Chapter 2

MEC 551
THERMAL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 2
CONDUCTION
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Introduction
The driving force for any heat transfer is temperature
difference
Some heat transfer problems in engineering application
require the determination of temperature distribution (the
variation of temperature ) throughout the medium
This approach is required in order to calculate some
quantities of interest such as the local heat transfer rate,
thermal stress and thermal expansion at some critical
location at specified times
The first thing is defining the specification of the location
of that point and can be done by using;
a) Rectangular coordinate
rectangular (T(x, y, z, t))
b) cylindrical coordinate c) spherical coordinate

cylindrical (T(r, , z, t))
spherical (T(r, , q, t))
Steady versus transient heat transfer

Steady (or steady state) implies no change with time at
any point within the medium
Transient or unsteady implies variation with time or time
dependance
Most heat transfer problems encountered in practice are
transien in nature
However, in order to study the heat transfer analysis, the
steady state of heat transfer is always considered.
Multidimensional Heat Transfer

Two-dimensional- the temparature in a medium in some
cases varies mainly in two primary direction and
variation in third direction is negligible
One-dimensional- if the temperature in the medium
varies in one direction only
In most cases, heat transfer through a medium is 3Dimensional
Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction
Q n kA
T
n
T
Q x kA
x
Where n= the normal of isothermal surface at point P
Q y kA
T
y
Q z kA
T
z
One-dimensional Heat Conduction Equation
Large plane wall

Energy balance
Rate of heat storage = Net rate of heat into element + rate of heat generation
Differential volume
dV = Adx
Heat conduction rate in X-direction
dQ x kA
T
x
We use Taylors Series expansion to derive the equation;
f ( x h) f ( x) h f ' ( x) ....
( Q)
d Q( x dx) d Q( x)
dx
x
T
2T
d Q( x dx) kA kAdx 2
x
x
The net rate of flow in the x-direction becomes;

T
d Q x d Q x dx kA
x
T
kA kAdx 2
x
x
T 2
d Q x d Q x dx kAdx 2
x
In addition to the heat flow into and out of the element,

there is also possibilities of:
1) Heat being generated within the element( eg; due to the
flow of electricity)
q' dV q' Adx

2) Heat being stored within the element as in the case of
an unsteady-state condition
C p dV
T
T
CP Adx
x
x
From energy balance;
T
2T
CP Adx
kAdx 2 q' Adx
x
x
Dividing by Adx
T
2T
CP
k 2 q'
x
x
Dividing by k
CP T T q'
2
k x x
k
Thermal diffusity represents how fast heat propagates
through a material
2
C p
Lastly, constant conductivity will be;
1 T
T
q'
2
t
x
k
2
Some conditions need to be considered;

1) Steady-state ( t 0 )
2
d T q'
0
dx 2 k
2) Transient, no heat generation

1 T 2T
t x 2
3) Steady-state and no heat generation

d 2T
0
2
dx
Long cylinder
Lets do the derivation together;
Constant conductivity will be;
1 T q' 1 T
r

r r r k t
1) Steady-state
1 d dT q'
r
0
r dr dr k
1) Transient, no heat generation

1 T 1 T
r
r r r t
3) Steady-state and no heat generation

d dT
r
0
dr dr
KJM 442
Fouriers Law of Conduction

(Rectangular Coordinates)
dQ(z+dz)
dQx
dz
dQy
dQ(y+dy)
Y
dx
X
dQ(x+dx)
dy
dQz
16
KJM 442
Differential volume
dV dx dy dz
Conduction in the x-direction
dT
dT
dQx k A
k dy dz
dx
dx
A
dz
dQx
dy
17
KJM 442
f ( x h) f ( x) h f ( x)

d Q x
dx
d Q( x dx) d Q x
x
T
2T
d Q( x dx) k dy dz
k dy dz dx 2
x
x
d Qx

d Q x
dx
x
18
KJM 442
The net rate of flow in the x-direction becomes:
T
T
2T
d Q x d Q x dx k dydz
k dydz
k dydzdx 2
x
x
x
2T
k dx dy dz 2
x
The same applies to the y- and z-direction:
2T
k dx dy dz 2
y
T
k dx dy dz 2
z
d Q y d Q y dy
d Q z d Q z dz
19
KJM 442
In addition to the heat flow into and out of the element, there
is also the possibilities of:
1. Heat being generated within the element (e.g.
due to the flow of electricity).
q dV
dx dy dz
rate of heat
generated
per volume
20
KJM 442
2. Heat being stored within the element, as in the

