Flow in pipelines, pipe flow analysis

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Law of Fluid Friction for Steady Stream Line

Flow
(i) The frictional resistance is proportional to the
velocity
(ii) The frictional resistance is independent of the
pressure
(iii) The frictional resistance is proportional to the
surface area of contact
(iv) The frictional resistance is varies considerably
with temperature
(v) The frictional resistance is in depended of the
nature of the surface of contact.
2

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Law of Fluid Friction for Turbulent Flow
(i) The frictional resistance is proportional to the square of
the velocity
(ii) The frictional resistance is independent of the pressure
(iii) The frictional resistance is proportional to the density of
fluid
(iv) The frictional resistance is slightly varies with
temperature
(v) The frictional resistance is proportional to the surface
area of contact
(vi) The frictional resistance is in depended of the nature of
the surface of contact.

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Pipe flow problem are important for engineer who designed
distribution systems for water supply and waste disposal.
In the water supply and waste water disposal system , control
volumes have extremely large ratios of length to width
Bernoullis energy equation must be modified to account for
energy losses that result from work done by tangential stresses
1 2
2 2
1 +
= 2 +
+
2
2
And a one dimensional from of the continuity equation
= 1 1 = 2 2
Where h is piezometric head and can be expressed as

=
+

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Loss of Energy due to Fluid Friction
The skin friction coefficient is defined as the ratio of the wall
shear stress to the flow kinetic energy per unit volume

=
1 2

2
For laminar flow
16
=

The loss of head is given by Darcy-weisbach equation

2
=
2
Where
4
=

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

In case of circular the hydraulic depth
2
4 4 4
=
=
=

For a circular pipe the hydraulic diameter is same as the pipe

diameter.
2
=
2

Fully developed laminar flow for circular pipe

64
=

So the pressure drop is given by

=
Pumping power required to overcome the pressure drop
=
6

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Problem 1: Water flows through a pipe of 20 cm diameter and
100 m long with an average velocity 2 m/s Find the head loss
due to friction. Assume f = 0.01
Problem 2: An oil of density = 850 /3 and the viscosity
= 0.18 /2 flow through pipe of diameter 40 cm at a
rate of 50 l/s. Find the head lost due to friction in this pipe
length of 1000 km
Problem 3: Water at a head of 300 m is supplied to a pipe of
diameter 40 cm and length 4 m. Assume f = 0.009. Calculate the
pressure drop and the pumping power required to overcome the
pressure drop when velocity is 2 m/s,
8

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Solution 1:
1

2 0.01 100 22
=
=
= 1.019
2
2 9.81 0.2

Solution 2:
2 0.42
=
=
= 0.1257 2
4
4

0.05

= =
= 0.398
0.1257

850 0.398 0.4

64
64
=
=
= 751.78 =
=
= 0.085

0.18
751.78
1

2 0.085 1000 103 0.3982

=
=
= 1715.64
2
2 9.81 0.4
9

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Solution 3:

2 0.42
=
=
= 0.1257 2
4
4
3

= = 0.1257 2 = 0.2514

2 0.009 4 22
=
=
= 0.0183
2
2 9.81 0.4

Pressure drop
= 1 = 1000 9.81 0.0183 = 179.53 2
Power transmitted
= 1 = 1000 9.81 0.2514 0.0183 = 45.132

10

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Practice Problem 1: Water at 200 C is flowing through a 5 cm
diameter and 5 m long pipe at a rate 2.5 l/m. Find the shear
stress in the internal wall of the pipe. The density and the
dynamic viscosity of water at 200C 1000 kg/m3 and 0.001N-s/m2.
Hints: Laminar floe = 16 = 1 2 2
Answer: 0.0032N/m2
Practice Problem 2: water is flowing a horizontal pipe line 1000
m long 20 cm diameter. Pressure at the two ends of the pipe line
respectively 140 kPa and 110 kPa. If f=0.02 determine the
discharge though pipe. Neglect minor losses. Answer: Q=0.243
m3/s

11

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Practice Problem 3: Two reservoirs are connected by pipe line
of diameter 30 cm and length 600 m. If the difference of water
surface in the reservoir is 8 m , find the flow rate. Assume f=0.03
and only the loss due to fluid friction.

