ISSN 2320 6020

IJBSTR REVIEW PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013

Speed Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Using PIController

Devesh Singh and A.N. Tiwari*
ABSTRACT- The success of wind energy is, it's running cost, environmental clean, safety and most important, it is a renewable
energy. The Non-linear controllers are used to maximize the system output and optimize the control of wind turbine speed. This paper
proposed wind speed estimation based PI-control to extract power from the wind electrical power generating system. Fully controlled
wind turbine which contains of induction generator and back-to-back converter. The IG is worked in the vector control mode, where
the speed of the Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is controlled with respect to the variation of the wind speed in order to
produce the enormous output power. The PI- controller is more reliable to control the power extraction, especially in case of regularly
varying wind conditions. The simulated system with the PI-control unit of wind turbine keeps the system stability and conforms to the
active power to protect the DFIG over speeding and keeps the output power to the maximum power point.
KEYWORDS: power extraction, Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), PI- Controller (FLC), alternative source of energy,
Renewable energy, power generation, wind power generation,

1. INTRODUCTION
A consistence effort to increase the generation of electrical
power to meet the continuously increasing power demand in
world, is a research area. The existing conventional power
generation sources have considerable limitations and
continually diminishing reserves and adverse impact on the
environment. Due to the unfavorable challenges such as
conventional energy sources consumption, pollution, global
climate change and surety of energy supply, significant efforts
have been made to develop renewable energy sources such as
wind, solar energy and ocean energy. In modern days wind
energy is proving itself as a low cost and reliable energy
resource around the world. Wind power growth with a 25%
yearly rate has experienced the fastest growth among all nonconventional energy sources science five years ago. It is
expected that by 2030 up to 15% of the world's electricity will
have been supplied by wind power [8].
To obtain the maximum wind power capacity, its decisionmaking variables such as protection of the wind turbine, wind
speed modeling, power generation units restrictions on the
smallest effort, the system load level, the daily running plans
should be considered, but also taken into account of the
system voltage levels and safety factors after the wind farm
connected to the grid. At the same time, wind power as
renewable energy, we must consider the random fluctuations
and intermittent in wind.
Author: Devesh Singh is currently pursuing master of
technology program in in Power Electronics and Drives in
MMM. Engg. College , Gorakhpur India.
E-mail:
*Co-Author: A. N. Tiwariis currently Associate Professor in
MMM. Engg. College , Gorakhpur India.
E-mail:

The electrical power generation system relies on the engineer's

ability to provide reliable and continuous service to the
consumers requirement. The reliability of the power supply
implies much higher than merely being available. Ideally, the
loads must be fed at constant voltage and frequency at all
times. In practical terms this means that both voltage and
frequency must be held within close tolerances so that the
induction generator is controlled according to the variation of
the wind speed in order to obtain the output power [2].
Grid connected, constant speed wind energy systems
employing induction generators are popular and they extract
optimum power from the wind for a single wind speed.
Variable speed wind energy systems integrated with power
electronic interfaces are becoming popular because they can
extract optimum power, alleviate the load peak in drive train,
smoothly the electrical power output and supply reactive
power on demand [12].
In terms of wind power generation technique, as a result of
numerous technical profits (higher energy yield, decreasing
power oscillations and improving VAR supply) the modern
MW-size wind turbines always use variable speed maneuver
which is attained by power converters [6] .These converters
are usually linked with separable generators and they give
considerable to the costs of wind turbines. As a result of largescale wind power generation, interrelating large wind farms to
power grids and the relevant effects on the host grids need to
be prudently investigated. Wind farms are now required to
fulfill with severe connection requirement including [1]:
reactive power support, transient recovery, system stability
and voltage & frequency regulation.
In this paper we are presented a PI-controlled power point
tracking system which is suitable for the induction generator