case of an unsteady-state condition.
T
T
C p dV

C p dx dy dz
t density
t
specific
heat
rate of
temperature
change
21
KJM 442
Rate of
Heat Storage
Net rate of
Heat into
Element
Rate of
Heat
Generation
2
2
2
T
T T T
CP
k 2 2 2 q
t
x
y
z Rate of Heat
Generation
Rate of Heat Storage
Net Rate of Heat into element
22
KJM 442
CP
Thermal diffusivity (i.e. the ratio of

heat conduction to heat storage)
Substituting in, this equation becomes the general

differential conduction equation for rectangular coordinates:
T T T
q
2 2 2
x
y
z
k
Rate of Heat
Rate of Heat Storage
1 T
Net Rate of Heat into element
Generation
23
KJM 442
Special cases:
1) Fourier equation (no heat generation, q =0):
1 T 2T 2T 2T
2 2 2
t x
y
z
2) Poisson equation (steady state, T/t =0):
2T 2T 2T q
2 2 2 0
y
z k
x
3) Laplace equation (steady state with no heat generation):
2T 2T 2T
2 2 2 0
y
z
x
24
KJM 442
Fouriers Law of Conduction

(Spherical Coordinates)
z
z
q
T(r,,q)
r
25
KJM 442
z
rdq
dr
dq
q()
q(r+dr)
rdq
q(q)
d
rsinqd
q(r)
q(+d)
rq
q(q+dq)
26
KJM 442
Differential volume
dV dr rdq r sin q d
r 2 d dq dr sin q
Heat conduction rate in r-direction (into element):
T
d Q r k r sin q d rdq
r
A
T
kr d dq sin q
r
rdq
q(r)
27
KJM 442
Heat conduction rate in r-direction (out of element):

q(r+dr)

d Q r
d Q ( r dr) Q r dr
r
rdq
T
2
kr d dq sin q
r
2
T
T
2
dr 2kr d dq sin q
kr d dq sin q 2
r
r
28
KJM 442
Total heat conduction rate in r-direction:
T
T
2
d Q r d Q ( r dr) kr d dq sin q
kr d dq sin q
r
r
2
T
2
dr 2kr d dq sin q
kr d dq sin q 2
r
r
d Q r d Q ( r dr)
2
T
T
2
k d dq dr sin q 2r
r
2
r
r
29
KJM 442
Heat conduction rate in q -direction (into element):

q(q)
dr
T
d Qq k dr r sin q d
r dq
A
rsinqd
T
k dr sin q d
q
30
KJM 442
Heat conduction rate in q -direction (out of element):
dr
q(q+dq)

d Qq
rsinqd
d Q q dq d Qq dq
q
T
T
2T
k dr sin q d
k dr d cos q
sin q 2 dq
q
q
q
31
KJM 442
Total heat conduction rate in q -direction:
T
T
d Qq d Q q dq k dr sin q d
k dr sin q d
q
q
T
2T
k dr d cos q
sin q 2 dq
q
q
T
2T
d Qq d Q q dq k dr d dq cos q
sin q 2
q
q
32
KJM 442
Heat conduction rate in -direction (into element):
q()
T
d Q k r dq dr
r sin q
k dq dr T
sin q
rdq
33
KJM 442
Heat conduction rate in -direction (out of element):
rdq
q(+d)

d Q
d Q d d Q d
k dq dr T k dq dr d T
2
sin q
sin q
34
KJM 442
Total heat conduction rate in -direction:
k dq dr T k dq dr T
d Q dQ d
sin q
sin q
k dq dr d 2T
2
sin q
k dq dr d 2T
d Q d Q d
2
sin q
35
KJM 442
Rate of heat generation:
q dV q r dr d dq sin q
Rate of heat storage:
T
T
2
CP dV
CP r dr d dq sin q
t
t
36
KJM 442
Rate of
Heat Storage
Net rate of
Heat into
Element
Rate of
Heat
Generation
T
CP r dr d dq sin q
t
2
T
2
r sin q 2
2r sin q
r
r
T
T
2
k dr d dq cos q
sin q
q r dr d dq sin q
2
q
q
2
1 T
sin q 2
37
KJM 442
Divide by r2, sin(q), and k:
CP T
k t
2 T T cos q 1 T 1 T
1
T q
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
r r r
sin q r q r q
r sin q
k
2
Recall:
CP
~ thermal diffusivity
38
KJM 442
1 T 2 T T cos q 1 T 1 T
2
2
2 2
t
r
r
r
sin
q r
q
r
q
1 2 T
r
2 r
r
r

T
sin
q
q
r 2 sinq q
1
1
2T q
2
2
2
r sin q
k
1 T
1 2 T
1

T
1
T q
r
2
sin q
2 2 2
2
r r r r sin q q
q r sin q
k
2
39
KJM 442
Homework
Derive the equations for cylindrical
coordinates
40
KJM 442
1 T T 1 T 1 T T q
2
2 2 2
t
r
r r q
z
k
r
1 T
r
r r r
1 T 1 T 1 T T q
r
2 2 2
t r r r r q
z
k
2
41
Boundary and Initial Conditions