2
= 600

12

FLUID FLOW IN PIPE

Problem 4: A pipe 250 mm in diameter is 1500 m long is laid at a slop of 1 in
200 for the first half and at a slop 1 in 150 for the remaining length. The
pressure of the upper and lower ends of the pipe are 100 kPa and 50kPa
respectively. Find the discharge through the pipe. Take f =0.008
Problem 5:The frictional factor for turbulent flow through rough pipes cane be
determined by the equation
1

0
= 2 log10
+ 1.74

Where, f is the frictional factor, R0 is the pipe radius and k is the pipe average
roughness. Two reservoirs with a surface level difference of 20 m are to be
connected by a 1 m diameter pipe 6 km long. What will be the discharge when
a cast iron pipe of roughness k = 0.3 mm is used. What will be the percentage
increase in the discharge if the cast iron pipe is replaced by a steel pipe of
roughness k = 0.1 mm ? Neglect all local lossess.
13

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Solution 4:
Difference level between end of pipe
750 750
+
= 8.75
200 150

1 2 = 8.75
Pressure head at 1

100000
9810

Pressure head at 2

50000
9810

= 10.2

= 5.1

Applying Bernoullis Energy Equation

1
1 2
2
2 2
1 + +
= 2 + +
+

2
14

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Solution 4:
2
= 13.85 =
3.026 5
3

= 0.058

15

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Solution 5:
Given = 20 m; l=6000 m; d = 1 m
Analysis for cast iron pipe
1000
0 =
= 500 = 0.3
2
1
0
= 2 log10
+ 1.74

= 0.015
2
=
3.026 5
3

= 0. 823

16

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Solution 5:
Given = 20 m; l=6000 m; d = 1 m
Analysis for steel pipe
1000
0 =
= 500 = 0.1
2
1
0
= 2 log10
+ 1.74

= 0.012
2
=
3.026 5
3

= 0. 917

Percentage increase in discharge

0.9170.823
100
0.823

= 11.42%

17

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

The head loss consists of the sum of friction losses over a long
lengths of pipe, given by
2
1 =
2
Local or Minor losses expresses in any one of the following three
forms
1 2 2
1 2
2 2
1 = 1
= 2
= 3
2
2
2
The sudden change in pipe geometry that creates the local
loss.
Local losses are the result of high level of turbulence, flow
separation or secondary flow.
These losses occur over relatively short lengths of pipe.
18

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Minor Losses in the Pipe

Loss of head due to sudden expansion in a pipe
Loss of head at the exits of pipe
Loss of head due to sudden contraction in a pipe
Loss of head at the entrance of the pipe
Loss of head due to pipe bends and pipe fittings

Minor losses in pipe flow as a result of pipe expansion and

contractions, bends, valve and other pipe fitting.

19

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Minor loss coefficient are usually determine experimentally
except sudden expansion
1 = 1
2
1
2 = 1

2
2

2
3 =
1
1
First two equations have some limitations in case of a
submerged pipe discharging into a large reservoir, in which case
2 vanished and 2 is infinite.

20

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Table 1: Loss coefficient for Sudden Contraction

1
0.8
0.6

0.4
0.2
0.0 reservoir inlet
3 =

0
0.13
0.28
0.38
0.45
0.5

1 Where, is the cross sectional area of the vena

contracta.
21

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

3 =

1 Where, is the coefficient of contraction, can

be defined as the ratio of the area of jet at vena contracta to the

area of the pipe

0.0
0.586
0.1
0.624
0.2
0.632
0.4
0.659
0.6
0.712
0.8
0.813
1.0
1.0
22

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Problem 6: A horizontal pipe of diameter 40 cm carrying water is
suddenly reduced to a diameter of 20 cm The pressure at the larger
and smaller diameter pipe are 150 kN/m2 and 130 kN/m2respectively.
Find the loss of head due to contraction and volume flow rate of
water Assume the coefficient of contraction is 0.6.
Solution 6:
2
1 =
= 0.1257 2
4
2
2 =
= 0.0314 2
4
1 = 0.252
2
2