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operating at varying speeds. The projected system uses the
generator angular speed and power output amounts to search
for the optimal speed at which the turbine should run for
producing maximum power. But, the key shortcomings of
wind power are it has not a certain speed. It depends upon the
environmental circumstance. Due to variation of wind speed,
the generation is changed and the production of wind power is
changing according to climatic condition [3]. The PIcontroller is used to improve efficiency and enhance
performance.
2. WIND POWER PRODUCTION SYSTEM

power generated is a non-linear function of the turbine angular

speed and the wind speed, for a fixed blade pitch angle. With
large and abrupt variations in wind speed, it is therefore
necessary to extract maximum power from the wind under
normal operating conditions. As a result, the generating
system is also required to operate at variable speed, giving
significant improvements in power efficiency, compared to
fixed speed operation [9].
As above, variable speed induction generators are widely
used, due to their rugged construction and relatively low
maintenance costs. The generator output is interfaced to the
power grid through a dual converter system, consisting of a
current controlled rectifier and dc to ac inverter. Such a dual
converter allows power transfer from the variable speed,
variable frequency generator to the constant frequency grid
side [14].
This system consists of a wind turbine with doubly-fed
induction generator. This is mainly due to the fact that the
power electronic converter only has to handle a fraction of the
total power. Therefore, the losses in the power electronic
converter can be reduced, compared to a system where the
converter has to handle the total power. In addition, the cost of
the converter is reduced. There exists a variant of the DFIG
method that uses controllable external rotor resistances
(compare to slip power recovery).
2.1 Converter System

Figure 1: Wind-turbines parameter system

In the simulation diagram of the wind power production
system given in Figure 1, the output of the wind speed model
is defined as the kinetic energy or speed of wind. The wind
speed is converted to electric power or moment by the wind
turbine model. The obtained mechanic power or moment is the
first input of the mechanic system (of drive system). The other
second input of the mechanic system is the proportional speed
of the doubly-fed induction generator.
The inputs of the DFIG are: mechanical energy obtained from
the wind, voltage and frequency magnitudes at ends of the
network or load. Outputs of the doubly-fed induction
generators (DFIG) are the active and reactive power values
required for the network or load. In the wind power production
systems that operate in isolated manner from electric
networks, voltage and frequency of the doubly-fed induction
generator can be expressed as output magnitudes.
Mostly, wind energy propels a wind turbine, which in turn
drives a generator to generate electrical power. However, in a
wind power generation system, the proportion of available
wind power converted to mechanical power of the turbine is
largely dependent on the blade-tip speed and blade pitch-angle
to the wind speed ratio of the turbine [7]. Accordingly, the

A wind power conversion system consists of the constituents

wind turbine, gearbox, generator, power-conditioner,
transformer and grid connection. The gearbox becomes
obsolete for the case of direct drive generators, featuring a
large number of poles and a high diameter of the rotor in order
to allow for suitable electrical power generation, even for the
comparatively low rotation speed of a large wind turbine.
Wind power converters (WPC) can be divided in two main
groups defined in terms of rotation speed control: [6] WPCs at
constant rotation speed and regulation by stall and WPC with
variable rotation speed with adaptable blades of the turbine
(pitch controlled WPC). The electrical power from generator
is fed into the grid .Variable speed WPCs allow a higher
produce but every time require a converter. For that case the
rotation speed is determined by the frequency of the generator
that is generally accustomed to maximum power output of the
WPC.
2.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator
Doubly- fed induction generator where the rotor windings are
not short circuited and are connected a back-to-back
electronics converter to the machine terminals. To make a
variable speed constant frequency system, an induction
generator is deliberated attractive due to its flexible rotor
speed characteristic with respect to the constant stator
frequency. One solution to increase the speed range and

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reduce the slip power losses instantaneously is to doubly
excite the stator and rotor windings. The power converters in
the rotor circuit regenerate the majority of the slip power. If it
is runs the above the stator speed, it will act as the induction
generator whereas rotor Speed (Nrotor) and stator speed (Nstator),
where, Nstator = Nrotor for the Synchronous speed, Nrotor>Nstator
for the Induction Generator and Nrotor<Nstator for the Induction
Motor.

must be considered that the pitch angle can be changed up to a

limited rate. [3] This rate may be completely low because of
rotor blade dimension.

