
do.
do.
do.
do.
IPrinceton,
Danville,
8,000 1794
4,500 1820
6,000 1770
105 6,200 1791
157 2, 330 1800
80 1,00011834
219 44,000 1638
120 3,000 1793
206 4,300 1821
187 6,000 1764
403 10,.500 1700
54 2,000 1824
135 3,000 1831
99 8,000 1754
301 5,350 1795
101 2,500 1812
65 1,600 1819
28 1,200 1823
1831
226
1833
240 7,000 1746
93 3,000 1770
107 2,400 1755
128 3,000 1783
171 1,000 1802
107 2,400 1806
38 8,000 1815
225 1820118
500 1832
72
425 1826
49
1836
55
600 1833
108 2,700 1784
190 12,000 1799
131 7,000 1830
1832
45
1812
134 12,000 1799
40 4,000 1821
111 3,600 1693
60 5,000 1774
40 1,500 1812
230 15,000 1819
103
1831
145 3,000 1791
1837
150 10,000 1804
1785
127 4,500 1785
1838
101 3,500 1828
200 1831
144
85
1830
50 2,000 1802
100
1831
60 1,000 1830
Tenn.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Bardstown,
124
SO
231
90
100
62
130
66
75
72
203
1,200 1825
1,008 1831
4,000 1794
500 1794
1806
1807
2,200
3,000
1,250
2,400
5,000
1,600
2,000
1830
1798
1819
1822
1823
500 1826
1,200 1836
80
AND COLLEGES
LIST OF UNIVERSITIES
IN
TINUED.
Students
St.
Mary's
Marion Co.,
University of Ohio
Miami University
Franklin
Athens,
Oxford,
New Athens,
Western Reserve
Kenyonf
Hudson,
Gambier
Granville*
Granville,
Marietta
Oberlin Institute
Cincinnati
Marietta,
Oberlin,
Cincinnati
Woodward
Cincinnati,
Indiana
Bloomington,
South Hanover,
South Hanover
Wabash
Shui-tleff*
Crawfordsville,
Jacksonville,
Upper Alton,
M'Kendreao:}:
Lebanon,
M'Donoueh
Macomb,
Illinois
St.
Mary's
Marion
Columbia
New
St. CharlesJ
Fayette
St. Charles,
Fayette,
Michigan Univer.
Marshall
Ann Harbor,
St.
Palmyra,
Columbia,
thu3
(t)
Methodists
thus
()
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Ind.
do.
do.
111.
do.
do.
do.
Mo.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
41
88
83
51
56
12
50
95
84
1822
1,300 1821
1,618 1S24
500 1825
3,500 1826
4,643 1826
3,000 1832
3,000 1832
1834
1819
10
120
120
95
64
60
70
600 1827
1829
1833
1,500 1830
1,000 1835
1834
1837
200 7,500 1829
124 6,000 1830
33 1,000 1831
1835
70
75
Mich.
1837
do.
Louis,
Barrens,
do.
Ohio.
do.
do.
do.
^^'^
Libr's-
(*) are
Catholics.
thus
(+)
Episcopali-
IN
THE
81
IN
THE
82
Places Connected.
Me.
Middlesex,
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Blackfetone,
Champlain,
Black River,
Oswego,
Chenango,
& R.I.
& Con. New Haven
Chemung,
Morris,
N.J.
N.J.
Lehigh,
Schuylkill,
Little Schuylkill,
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Union,
Pennsylvania,
Pa.
Susquehanna
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa. and 0.
Pa. and O.
division.
West Branch,
North Branch,
Beaver division,
French Creek division
Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal,
Sandy and Beaver,
Chesapeake and Delaware,
Chesapeake and Ohio,
Dismal Swamp,
James River,
Pa
Del. and
Ga.
Ga.
Aa.
Muscle Shoals,
Md.
Md.
Santee,
Brunswick,
Miami,
Ohio and Erie,
Wabash and Erie,
La.
O.
O.
Ind. and O.
White Water,
Ind.
11.
Lafourche,
4.'>
78
82^
and Northampton,
Seneca,
20
27
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
Cayuga,
Miles.