1
2 2
2 2
= 3
=
1
= 0.444
2

2
2
Apply Bernoullis energy equation and get 2 = 5.381 /
23

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Head Loss due to Entrance of a Pipe

1 2
= 0.5
2

Table 1: Loss coefficient for Commercial Pipe Fittings

Globe valve (fully Open

10

Angle valve (fully open)

Swing check valve (fully open)

2.5

Gate valve (fully open)

0.2

Close return bend

2.2

Standard tee

1.8

Standard elbow

0.9

Medium sweep elbow

0.75

Long sweep elbow

0.6
24

PIPE FLOW
Problem 7: A horizontal pipe line connected to a tank. Calculate the discharge.
Consider all losses, take f = 0.0065

11 m

d=50

d=100

L1=8m

L2=45m

25

PIPE FLOW
Solution 7: Lets estimate
Loss due to friction at 50 mm

1 2
=
21

Loss due to friction at 100 mm

l=8 m

2 2
=
21

Loss due to sudden enlargement =

Loss of head at entrance to pipe

l = 45 m

1 2 2
2

0.5 1 2
=
2

Applying Bernoulli's energy theorem to the free water surface in the tank and
the outlet of the pipe
2 2
11 =
+
2
26

PIPE FLOW
Problem 8: A 200 mm diameter pipe line coveys water up the pipe line at 0.04
m3/s. A and B are two points on this pipe line 500 m apart along the pipe line.
The point B being 25 m above A. if the pressure at B is 245 kPa, calculate what
pressure should maintained at A. take f = 0.006

25 m

A
27

PIPE FLOW
Solution 8: d = 0.02 m; Q = 0.04 m3/s; ZB ZA = 25
We known that =

Loss due to friction

2
=
2

Applying Bernoulli's energy theorem

= +

2
+ +
= +
+
+

2
Taking = 0; = 25; = 245 ; = =
Determine = 538.8

28

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Practice problem 4: A tank of 20 m2 in area contains

water 4 m deep. Find the time taken for emptying the
tank through a pipe 30 m long and 15 cm diameter
connected to the bottom of the tank. Assume f = 0.01.
Answer: 5 min 38.7 sec
Piping System
Pipe in Series
= 1 = 2 = 3 =
If minor losses neglected the liquid level difference in
two reservoirs
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
=
+
+
21
22

29

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Problem 9: The difference of water level of two reservoirs a 8m. They are
connected by a 40 m long pipe. For the first 25 m length , the diameter of the
pipe is 120 mm and for the remaining length, the diameter is 200 mm, the
change of diameter being sudden. Find the discharge into the lower reservoir .
Take f=0.008

Problem 10: A pipe 100 mm in diameter and 40 m long convey water to a

velocity of 2.5 m/s . If the central 20 m length of pipe is replace by 200 mm
diameter pipe , find the saving in head lost. Assume that the changes in section
are sudden. Take f = 0.01 and coefficient of contraction Cc=0.62.

30

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Solution 9: v1 and v2 velocity of water in the pipe. From discharge we found
that
2 = 0.361
Loss of head at entrance to the pipe line
Loss due to friction at part

1 2
1=
21

Loss due to sudden enlargement =

Loss due to friction at part

0.5 1 2
=
2

1 2

2 2
2=
22

Loss of head at entrance to the reservoir =

2 2
2

31

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Solution 10:
Case 1: Loss due to friction

1 2
=
21

Case 2: Loss due to friction at 100 mm

1 2
=
21

l=10 m

Loss due to friction at 200 mm

4 2 2
=
21

l = 20 m

Loss due to friction at 100 mm

4 1 2
=
21

l = 10 m

Loss due to sudden enlargement =

1 2 2
2

Loss of head at sudden contraction =

2 2
2
2

32

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Piping System

Pipe in Series
= 1 + 2 + 3 +
If minor losses neglected the liquid level difference in
two reservoirs
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
=
=
=
21
22

