1.

Hazards
Credible hazardous events identified for the Thamoud & Al Dhabi Development Phase
2 Project involve hydrocarbons in the pit during maintenance. Crude Oil Stream with
High Water Cut - 89.8%

2. Consequence Analysis
The consequence modelling was performed using Shell FRED (v. 6.1.0.21).
The consequences analysis for the hazards includes:

Thermal radiation from: Pool fire (Maintenance pit)

H2S gas dispersion through 2 Vent.

The consequences of releases are modelled under two weather conditions D5 and
F2.
3. Potential Hazardous events
The potential hazardous events from the facility are summarised as below:
Table: 1.0
Potential Hazardous events
Equipment

Pit

Jet Fire

Pool
Fire

H2S
Dispersion

Remark
Explosion

Immediate ignition is not

creditable because high
water cut but delay ignition
is possible when crude is
separate from high water
cut stream hence fire will
at oil layer inside the pit.

Unconfined vapour cloud

explosion is not credible
scenario.
Vent

Gas release from vent may

cause H2S dispersion

4. H2S Level Concern

As per SP 1190, Clause 2.2.
Table: 2.0
Level of Concern
Unpleasant Odour

Hydrogen Sulphide
(Concentration, Time)
0.13 ppm (no time for dose)

8 Hour TWA (Threshold Limit Value)

5 ppm, 8 hours

15 Minute STEL (Short Term Exposure

Limit)
Emergency Planning
Onset of Significant Health Effects

10 ppm, 15 minutes

Onset of Worker Fatalities

650 ppm, 10 minutes

100 ppm, 60 minutes

300 ppm, 30 minutes

5. Radiation Criteria
Radiation criteria as per Shell DEP: 80.47.10.30 & SP 1258.
Table: 3.0 Radiation Criteria
Radiation limit (kW/m2)
3.15 (Including solar radiation)
Between 8 kW/m2 and 32 kW/m2

Exposure limit for

Public, sustained exposure
Equipment may need cooling when exposed

12 kW/m

to heat radiation levels

Cable Tray
Thermal Radiation to adjacent equipment of

37.5 kW/m

other train limited to this value based on

TRC jet or pool fire.

6. H2S Gas Dispersion and Pool Fire
H2S Gas dispersion is simulated as below:
1) Ambient temperature 50 deg C - Wind D5
2) Ambient temperature 50 deg C Wind F2
3) Ambient temperature 5 deg C- Wind D5
4) Ambient temperature 5 deg C - Wind F2

The dispersion results are summarised as below:

Table 4.0: H2S Dispersion Contour

Temperatur
e
Deg C

Wind
speed
m/s

Downwind Distance (m)

0.13 PPM

5 PPM

10 PPM

100 PPM

300 PPM

600 PPM

50

D5

8.319

4.139

3.139

1.1

0.5003

0.2002

50

F2

No
Contour

No
Contou
r

No
Contou
r

No
Contour

No
Contour

No
Contour

D5

6.684

2.684

1.684

0.685

0.5002

0.2001

F2

25.96

8.958

4.496

1.2

0.4008

0.1002

The worst case result is assessed for 5 deg C, F2 wind, where the 5 ppm H2S
dispersion zone is extended upto @ 8.958 meter from 2.702 m above the ground. Refer
detail FRED results in annexure - I
Table 5.0: Thermal Radiation Contours

Temperatur
e

Wind
speed

Deg C

m/s

Flame
lengt
h (m)

Estimate
d
Burning
Time
(minute)

Radiation distance (m)

37.5
KW/m
2

32.0
KW/m2
5.41

50

D5

4.84

50

F2

2.54

D5

5.37

F2

3.11

2.95
5.68
3.52

12.0
KW/m

8.0
KW/m

3.15
KW/m

7.21

7.95

10

13

5.98

6.8

9.75

13

7.01

7.73

9.47

13

5.98

6.89

9.67

13

The worst case result is assessed for 50 deg C, D5 wind, where the 8 kW/m2 thermal
radiation zone is extended up to @ 7.95 meters from the pit centre. Refer detail FRED
results in annexure I.

7. Recommendations

One H2S detector shall be installed near the pit area.

Pit Minimum distance shall be 8m from fence and equipment.

All the equipment, cables within 12 kw/m2 radiation zone shall be fire protected