363
63
76
38
96
20
23
101
42
60
66
108
20
82
312
39
66
76
30
46
82
73
14
186
23
150
22
60
12
Brunswick and Alatamaha River,
Round the Muscle Shoals in the
37
Tennessee River,
New Orleans and La Fourche R, 85
265
Cincinnati and Maumee,
306
Portsmouth and Cleveland,
Lafayette and mouth of the Mau-
mee
Illinois
110
76
96
16,310
1,544
43,385
61,239
83
LIST OF
MINISTERS, CONSULS,
AND OTHER DIPLOMATIC AND COMMERCIAL AGENTS,
OF
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
April
1,
1840.
List
BRITISH DOMINIONS.
ENGLAND.
Andrew
Benjamin Rush,
Thomas
Stevenson,
\ Minister Plenipotentiary,
Secretary of Legation,
Consul,
Aspinwall,
Albert Davy,
Francis B. Ogden,
Thomas Dennison,
Robert W. Fox, Thomas Were Fox,
Robert R. Hunter,
London.
Do.
London.
Kingston-upon-HuU.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Liverpool.
Bristol.
Falmouth.
Plymouth.
Cowes, [Isle of Wight.]
SCOTLAND.
Robert Grieve,
Edward
Baxter,
Consul,
do. -
Alexander Thomson,
do.
Dundee.
Glasgow.
IRELAND.
Thomas Wilson,
Thomas William
Gilpin,
James Corscaden
John Murphy,
Thomas M.
Persse,
IN
Horatio Sprague,
William W. Andrews,
William Carroll,
Isaac Chase,
Consul,
Dublin.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Belfast.
Londonderry.
Cork.
Galway.
Gibraltar.
Island of Malta.
Island of St. Helena.
Cape-town [Cape of Good
Commercial Agent,
Consul,
Hope.]
W.
H. H.
Griffiths,
Commercial Agent,
[Mauritius or
Isle of France.]
Port-Louis,
64
NORTH AMERICA.
Thomas
Consul,
Leavitt,
St.
Johns,
[New
Bruns-
wick
John Morrow,
do.
do.
do.
James Primrose,
John I. D'Wolf,
Sydney,
WEST
Wiliiam Tudor Tucker, John F. Bacon,
John Arthur,
Robert Munroe Harrison,
INDIES.
Bermuda.
Consul,
do.
do.
do.
Comjnercial Agent,
John Haly,
do.
.]
[do.]
SOUTH AMERICA.
Moses Benjamin,
Consul,
AUSTRALIA.
James H. Williams,
Sidney,
Consul,
...
EAST
Philemon S. Parker,
Joseph Balestier, -
Consul,
do.
[New
S.
INDIES.
-
Bombay.
Singapore.
RUSSIA.
Churchill C. Cambrelins
\
William
W. Chew,
Abraham
P. Gibson,
Alexander Schwartz,
Edmund
Brandt,
Ste^rTl^ngSat
Secretary of Legation,
'' P^^^"^^-^do.
Wales,]
85
86
Hughes,
Charles D. Arfwedson,
Charge d'Aflaires,
Stockholm.
Consul,
Stockholm.
Gothenburg.
Bergen.
C- A. Murray,
Helmich Janson,
Henry Wheaton,
Theodore
do.
do.
PRUSSIA.
Envoy Extraordinary and
Berlin,
Minister Plenipotentiary.
Secretary of Legation,
S.
Fay,
do.
Consul,
do.
do.
Frederick Schillow,
Berlin.
Elberfeld.
Stettin.
AUSTRIA.
Henry A. Muhlenberg,
J
\
Vienna,
John R. Clay,
Minister Plenipotentiary
Secretary of Legation,
G. Schwarz,
George Moore,
Consul,
do. -
do.
Trieste.
Albert Dabadie,
do.
Venice.
J.
do.
HANOVER.
Gerhard
W. Abeken,
Embden.
Consul,
SAXONY.
John G. Flugel,
Consul,
Dresden.
do.
Leipsick.
BAVARIA.
Robert de Ruedorffer,
Munich.
Consul,
GRAND-DUCHY OF HESSE.
Charles Graebe,
Consul,
Cassel.
GRAND-DUCHY OF MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN.
Christian F. Schultz,
Consul,
HANSEATIC
John Cuthbert,
Marcus Derkhem,
Ernest Schwcndler,
or
FREE
CITIES.
Hamburg.
Bremen
Consul,
do.
do.
Rostock.
Frankfort-on-the-Maine.
SWITZERLAND.
Stephen Powers
Basil or Basle.
Consul,
SARDINIAN STATES.