33

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Practice Problem 5: A pipe 750 mm in diameter is 1.25 km

long. It delivers water at a velocity of 1.20 m/s. Find the loss of
head, take f=0.008
Practice Problem 6 :A 150 mm diameter horizontal pipe
conveys water. If the slope of the hydraulic gradient is 1 in 130,
find the rate of flow. Take f = 0.005.
Practice Problem 7 :Water has to be supplied to a town of
425000 inhabitants. The reservoir is 6 km from the town. The
head lost in the pipe line due to friction is measured as 12.5 m.
Find the size of the main supply if each inhabitants consume
180 l of water per day and one half the daily supply is pumped
in 8 hrs.
34

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Hints Practice Problem 5:

Given, d= 0.75 m; l = 1250 m; v=1.20 m/s; f = 0.008
Loss of head

2
=

35

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Hints Practice Problem 6:

Given, d= 0.15 m; l = 130 m; f = 0.005; = 1
Loss of head

2
=
3.025 5

36

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Hints Practice Problem 7:

Given, l= 6000 m; f = 0.0075; = 12.5
Loss of head

180
1
425000

3
1000
2

=
= 1.328

8 60 60
2
=
3.025 5
Calculate d from above equation

37

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines
Energy Grade Line:
The energy Grade line (EGL) shows the magnitude of
Bernoulli sum +

2
2

This line started from known elevation at a point upstream

Frictional losses caused the EGL to slope down linearly with
distance in the direction of flow
The local losses are assumed to create discontinuities in the
EGL at the locations of expansion, contractions , bends,
valves etc.

38

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines
Hydraulic Grade Line:
The Hydraulic Grade line (HGL) shows the magnitude of
piezometric head (h)

Since the h differs from Bernoulli sum by the velocity head

2
,
2

the HGL is parallel to EGL and lies below it by an amount

velocity head.
Since z is the elevation of the pipe centerline, the pressure
head is the vertical distance between the HGL and pipe center
line therefore, pressure in the pipe are positive and negative,
respectively when the HGL lies above and below the pipe
centerline.
39

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Pipe discharging from a reservoir to the atmosphere

hf
2
2

Applying Bernoulli's energy equation to the free water surface

in the reservoir and the outlet of the pipe,
2
2
2 2 2

=
+ + =
+ 0.5
+
=
1.5 +
2
2
2 2 2

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Two pipes joined in series, allow flow to exit from reservoir. The
loss coefficient for the gate valve is zero since no free shear layer
and associated turbulence exit downstream from the valve.
41

FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Since reservoir free surface and the jet are in atmospheric pressure, So the equation

+ 1

1
1

1
2

+ 2

2
2

2
2

+ 0.5

1
2

+ 0.38

2
2
42

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Problem 4: A pipe 750 mm in diameter is 1.25 km long. It

delivers water at a velocity of 1.20 m/s. Find the loss of head,
take f=0.008
Problem 5:A 150 mm diameter horizontal pipe conveys water.
If the slope of the hydraulic gradient is 1 in 130, find the rate of
flow. Take f = 0.005.
Problem 6:Water has to be supplied to a town of 425000
inhabitants. The reservoir is 6 km from the town. The head lost
in the pipe line due to friction is measured as 12.5 m. Find the
size of the main supply if each inhabitants consume 180 l of
water per day and one half the daily supply is pumped in 8 hrs.
43

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 4:
Given, d= 0.75 m; l = 1250 m; v=1.20 m/s; f = 0.008
Loss of head

4 2
=
= 3.91
2

44

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 5:
Given, d= 0.15 m; l = 130 m; f = 0.005; = 1
Loss of head

2
=
3.025 5
= 0.02 3 /

45

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 6:
Given, l= 6000 m; f = 0.0075; = 12.5
Loss of head

180
1
425000

3
1000
2

=
= 1.328

8 60 60
2
=
3.025 5
= 1.16

46

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Problem 7: A pipe 250 mm in diameter is 1500 m long is laid at a slop of 1 in
200 for the first half and at a slop 1 in 150 for the remaining length. The
pressure of the upper and lower ends of the pipe are 100 kPa and 50kPa
respectively. Find the discharge through the pipe. Take f =0.008
Problem 8:The frictional factor for turbulent flow through rough pipes cane be
determined by the equation
1