Figure 3: Pitch -angle control

To draw maximum power the blade angle must be tuned with
the wind straightforward using pitch angle control of wind
turbine blades. The maximum change rate for blade gap angle
is about 10 degree/s. By means of blade pitch angle control, in
speeds of rotor above slow and very low values, no problem
may occur with respect to the structure of the wind turbine.
The pitch angle is made constant at zero degree until the speed
reaches point D (maximum rate of change of gap angle).
Beyond point D the pitch angle is proportional to the speed
deviation from point D speed. The selection of wind speed is
based on the rotational speed which is less than the speed at
point D.

Fig. 2: Schematic diagram of wind power generation

According to [4], the principle of DFIG is to extract the wind
energy from the low speed wind by regulating the turbine
speed, while reducing mechanical stresses on the turbine
during wind gusts. The rotor is running at sub synchronous
speed for wind speeds lower than 10 m/s. For the high wind
speed it is running at higher than synchronous speed. The
second important advantage of the DFIG is the ability for
power electronic converters to produce or absorb reactive
power, thus it removes the necessity of installing capacitor
banks in squirrel-cage induction generator. The DFIG is able
to provide a considerable input to grid voltage support during
short circuit periods.

3. PI-CONTROLLER:
In the above block diagram of the PI-controlled wind-powered
electrical power generating system is assumed that the turbine
blades have a fixed pitch angle, so that the power output, Pm,
varies non-linearly with the turbine's angular speed (m) and
the wind speed (v). Hence maximum power is extracted at a
particular angular speed, for the received wind speed. The
induction generator output is a variable voltage, variable
frequency ac, which is converted to dc by the current regulated
ac to dc converter.

For a variable-speed wind turbine the generator is controlled

by power electronic equipment, which makes it possible to
control the generators speed. In this manner the power
oscillations caused by wind variations can be more or less
absorbed by changing the generator speed [9] and thus power
variations originating from the wind conversion can be
reduced.

A field-oriented control scheme is used to regulate the

generator speed to the optimum value at which maximum
power is obtained. The proposed PI-controller generates the
optimum speed command, which is used to regulate the input
current of the ac-dc converter. The output of the converter is
inverted back to a constant frequency, constant voltage to
supply ac loads

2.3 Pitch Angle Control

3.1 The design procedure to obtain optimal PI controllers is an

iterative scheme involving the following steps:
1. The objective function may be evaluated for each one individual of
the actual speed. In doing so, the PI controller gains may be decoded
for each individual and the DFIG model is simulated to obtain the
value of the objective function.;

The pitch angle control is made to control wind flow around

the turbine blades by controlling the moment spent on the
turbine shaft. If the wind speed is lower than the rated speed of
wind turbine, pitch angle is constant in its normal value. It

2. The PI operators, namely selection, are used to produce the next

PI-step. These two steps are repeated from generation to generation

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until a final speed is obtained. It is represented the computer
procedure to be carried out to obtain the optimal PI controller.

Figure 6: Wind speed per vs. time (in second)

Flow chart of PI controller design

4. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
PI operation is a process of transferring the control variables
to corresponding variables. Selection of the control variables
relies on the nature of the system and its desired output. The
PI controller input is wind machine speed error and output
signals pitch angle are interpreted into a two variables
identifying
optimum
parameters.

Figure 7: Active power ( in yellow colure) and reactive

power (in red colure).
In above figure, we see that when speed start to go high then
active power (P-pu) goes low and reactive power (Q-pu) goes
high which increase the generator speed. We get more power
than constant reactive power and active power.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper work, the system development uses MATLAB
software for the simulation of wind energy generation system
at varying wind speed conditions by using different PI control.
It has been shown that the turbine output depends nonlinearly
on its rotor speed and the wind speed. PI control is well suited

Figure 5: Simulation of wind turbine

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9.
for the most suited speed at which the turbine should drive
under varying wind conditions.
The performance of the proposed scheme is simulated under
various changes in wind velocities. It is practical that the wind
speed of 15 m/s (Maximum), for which the system produces
the effective output power. It is shown that the PI-controller
adjusts the angular speed so that the turbine power coefficient
converges to its maximum value in the steady state. The
algorithm used is simple and shows step by step all the
adjustments and calculations necessary for a satisfactory
operation of the system.

10.

11.

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