Genoa.
Consul,
Victor A. Sasseruo,
do
Nice.
TUSCANY.
Thomas Appleton.
Leghorn.
Consul,
PONTIFICAL STATES.
George W. Greene,
James E. Freeman,
Consul,
Rome,
do.
Ancona.
87
SICILIES.
Enos T. Throop,
Charge d'Afiaires,
Naples.
Alexander Hammett,
John M. Marston,
John L. Payson,
Consul,
Naples.
Palermo, [Sicily.]
Messina, [do.]
do.
do.
TURKISH DOMINIONS.
David Porter, John P. Brown,
George A. Porter,
David W. Offley,
Nicholas Luca Perick,
W. B. Llewellyn,
Marino de Mattel,
Minister Resident,
Dragoman
Constantinople,
do.
88
William D. Jones,
John S. Langham,
Manuel Alvarez,
MAINE.
The
recent agitation of the public mind, growing out of the unin this state, has given to Maine an unGreat Britain claims about one third of
usual degree of interest.
the whole surface of this state, upon the ostensible plea, that she is
rightfully entitled to it by virtue of treaty to that effect, but doubtsettled
boundary question
dently, as
it is
subject.
that of lime
There
is in
upward of
Kennebec
fifty
thousand tons
Be-
sides lumber, lime, and wool, beef, pork, butter, pot and pearl ashes,
dried and pickled fish, hay, marble, firewood, &c. are exported. The
constitution
for the
seminaries of learning.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
There
is
much
of
it
may
be
than
state. Portsmouth has one of the finest harbors in the world, affording forty feet of water at low tide, easily accessible, and completely
landlocked.
state.
Common
by law throughout
the
90
VERMONT.
A
states,
and
to the
West
Indies.
Domestic
in operation.
number
fabrics of linen
and
viroollen are
made
in al-
and also to propose any alterations in the Condivided into districts, each of which is required
by law to support a school at least three months during the year.
have done
their duty,
stitution.
Towns are
MASSACHUSETTS.
and taken as a whole, the bes^
and agricultural societies have made great efforts to encourage a skilful and thrifty husbandry but its most important branches of productive industry are
The shipthe fisheries, navigation, commerce, and manufactures.
ping belonging to this state amounts to about half a million of tons,
being greater than that of any other state, and nearly one third of
In this state the first blood was
the whole tonnage of the country.
shed in resisting the oppressive acts of the mother country, and
which ultimately led to the triumphant achievement of American Independence and being noted as it is for its extraordinary attention
to the education of its citizens, will doubtless be the last to submit
to oppression from any other quarter.
This
is,
Its legislature
RHODE ISLAND.
This, although the smallest state in the Union,
is
not
less noted
ward
of
common
schools.
There
are
in
the
state three
hundred and
91
CONNECTICUT.
Soil generally productive, but not highly fertile, being better
adapted to grazing than tillage. Fine rich meadows, however, adorn
its rivers, particularly on the
Connecticut and Housatonic. The
farnners of this state are distinguished for their skill and industry,
and much care has been bestowed upon the cultivation of the land
it resembles, in many parts, a well cultivated garden.
Considerable
attention has been paid to the cultivation of the mulberry tree
and
the breeding of silk-worms successfully prosecuted.
The fisheries
are carried on with enterprize, and some fifteen thousand tons of
shipping employed in the whaling business.
The manufactures are
of great value, but being principally in the hands of the people,
;
its
children.
NEW YORK.
Appropriately denominated the " Empire State," being the most
and populous of the Union. Unsurpassed in
the natural advantages of its soil, internal navigation, and easy access to the sea, public works, executed on a scale of imperial grandeur, it exhibits one of those amazing examples of growth and
prosperity that are seen nowhere on the globe, beyond our own
borders.
To describe the varied beauties of its diversified scenery,
its inexhaustible mineral resources, the extent of its agricultural
productions, its numerous and flourishing manufactories, its magniflourishing, wealthy,
commercial operations,
(New York
city
NEW
JERSEY.
A very considerable portion of this state, namely, that part extending from the Raritan and Trenton to Cape May, being a great
sandy plain, is unadapted to the prominent agricultural staples of
wheat, &c.
Its extensive pine forests, however, afford supplies of
fuel to the numerous furnaces of the state, and find a ready market
in the large
adjacent cities.