0
= 2 log10
+ 1.74

Where, f is the frictional factor, R0 is the pipe radius and k is the pipe average
roughness. Two reservoirs with a surface level difference of 20 m are to be
connected by a 1 m diameter pipe 6 km long. What will be the discharge when
a cast iron pipe of roughness k = 0.3 mm is used. What will be the percentage
increase in the discharge if the cast iron pipe is replaced by a steel pipe of
roughness k = 0.1 mm ? Neglect all local lossess.
47

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 7:
Difference level between end of pipe
750 750
+
= 8.75
200 150

1 2 = 8.75
Pressure head at 1

100000
9810

Pressure head at 2

50000
9810

= 10.2

= 5.1

Applying Bernoullis Energy Equation

1
1 2
2
2 2
1 + +
= 2 + +
+

2
48

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 7:
2
= 13.85 =
3.026 5
3

= 0.058

49

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 8:
Given = 20 m; l=6000 m; d = 1 m
Analysis for cast iron pipe
1000
0 =
= 500 = 0.3
2
1
0
= 2 log10
+ 1.74

= 0.015
2
=
3.026 5
3

= 0. 823

50

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 8:
Given = 20 m; l=6000 m; d = 1 m
Analysis for steel pipe
1000
0 =
= 500 = 0.1
2
1
0
= 2 log10
+ 1.74

= 0.012
2
=
3.026 5
3

= 0. 917

Percentage increase in discharge

0.9170.823
100
0.823

= 11.42%

51

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Problem 9: The difference of water level of two reservoirs a 8m. They are
connected by a 40 m long pipe. For the first 25 m length , the diameter of the
pipe is 120 mm and for the remaining length, the diameter is 200 mm, the
change of diameter being sudden. Find the discharge into the lower reservoir .
Take f=0.008

Problem 10: A pipe 100 mm in diameter and 40 m long convey water to a

velocity of 2.5 m/s . If the central 20 m length of pipe is replace by 200 mm
diameter pipe , find the saving in head lost. Assume that the changes in section
are sudden. Take f = 0.01 and coefficient of contraction Cc=0.62.

52

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 9: v1 and v2 velocity of water in the pipe. From discharge we found
that
2 = 0.361
Loss of head at entrance to the pipe line
Loss due to friction at part

4 1 2
1=
21

Loss due to sudden enlargement =

Loss due to friction at part

0.5 1 2
=
2

1 2

4 2 2
2=
22

Loss of head at entrance to the reservoir =

2 2
2

53

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 10:
Case 1: Loss due to friction

4 1 2
=
21

Case 2: Loss due to friction at 100 mm

4 1 2
=
21

l=10 m

Loss due to friction at 200 mm

4 2 2
=
21

l = 20 m

Loss due to friction at 100 mm

4 1 2
=
21

l = 10 m

Loss due to sudden enlargement =

1 2 2
2

Loss of head at sudden contraction =

2 2
2
2

54

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Problem 9: A horizontal pipe line connected to a tank. Calculate the discharge.
Consider all losses, take f = 0.0065

11 m

d=50

d=100

L1=8m

L2=45m

55

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 9: Lets estimate
Loss due to friction at 50 mm

4 1 2
=
21

Loss due to friction at 100 mm

4 2 2
=
21

Loss due to sudden enlargement =

Loss of head at entrance to pipe

l=8 m
l = 45 m

1 2 2
2

0.5 1 2
=
2

Applying Bernoulli's energy theorem to the free water surface in the tank and
the outlet of the pipe
2 2
11 =
+
2
56

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Problem 10: A 200 mm diameter pipe line coveys water up the pipe line at 0.04
m3/s. A and B are two points on this pipe line 500 m apart along the pipe line.
The point B being 25 m above A. if the pressure at B is 245 kPa, calculate what
pressure should maintained at A. take f = 0.006

25 m

A
57

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 10: d = 0.02 m; Q = 0.04 m3/s; ZB ZA = 25
We known that =

Loss due to friction

4 2
=
2

Applying Bernoulli's energy theorem

= +

2
+ +
= +
+
+

2
Taking = 0; = 25; = 245 ; = =
Determine = 538.8

58

PIPE FLOW
SYPHON:
Sometime it is necessary to provide a pipe line over an obstacle like a ridge
or a small hill and then to a lower level.
A part of the pipe line may be situated not only above the water above the
hydraulic gradient line but also above the water level of the supply reservoir.
This pipe line is called syphon. The pressure of water in the part of the pipe
line above the hydraulic gradient line will be less than atmospheric
pressure.
The highest point of the syphon called the summit , the pressure is minimum.

