ISSN 2320 6020

IJBSTR REVIEW PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013

A Review Report on Urban Sprawl and Its Impact on Urban

Environment
Priyanka Dubey
ABSTRACT: Urban sprawl refers to the degree of urbanisation, which is, an international phenomenon mainly determined by
population growth and huge scale migration. In early countries like India, wherever the inhabitants, is over one billion, one-sixth
of the worlds populace, urban sprawl is taking its charge, on the natural resources at a disturbing pace. Urban planners require in
order related to the hurry of expansion, model and degree of sprawl to provide basic facilities, such as water, hygiene, electricity,
etc. This paper brings out the extent, of sprawl captivating place over, an era of almost, three decades using GIS and Remote
Sensing. The study, also attempts to describe some of the countryside metrics required for quantifying sprawl. For understanding
and modelling this dynamic phenomenon, famous causative factors are considered.
KEY WORDS: Urban Sprawl, Low density sprawl, Ribbon sprawl, Leap frog Development
INTRODUCTION
The procedure of urbanisation is a worldwide phenomenon
taking place the world over, where humans dwell. All
countries are horizontal to this bewildering occurrence
chiefly accountable due to the augment in population growth,
wealth and infrastructure initiatives. The extent of
urbanisation or the spread out is one such occurrence that
drives the change, in land use patterns. The sprawl usually
takes place, in radial way around the city middle or in linear
course, along, the highways. Typically slump takes place, on
the town fringe, at the border of a built-up area, or along the
highways. The learn, on urban spread out (The Regionalist,
1997; Sierra Club, 1998) is attempted in the urbanized
countries (Batty et al., 1999; Torrens and Alberti, 2000;
Barnes et al., 2001, Hurd et al., 2001; Epstein et al., 2002)
and newly in developing countries such as China (Yeh and
Li, 2001; Cheng and Masser, 2003) and India (Jothimani,
1997; Lata et. al., 2001; Sudhira et. al., 2003). In India on
your own currently, 25.73% of the inhabitants (Census of
India, 2001) subsist in the urban centres, as it is planned, that
in the after that fifteen years, regarding 33% would be
livelihood in the town centres.
This indicates the disturbing rate of urbanisation and the
degree of sprawl that could happen. In order to understand
these growing rate of urban sprawl. An effort is complete to
know the sprawl dynamics and evolve suitable management
strategies that could help in the regions sustainable growth.
Understanding such an occurrence and its pattern helps in
preparation for effective natural reserve utilisation and
provision of communications facilities.

The urbanized is generally careful as the parameter for

quantifying urban slump (Torrens and Alberti, 2000; Barnes
et al., 2001; Epstein et al., 2002).It is quantified by bearing in
mind the resistant or the built-up as the input feature of
spread out, which is delineated by top sheets or from side to
side the data acquired remotely.
Urban Sprawl
In India, with an extraordinary population growth and
immigration, an augmented, urban inhabitants and
urbanisation is in, advertent. More and more towns and city
are blooming with modify in the land use the length of the
highways and in the instant vicinity of the city. This diffuse
development outside of solid urban and village centres the
length of highways and in rural area is defined as sprawl
(Theo bald, 2001). Urbanisation is an appearance of
metropolitan growth that is a reply to often bewildering set of
economic, social, and supporting forces and to the corporeal
geography of a region. Some of the cause of the sprawl
includes inhabitants growth, economy, patterns of
communications initiatives like the building of roads and the
stipulation of infrastructure using community money
encouraging growth. The direct, implication of such, urban
sprawl is the alter in land use and ground cover of the region.
Types of Urban Sprawl:
Sprawl development consists of three basic spatial forms:
Low density sprawl:
Low density sprawl is the consumptive use of land for urban
purposes along the boundaries of existing municipal areas.
This type of sprawl is supported by bit by bit extensions of
basic urban infrastructures such as water, sewer, power and
roads.

61
ijbstr.org

ISSN 2320 6020

IJBSTR REVIEW PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013

Leap frog Development:

This form of progress is most costly with respect to provided

that urban services such as water and sewerage Leap frog
development is an irregular pattern of urbanization, with
patches of developed lands that are widely alienated from each
other and from the boundaries, although indistinct in cases of
recognized urbanized areas.

Fig. 1: Low Density and Single Use Development

Ribbon sprawl:
Ribbon sprawl is expansion that follows major moving
corridors, outward from urban cores. Lands adjacent to
corridors are developed, but those without direct access
remain in rural uses /covers, over time these nearby raw
lands, may be converted to urban uses, as land values increase
and communications is extensive vertically from the major
roads and lines.

Fig.3: Scattered and Leapfrog Development

Study Area
The Remote Sensing data, GIS joint with Shannon's entropy,
has prove to be efficient in monitor and measuring the urban
spread out of Pune, a rising city in the Indian situation of
Maharashtra.
Database:
Digital data, of IRS 1D LISS III of 5th December 2001,
pertaining to path-095 and row 059, Survey of India top
sheets (Index No. 47F/14, 47F/15) on 1:50,000 scales were
use for the reason. Maps and other collateral data were
procured from Pune Municipal business (PMC), Town
Planning Office, and Mashal NGO group, (who were
involved in the training of city development plan). The
demographic details were in use from census abstracts.
METHODOLOGY

Fig.2: Un-centred Strip Development.