Some
tracts,
produce abundance of
bles, that
New York
phia markets.
But the middle section is
and wealthy part of the state. Valuable iron ores and other minerals abound in this state.
Several thousand manufacturing establish-
PENNSYLVANIA.
The
its
wealth,
its
natural re-
grand artificial flues of communication, and its population, make it one of the most important in the Union, and have obtained for it the honorable distinction of being denominated the
" Key Stone of the Arch."
Like Virginia, it stretches quite across
the great Appalachian system of mountains.
Distinguished topographers have boldly asserted that it may be doubted whether a
more widely diversified region exists on the face of the earth, than
Pennsylvania, or one of similar area on which the vegetable and
mineral productions are more numerous
and, it may be added, the
climate of which is more congenial to health.
Besides marble,
which it produces of a beautiful variety and excellent texture, the
state abounds with iron and anthracite coal in quantities literally inexhaustible.
This highly favored state is, moreover, emphatically
congenial to wheat, and admits a wide diversity of vegetable productions, embracing, in fact, (with the exception of rice) the entire catalogue of cerealia cultivated in the United States. Manufactures are
also carried on in great variety and extent, many of which are of
superior excellence. Improvements for internal intercommunication
have been executed on a grand scale, extending over broad and rapid
rivers, through rugged defiles, and over lofty mountains. Pennsylvania has the honor of having constructed the first turnpike in the
United States.
Philadelphia, the most regularly laid out, and handsomely built city in the world, is second only to New York in population, and while it is inferior only to that city and Boston (on this
continent) in commerce, it yields to none in the Union in the wealth,
enterprise, and intelligence of its citizens.
Time would fail to describe the number and excellence of its literary and benevolent institutions.
Free schools abound in the city, and the legislature in
its wisdom has not very long since perceived the importance and
propriety of extending them throughout the state.
There are nine
hundred and thirty-three school districts, of these, eight hundred and
forty have accepted the provisions of the law for their support.
During the past year, there were in these accepting districts, three
thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight male teachers, one thousand
nine hundred and seventy-four female teachers, five thousand two
hundred and sixty-nine schools, one hundred and twenty-seven thousources,
its
93
sand, six hundred and seventy-seven male scholars, one hundred and
six thousand and forty-two females. Among the distinguished citizens
of this state, who have long labored to establish the common or free
school system, perhaps no name stands so conspicuously pre-eminent as that of Joseph R. Chandler, Esq., whose consistent, able,
and persevering efforts in this noble cause, have justly entitled him
to the esteem and admiration of his fellow-citizens.
DELAWARE.
Delaware, after Rhode Island, is the smallest state in the Union
and in point of population, inferior to that state, sending but one
member to lower house of Congress. The more northern parts ot
the state are slightly undulating, but it becomes almost a perfect
level towards the ocean. The soil is generally thin and marshy, but
in some places the land is rich, and well adapted to the productions
of wheat, which may be said to constitute the staple commodity of
There were in the state, in 1833, some fifteen or twenty
the state.
cotton mills, besides machine shops, foundries, woollen manufactories, paper mills, two powder mills, producing upward of a million
of pounds, twenty quercitron mills, seventy-two flour mills, producing upward of one hundred and thirty thousand barrels of flour and
Indian corn meal per annum some forty or fifty saw mills, &c., and
Wilmington has several ships engaged in the whale fishery. The
;
The number
to lay a
of school districts
MARYLAND.
being completely, though irregularly, divided in nearly
by the famous Chesapeake Bay, presents in what
be termed its ground plan, a very unique and singular appear-
This
its
state
entire length,
may
That section of the state lying east of this great estuary, and
usually denominated the " Eastern Shore," consists, for the most
It is, however, by n.o
part, of an extensive sandy and clayey level.
means unproductive Indian corn and wheat being the agricultural
The same articles, with tobacco, are the staples of the
staples.
western section the soil of which is generally non-productive, and
its broad, moist valleys, forming fertile meadows, and luxuriant pasgreat quantities of flour, and Indian corn meal are annually
tures
ance.
Commerce is extensive,
cle of trade, and yield a valuable return.
The
the shipping amounting to about one hundred thousand tons.
superiority of the Baltimore naval architecture, particularly as applied to vessels of smaller construction, has long been proverbial.