59

PIPE FLOW
APPLICATION OF SYPHON:
Transmission of water from one reservoir to another separated by a ridge.
To empty a tank not provided with any outlet
To take out water from a channel not provided with any outlet sluice
B
A
Ridge

60

PIPE FLOW
SYPHON:
Let A and C refer to the high and low reservoir water levels. The reservoirs
are connected by the syphon pipe which is take over the ridge B
The part of the pipe from the high reservoir to the summit is called the inlet
leg and the part of the pipe from the summit to the lower reservoir is called
outlet leg.
Applying Bernoulli's theorem to the points A and C
+ 0 + 0 = + 0 + 0 +
2
= =
2
Where l is the total length of the pipe.

61

PIPE FLOW
SYPHON:
Pressure head at summit B
It is very necessary that the absolute pressure head at the summit shall not fall
less than the separation pressure head Hsep corresponding to the condition of
separation at the summit
2 2
+ + 0 = + +
+
2 2
This relation decides the maximum height of the summit to avoid separation.

62

PIPE FLOW
Problem 11 Reservoirs A and B are connected by 300mm diameter 1000 m long
pipe. The difference of water level in the tanks is 15m. The pipe pass over a hill
at C. Find the length of the pipe from the reservoir A to C so that absolute
pressure heat at C is 2-5 m. The height of C above the water surface of the
upper reservoir A is 5 m. Find also the discharge. Take f = 0.0075. Neglect all
losses other than friction
C
A

l1

5m
l2

15 m

63

PIPE FLOW
Solution 11: Loss of head from A to B
= total loss of head in the pipe line = 15 m
Loss due to friction

2
=
3.0257 5

= 15

15 3.0257 0.30
2
=
0.0075 1000

= 0.1213

Velocity of water in the pipe line

= = 1.716 /

Let the length of pipe from upper reservoir to C = l1

Loss of head from A to C =

151
1000

64

PIPE FLOW
Solution 11:Applying Bernoullis theorem to A and C

2
+ +
= + +
+

2
151
0 + 10.30 + 0 = 5 + 2.5 + 0.15 +
1000
1 = 176.67
Where Pais the atmospheric pressure = 10.3 m of water.

65

PIPE FLOW
PIPE IN SERIES :
The rate of discharge is same in all pipe . Ignoring secondary losses the
total loss of head is equal to the sum of the frictional loss in each pipe.
d2
d1
d3
l1 v1

l2 v2

l3 v3

= 1 + 2 + 3

66

PIPE FLOW
Equivalent pipe corresponding to a given set of pipes in series :
d2

d1
l1 v1

d3
l3 v3

l2 v2
= 1 + 2 + 3

If Q is the flow rate in the pipe then,

2
=
3.0257

1 2
=
3.0257 1

1
=
1

2 2
+
5
3.0257 2

2
+
5
2

3
+
5
3

3 2
+
5
3.0257 3

The above relation is called Dupuits equation.

67

PIPE FLOW
Equivalent length of pipe with intermediate fitting :
Suppose a pipe of length l is provided with an intermediate fitting due to
which the loss of head

2
=
2

Let le is the equivalent length of pipe which frictional loss is

2
=
2

2
2
=
2
2

=
4
This length may be added to the actual length of pipe to determine the overall
loss of head

+ 1 + 2 + 3 +
=

2
2

68

PIPE FLOW
PIPE IN PARALLEL:

l1
1

Q1

v1

Q2

d1

v2

d2

l2
= 1 = 2 = 1 + 2
1 2
3.0257 1

2 2
=
3.0257 2

1 2 2 2
=
21
22

69

PIPE FLOW
Problem 12: Three pipes are connected in parallel conveying total
discharge of 4.5 m3/s. The length of the pipes are 1800m , 1500m,
1900m. The diameter of the pipe 1.25 m; 1 m and 1.4 m. take
f1=0.006; f2 = 0.005 and f3= 0.008.