The digital remote sensing information was processed, and

geo-referenced in Erdas 8.3.1 software. At first the top sheets
were scan and geo-referenced and old as, base for image
register. The geo-referenced FCC picture was further
enhanced by means of essential enhancement techniques.
After that chart interpretation of image was complete to
identify the main land use classes. The improved image was
classified on the foundation of samples collected from
dissimilar classes. Maximum likelihood classifier, of
supervised classification in Erdas was used to categorize the
image into four main classes and again they remerged into
two main lessons as built-up and Non- urbanized area.

62
ijbstr.org

ISSN 2320 6020

IJBSTR REVIEW PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013

idea to recognize, whether land expansion is towards a more,

dispersed or dense pattern.

FIG.5: Population Density A and Population Density B

(A)
Fig-1.4(A)FCC Image of
Study Area

(B)
(B) Classified Area

Measuring Urban Sprawl

Fig.6: Population of Pune (1951- 2001)

Urban spread out over the period of 1980 to 2001,

approximately a period of two decades was determined by
compute the area of all, the settlements, from the digitized
top sheets, of 1979-80 and compare it with the region
obtained from the ,classified IRS 1D mage. Shannon's
entropy was second-hand to capture the quantity of sprawl in
these, time periods. Shannon's entropy (E), can be used to
calculate the degree of spatial attention and dispersion exhibit
by geographical uneven. (Theil, 1967: Thomas, 1981) This
calculation is based on the idea that landscape entropy or
disorganization, increases with sprawl. Town land uses are
viewed as interrupt and fragmenting previously homogenous,
rural landscape, thereby rising landscape disorganization.
Entropy worth vary from 0 to 1. If the sharing is maximally
concentrated in one area, the lowest value 0 will be obtained.
Conversely an evenly scatter distribution across space will
give a greatest value the dispersal of urbanized areas from a
city, centre will lead to, an augment in the entropy worth.
This gives an obvious

Entropy (E) can be calculated by using this formula.

. (
)/ ()

Where, P DENi = DENi /

DENi is the density of ground development. That equals to

the quantity of land development (Built-up area) alienated by
the total quantity of land in the ITH zone, in a total, of N
zones.
As entropy can be old to measure the sharing of a
geographical experience, the difference on entropy between,
two different periods of moment can also be used, topoint out
the change in the amount of dispersal of land growth or urban
spread out. (Anthony gar-on YEH.et al).
= + ()

63
ijbstr.org

IJBSTR REVIEW PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013

ISSN 2320 6020

To analyses, the sprawl of Pune capital, the study area was

alienated into 14 zones based on the directorial wards of
Pune City. Additional to quantify the spread out, the villages
which were freshly merged with PMC were also in use into
the psychiatry. The ward limitations were digitized from the,
scanned map of PMC and likewise the newly additional 23
village boundaries were, also digitized. Two types, of
thematic layers are wanted for calculation of density of land
development in every zone.
In universal, the sprawl is exaggerated by some location
factors, such as, distance to urban center and infrastructure.
Entropy was calculated base on these factors by create buffer
zones from the center as well as of the highway. Three zone
were created, from the city centre, namely: center, middle
and the edging zones, based on their site, which followed
their managerial boundaries. Then the road bumper zones of
500m, 1000m, 1500m and 2000m from, national highway
were shaped in the Arc View GIS ,and these buffer zone
were overlay on image built-up region theme.
CONCLUSION
The future scope, of the urban sprawl, measure through GIS
and remote sensing system would look into generate, the
images of further spread out under different scenario, to
understand any hazard to natural wealth and ecosystem. This
enterprise demonstrates the application of GIS and RS
technique in studying urban lounge and its dynamics. With the
growth and infrastructure initiatives typically around the urban
center, the impacts of urban slump would be, on the usual
resources and biology.
REFERENCES
1.

2.

3.

4.

1-Barnes K.B., Morgan III, J.M., Roberge, M. C.,

Lowe, S., 2001. Sprawl Development: Its Patterns,
Consequences, and Measurement.
Batty M., Xie Y., Sun Z., 1999. The dynamics of
urban sprawl. Working Paper Series, Centre for
Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College, and
London. (http://www.casa.ac.uk/working Dakshin
Kannada District. Series9. Directorate of Census
Operations, Karnataka. Census of India.
Cheng, J., Masser, I., 2003. Urban growth pattern
modelling: acase study of Wuhan City, PR China.
Landscape Urban Plan.62, 199217.
Civco, D. L., Hurd, J. D., Wilson, E.H., Arnold, C.
L., Prisloe, M., 2002. Quantifying and describing
urbanizing landscapes in the Northeast.

64
ijbstr.org