The
Maryland
is
conspicuously exhibit-
94
magnificent public works, most of which are on a gigantic
Various scientific and literary institutions flourish in this
colleges, academies, and high schools are fostered by liberal
state
appropriation, and considerable provision has been made for the
education of indigent children.
ed in
its
scale.
VIRGINIA.
covering an area greater than that of England, is " the
state in the Union
and being perhaps the
most varied in her productions, the richest in natural resources,
blessed with a most happy climate, abundantly supplied with noble
channels of communication, exhibiting over her spacious bosom a
pleasant interchange of the wildest and most lovely scenes, Virginia
seems to possess within herself the elements of an empire. Nor to
the American heart are the historical associations connected with
the " Old Dominion," as she is fondly called by her children, of less
interest
here the first English colony in America was planted.
Virginia disputes the honor with Massachusetts, of having given
the first impetus to the ball of the revolution.
She gave birlh to the
Father of his Country and his mortal remains repose in her soil.
Professor W. B. Rogers's " Geological Reconnoisance," demonstrates the mineral wealth of this state to be boundless
and the
citizens are beginning to realize now, more than formerly, the great
importance of bringing forth these hidden treasures from the bowels
of the earth.
The hydro-sulphurous springs of Virginia have been
long celebrated
their eflBcacy in cases resulting from derangement
of the liver, and want of function of this organ and the stomach, is,
perhaps, unsurpassed by any in the world. And the Warm and Hot
Springs, also found here, are not less salutary in rheumatic and cutaneous diseases.
Indian corn, wheat, and tobacco, are the principal agricultural productions, and cotton is raised in the southeastern
counties to an extent of some three hundred and fifty thousand bales
per annum.
There are valuable public works for facilitating the
intercommunication between the different parts of the state. Primary schools for instructing poor children are in part supported by the
literary fund of the state.
This
state,
largest and
most central
NORTH CAROLINA.
North Qarolina,
sea,
is
95
sand bales.
Some
erected, and
is
cover nearly the whole of the eastern part of the state, yield not only
for exportation, but nearly all the resinous matter used
in ship building in the country.
No system of general education
has been adopted-
much lumber
SOUTH CAROLINA.
This state, for one hundred miles from the sea, presents a forest
of pitch-pine, varied only with occasional swampy tracts.
Beyond
this is what is called the Middle Country, consisting, for the most
part of low, sandy hills, of an undulating appearance.
Still farther
commerce
the foreign
GEORGIA.
Georgia, in point of dimensions, is exceeded only by Virginia and
Missouri, and although the last settled of the Atlantic colonies, has
been surpassed
96
as " being everywhere fertile and delightful continually replenished
by innumerable rivulets, either coursing about th fragrant hills, or
springing from the rocky precipices, and forming many cascades
the coolness and purity of whose waters invigorate the air of this
;
rheumatic affections.
rice
Ogechee, is the only artificial channel of navigation. Railroads have been constructed to some considerable extent. The income of a poor school fund is divided among the counties, but there
is no system of common education.
to the
ALABAMA.
The northern part of this state is somewhat mountainous, being
traversed by the Appalachian chain, yet for the most part pleasantly
diversified.
The central and southern sections assume a more level
surface, consisting of some extensive plains and pine barrens, interCotton is the
spersed with alluvial river bottom, of great fertility.
great agricultural staple the crop exceeding four hundred thousand
Bituminous coal and iron ore
bales.
Fruits flourish abundantly.
abound, arid of an excellent quality several forges on the Catawba
The mineral resources, however, of the state,
are in operation.
have never been carefully explored. The enterprise of this youthful
state has been manifested, by the construction of several important
useful works for intercommunication. Its growth has been extremely
rapid.
Mobile is a flourishing commercial town an idea may be
;
formed of
its
children.
MISSISSIPPI.
There are no mountains within the limits of this state, but numerous ranges of hills of moderate elevation, give to greater part of
The eastern
the surface an undulating and diversified character.
border is characterized by an extensive region of swamps, subject to
annual inundations. There is one tract between the Mississippi and
Yazoo one hundred miles in length, by fifty in breadth, that is an-
97
Some works
bales.
The popu-
By
act
of Congress, one section of six hundred and forty acres of the public lands, in each township, was reserved for the support of common
schools in the township the slate has also a literary fund devoted
;
to the
same purpose.
LOUISIANA.