PIPE FLOW
Problem 13: Two pipes of diameter d and 2d are connected in
parallel, join two reservoirs. The length and the coefficient of friction
of pipes are same . If the total discharge from one reservoir to the
other is 3m3/s. Determine the discharge in each pipe.

Problem 14: Two pipes A and B each 150 mm diameter branch from
a point C to a point D which is 6 m below C. Pipe A is 300 m long
and pipe B is 600 m long . Water is supplied at C under a head of 36
m. A short pipe 75 mm diameter is fitted at D. Find the delivery when
the pipe open at atmosphere. Take f = 0.01.
C
A

6m

B
D
71

PIPE FLOW
Solution 13: Let the discharge in the pipe of diameter d be Q1 and
the discharge in the pipe of diameter 2d is Q2
1 = 2

1 2
2 2
=
5
3.0257
3.0257 2
2 = 5.6571

But
1 + 2 = 3
3

1 = 0.451

2 = 2.549

72

PIPE FLOW
Solution 14: Let the velocity of pipe A and B are va and vb and v is
the velocity of water in 75 mm pipe
=

=
2

= 1.414 (1)
+ =

2
2
+ = 2
4
4
4

73

PIPE FLOW
Solution 14:

2
2
+ = 2
4
4
4
2 + 2 = 2
= = 0.15
+ = 0.25 2
From the equation 1 and 2
= 0.1036
= 0.1464
Considering any routes, say the route A
Energy head at C = Energy head at outlet +

74

PIPE FLOW
Solution 14:
Energy head at C = Energy head at outlet +
Total head at C = 30+6 = 36 m
2

36 =
+
2

2 2

=
+
2
2

0.1464
2

= 16.13 /
Discharge = = 0.0713

75

PIPE FLOW
Total loss of head
82 5 1
1
= 2

2
4
2
+
1

76

BRANCHING PIPES THREE RESERVOIR FLOW

Three reservoirs A,B and C are interconnected by three pipes

meeting at a junction D. In this case consider that minor losses
are very small that can be ignored. Analysis base on three
equation (i) Bernoullis equation (ii) Darcy Weisbach equation
(iii) Continuity Equation
77

BRANCHING PIPES THREE RESERVOIR FLOW

Let 1 , 2 , 3 be the head losses due to friction in the pipe
AD, BD and DC. Consider the flow from reservoir A to
reservoirs B and C.
Applying Bernoullis equation to the reservoir A to junction D

= + + 1 ()

Velocity head at D ignored since it is very small

Applying Bernoullis equation to D and B

+
= + 2 ()

Applying Bernoullis equation to D and C

+
= + 3 ()

78

BRANCHING PIPES THREE RESERVOIR FLOW

By continuity equation
1 = 2 + 3
1 2 1 = 2 2 2 + 3 2 3
The unknown v1, v2, v3 and can be determine from the above
equations.

If two reservoir A and B are feeding reservoir C then

= + + 1

= + + 2

+
= + 3

1 2 1 = 2 2 2 + 3 2 3
79

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Problem 15: Three reservoir A,B and C are connected by a pipe
system. If the discharge from the reservoir A is 0.05 m3/s determine
the rate of flow from the reservoirs B and C. Find also RL of water
level in the reservoir C. take f = 0.008.
= 45

= 40

80

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

Solution 15:
Loss of head in pipe 1
1

0.008 1000 0.052

=
= 6.77
5
3.0257 0.25

Total head at D

+
= = 1 = 45 6.77 = 38.23

But = 40
Since Ed > Zb water flow from B to D

Loss of head in pipe 2 = 2 = = 40 38.23 = 1.77

81

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW

But
2

2 2 2
= 1.77 =
3.0257 2

2 = 0.016

Now discharge in pipe 3

3

= 3 = 1 + 2 = 0.066

Loss of head in pipe 3

3

3 3 2
=
3.0257 3

= 5.69

= = 3 = 38.23 5.69 = 32.54

82

HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION OF
POWER THROUGH PIPE
Power is transmitted through pipe means water under pressure
through a certain distance
Power transmission will be proportional
(i) the quantity of water passing through the pipe per second
(ii) The total head of the water available at the end of the pipe line.

V
l

Let H be the total energy head at inlet to the pipe. Let hf be the loss of
head due to friction. Let V be the velocity of flow of water.
83

HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION OF
POWER THROUGH PIPE
Total energy available at the outlet of the pipe
2
=
2
The efficiency of transmission is the ratio of the energy head between
inlet and outlet.

=

Discharge through the pipe per second =

Power available at the outlet of the pipe

2
2 1
==

4
2 1000
2
3
=

4000
2
84

HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION OF
POWER THROUGH PIPE
For condition of maximum transmission of Power

2
3
=0=

4000
2
2
2
3
=0
4000
2
2
3
=0
2
3 = 0

=
3
The power transmitted is the maximum when the loss of head due to
friction is one third of the total head supplied.
85

PIPE NETWORK PROBLEMS

A pipe network to be any
system that contains at
least one junction where
three or more pipe meet.

In the pipe networking

problem piezometric head
and frictional loss terms
are dominated factor in
the Bernoullis energy
equation.
1 2
2

=
()
2

86

PIPE NETWORK PROBLEMS

And each junction

= 0 ()

Flows in and out in the junction are taken as positive and negative
respectively. The equation (a) is written for pipe in the network and
equation (b) is used for every pipe junction. Pipe network problem
can be formulated so that the unknowns are either flow rates or
piezometric heads.

87

PIPE NETWORK PROBLEMS

The junction under consideration is labeled 0 and the number 1-4
denote the other end of pipes meeting at 0. The external flow at node
0 is denoted by 0 and has positive sign for out flow and negative
sign for inflow. The resistance for each pipe are defined by the
following equation.
= 0 ()
Since > 0 the sign of is determined by the sign of 0 .
Thus is also positive and negative for outflow and inflow.
From the equation (b) and (c) and using definition of 0 gives the
following equation which has values of h at nodes 0 through 4 as its
only unknown
4

0 +

0 = 0 ()
=1
88

PIPE NETWORK PROBLEMS

Similar equation for every node we can develop at which h is
unknown and by specifying values of h at the remaining nodes.
Obtain as many equation as unknown values of h. This equation can
be solved by using direct method such as Gaussian Elimination or by
an Iterative technique such as Gauss Seidel Iteration. Iterative
techniques are probably easier to program and more efficient for this
application. The gauss seidel iteration used equation (d) in the
following form
0 +
=1
0 =
()

=1
N is the number of pipe joined at node 0. The iteration proceeds by
using the last approximation for in the right side of equation (e) to
calculate the newest approximation for 0 . Calculation terminate
when the values of h cease to change significantly at all nodes for
any two successive cycles in the iteration.
89

PIPE NETWORK PROBLEMS

Varga (1962) shows that the Fgauss Seidel iteration will always
coverage from any starting values of if the governing equations
are both linear and irreducibly diagonally dominant. Equation (c)
satisfy there criteria for laminar flow when h is specified at one or
more nodes in the network. In this case equation (a) and =
64
given the following constant value for
4
=
()
128
For turbulent flow
2
2
=
()
4
0
This equation never give a single value of since a small value of
0 leads to small Reynolds number and required to use
equation (f) for laminar flow.
90

PIPE NETWORK PROBLEMS

Isaacs and Mills, effectively set = 0 when 0 became
smaller than a specified value.
1.325

6
2
=

10

10
2

+ 5.74 0.9
3.7
And
5000 108
Or
1.325
=
2

+ 2.51

3.7

91

PIPE NETWORK PROBLEMS

92

PIPE NETWORK PROBLEMS

93

PIPE NETWORK PROBLEMS

Reynolds number for each pipe are given by the following expression
= 8.38 106
Since 0 = 0, 1 = 100 , 2 = 80 3 = 0
1001 + 802
0 =
1 + 2 + 3

94

PIPE NETWORK PROBLEMS

95

PIPE NETWORK PROBLEMS

96