Perhaps it would be difficult to find on earth, a continuous tract
of equal extent, presenting a greater diversity than Louisiana. Within its limits are included all the varieties, from the most recent, and
periodically inundated alluvium, to hills approaching the magnitude of mountains every quality of soil, from the most productive
to the most sterile, and from unwooded plains to dense forests.
A
large extent of country in this state is annually overflowed by the
Mississippi.
The staples are cotton and sugar the latter is produced cnly in the southern part of the state, and aff'ords a crop of about
still
dren.
OHIO.
The steady onward course of this noble and interesting state, has
furnished ample scope for the topographer's pen. The rapid growth
In the census of 1800,
of its population has never been paralleled.
it ranked in the number of its inhabitants, the eighteenth state in the
Union in 1 830, the fourth and in the census to be taken this
year, it will doubtless lake precedence of Virginia in this respect
thus making it, in population, inferior only to New York and Pennsylvania. The soil is generally fertile, and highly productive. Indian
corn and wheat are staples raised with much ease, and in great
;
abundance.
Rye,
manner of garden
oats,
all
perfection.
Swine
98
60 great a blaplc, tlial Cinciiiiiali lias bee)) deiioniiiiated "the pork
tlie world."
Immense droves of fat cattle are sent from
this to the eastern and southern states.
The tobacco crop is esti-
is
market of
is
INDIANA.
The
soil
of this slate
is
it
high-
Much excellent timber abounds, interspersed with beautiful prairies. The agricultural exports are beef, pork, cattle, horses,
swine, Indian corn, tobacco, &c. The climate healthy and pleasant,
ly fertile.
six
efjually
open
to
all.''
ILLINOIS.
Perhaps no stntc in the Union offers greater inducements to the
immigrant than Illinois. The land is admirably adapted to all the
purposes of the agriculturist, and, in many important tracts, is rich
in the
extreme.
be an ordinary crop
Wheat
is
is fifty
bushels to the
superior quality. Large herds of cattle are kept with little trouble;
thousands of hogs arc raised with very inconsiderable attention and
expense. Coal is abundant in almost all parts of the state.
In the
nortiiwcstern part, wheic the soil is comparatively inferior, lead is
90
lound
111
exhaustless qudutities.
The amount
of lead smelted
single year, has exceeded thirteen million pounds, but the quantity
now annually smelted, does not, perhaps, exceed half that amount.
The same provision has been made by Congress for the support of
public schools in this as in the other new states, but the scattered
slate ot the population has as yet prevented a general system of
jnibUc education from being carried into operation.
K E N T U C K Y.
Though
Kentucky is unsurregion watered by the Licking, Kentucky, and fcialt rivers, is justly described as the garden of
the state
an epithet to which the exceeding beauty of its scenery,
the great richness of the soil, and the fine springs and streams
which it abounds, amply entitles it. The state is bountifully supplied with noble rivers, and useful streams.
Iron and salt are made
ju considerable quantities; and bituminous coal is widely difTused.
Agriculture, however, is the general occupation of the inhabitants,
and Indian corn, wheat, hemp, and tobacco, are the great staples of
the state. Cotton is raised, but chiefly for home consumption. The
line pastures afford an ample range for cattle and horses, and many
thousands of these are annually driven out of the state.
Several
prominent agriculturists have contributed largely toward improving
the breed of the former, by the introduction of the Durham Shorthonis among these enterprizing citizens the honorable Henry Clay
The spirit and bottom of Kentucky horses,
stands pre-eminent.
have long been proverbial. Besides the staples above enumerated,
salt beef and pork, bacon, butter, and cheese, are largely exported.
Manufactures are ot considerable value, and daily growing in imporSome important works have been executed for the purpose
tance.
of extending the facihties of transportation afforded by the natural
railroad extends from Lexington to Louisville, ninety
channels.
Several excellent turnpike or MMdamised roads have also
miles.
been made. No system of popular education has been adopted in
this slate, but in many of the counties common schools are suppassed
irregular and
uneven
in its surface,
The
ported.
TENNESSEE.
Tennessee is marked by bold features. " There can be nothing,"
says Mr. Flint, " of grand and imposing of scenery, nothing striking
and picturesque in cascades and precipitous sides of mountains covered with woods, nothing romantic and delightful in deep and sheltered valleys, through which wind still and clear streams, which is
not found in this state." If there is a greater proportion of land that
is unfit for cultivation in Tennessee than in some other states, it has
the advantage of possessing a soil of first rate quality in that which
is cultivated.
Agriculture forms the principal occupation of the inTobacco, hemp,
habitants. Indian corn and cotton are the staples.
0(^
in considerable quantilies.
In East Tenattended to, and great numbers of live stock
are driven to the eastern markets. Some valuable minerals are proThe state has a school fund, the
duced, particularly iron and coal.
interest of which is distributed to such school districts as provide a
school-house, but little has yet been done toward the establishment
of a
common
is
much
MISSOURI.
In point of dimensions, this is the second state in the Union. Afmaking ample deductions for inferior soil, ranges of barren hills,
and large tracts of swamps, the state of Missouri contains a vast proportion of excellent farming land. Some cotton is raised, but tobacco
and hemp, wheat, and Indian corn, and
is more extensively grown
Vast herds of
the other cereal grains are cultivated with success.
ter
The
jiatural pastures.
MICHIGAN.
In point of fertility this state is not surpassed by any tract of equal
extent in the world ; in the southern part, particularly, there are alluvial lands of great extent, with a rich vegetable mould, of from
three to six feet in depth ; and although the northern part is not so
exuberantly fertile, yet it contains a large proportion of excellent
land.
embosomed
in beautiful groves,
at
ARKANSAS.
This young state, though at present but thinly peopled, abounding
with extensive swamps, and some sterile tracts, yet offers many attrac-
101
No
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
This is a territory ten miles square, and under the immediate
government of Congress.
It is divided into Washington and Alexandria counties, and contains the cities of Washington, Georgetown,
and Alexandria. This district lies on both sides of the Potomac,
one hundred and twenty miles from its mouth, and was ceded to the
United States by Maryland and Virginia in 1790. The seat of the
general government was established within its limits in 1800. The
city of Washington was laid out, under the superintendence of the
man whose name it bears, in 17iSl. The plan of the city combines
regularity with variety, and is adapted to the variations of the surface, so that the spaces allotted to public buildings, occupy commanding positions. The grand avenues are from one hundred and
thirty to one hundred and sixty feet wide, and are planted with
trees
several of the largest unite at the hill on which the capitol is
;
Georgetown
is
FLORIDA TERRITORY.
Florida resembles the low country of the southern states the
surface being moderately uneven and barren, except along the banks
of rivers and lakes, where it is very fertile.
It is interspersed with
numerous ponds, lakes, and rivers. The southern part of the peninsula is a mere marsh, and terminates at Cape Sable in heaps of sharp
rocks. But a small portion of the country is under cultivation. Live
;
The more
is
some two
nates, are
are
Indians,
or three thousand
whites for
WISCONSIN TERRITORY.
This territory formed, until the year 1836, the western division of
Michig^rx cerritory.
Number of square miles, three hundred thousand ; population in 1830, three thousand, six hundred and thirty-
102
iwonly-lwo ihousaiul,
live; in 18:36,
^^^
is
T E R R I T O R Y.
found
States, are those worked in the vicinity of Dubuque. Coal, iron, and
limestone also abound.
INDIAN TERRITORY.
This territory is assigned by the United States government for
the residence of those Indians who have emigrated or may emigrate
from the eastern part of the Union. The atmosphere is salubiious,
and the climate delightful. It contains coal, some lead and iron ore,
and many saline springs, suitable for the manufacturing of salt.
The most serious defect is the want of timber. The Indians devote
considerable time to agriculture.
About five hundred bales of cot-
by the Choctaws
two hundred and forty thousand.
in
1835.
Number
of square miles,
MISSOURI TERRITORY.
Missouri territory
is
by
dif-
white traders
by them
in hunting.
hundred thousand.
OREGON TERRITORY.
This
territory is the
Rocky Mountains
States.
In
It
many
Wheat, corn,
is fertile, and well adapted to farming.
and vegetables are raised in excellent quality. Pine trees of enormous JDulk grow on Columbia river, and many of them attain the
height of two hundred and fifty feet. Though claimed by the United
States, the territory is at present actually in the possession of Great
Britain. The traders of the Hudson's Bay Company have established forts at various points. Population eighty thousand number of
square miles, four liimdred and fifty thousand.
^c^^
THE
MIERICAN CITIZEN'S
MANUAL
OF REFERENCE:
BEINO A COMPREHENSIVE
W.
HOBART HADLEY,
NEW- YORK.
)j
W.
311
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