The mathematical expressions of the thermal conditions
at the boundaries are called the boundary condition
The differential equation:
d 2T
0
2
dx
dT
C1
dx
T ( x) C1 x C2
Specified Temperature Boundary Conditions
T(0,t)=T1
T(L, t)=T2
Specified Heat Flux Boundary Conditions
T
q k
x
T (0, t )
2
k
50W / m
x
T ( L, t )
k
50W / m 2
x
Special Case : Insulated Boundary
T (0, t )
k
0
x
Convection Boundary Condition
T (0, t )
k
h1 T1 T (0, t )
x
T ( L, t )
k
h2 T ( L, t ) T 2
x
Example 2.1
Example 2.1 - One-dimensional steady-state heat

conduction (no heat generation):
T
A slab (of thickness L)

with no energy
A, k
generation (q=0) has the
following boundary
conditions:
T1
T2
X=0
X
X=L
Develop the expressions:
X= 0 ; T(0)= T1
X= L ; T(L)= T2
1) Temperature distribution T(x) within the slab.

2) Heat flow (Q), through the area (A) of the slab.
Example 2.2
Slab (Plane Wall)

Consider a slab of isotropic (invariable) thermal conductivity material (k)
with an heat generation rate of q(x) [W/m3].
Isotropic means: having properties that are identical in all directions.
T
T1
dT
k, A
q(x)
q(x)
T2
T2
dx
KJM 442
1-D Steady State Heat Conduction (RC)
1 T 2T 2T 2T q
2 2 2
t x
y
z k
, steady state
, 1D
, 1D
2T q
0 2
x k
For: 0 X L
49
KJM 442
Solving the differential equation:
T
q
2
x
k
2
T
q
x C1
x
k
q 2
T x
x C1 x C2
2k
50
KJM 442
Solving constants C1 and C2 using boundary conditions:

(i) x=0, T(x)= T1
(ii) x=L, T(x)= T2
T
T1
dT
i ) C2 T1
k, A
q 2
ii ) T2
L C1 L T1
2k
C1
T2 T1
q
L
2k
T2
T2
dx
51
KJM 442
Substituting the constants yield:
q 2 T q
T x
x
L 2k
2k
L x T1
Finally, the heat flux at any point can be determined:
Q
dT
q k
A
dx
52
Example 2.3
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity (k) of a material is the measure of
the ability of the material to conduct heat.
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Steady heat conduction in plane

wall
1) Thermal resistance method
Do not involved any differential equations
The thermal resistance approach (similar to Ohms
Law) is a technique that simplifies complicated
problems which involve multi-layered mediums when
there is no heat generation (q=0).
T1 T2
Q cond,wall kA
L
T1 T2
Q cond, wall
Rwall
L
Rwall
kA
This is like Ohms Law:
V1 V2
I
Re
Therefore, circuit representations can provide a useful
tool for both conceptualizing and calculating heat
transfer problems.
Analogy to Electrical Current Flow
Heat Transfer
Electrical current flow
Rate of heat transfer Electric current

Thermal resistance Electrical resistance
Temperature differenceVoltage difference
Now consider a convection heat

transfer from a solid surface of
area As and temperature Ts to a
fluid whose temperature
sufficiently far from the surface is
T, with a convection heat
transfer coefficient h, Newtons
Law of cooling for convection
heat transfer rate is
Q conv hAs (Ts T )

Ts T
Q conv
Rconv
1
Rconv
hAs
The rate of radiation heat transfer between a surface and

the surrounding
Qrad As T T
Rrad
hrad
1
hrad As
4
s
4
surr
Ts Tsurr
hrad As (Ts Tsurr )
(W)
Rrad
(K/W)
Qrad
2
2
Ts2 Tsurr
T
T
(W/m
K)
s surr
As (Ts Tsurr )
59
A surface exposed to the surrounding might involves

convection and radiation simultaneously.
The convection and radiation resistances are parallel to
each other.
When TsurrT, the radiation
effect can properly be
accounted for by replacing h
in the convection resistance
relation by
hcombined = hconv+hrad (W/m2K)
60
Thermal Resistance Network

consider steady one-dimensional heat transfer through a plane wall
that is exposed to convection on both sides.
Under steady conditions we have
Rate of
heat convection
into the wall
Rate of
heat conduction
through the wall
Rate of
heat convection
from the wall
T1 T1
T T2
T2 T 2
1
Rco n v
Rwa ll
Rco n v, 2
T1 T 2
Q
Rtotal
61
Thermal Contact Resistance

In reality surfaces have some roughness.
When two surfaces are pressed against each other, the peaks form
good material contact but the valleys form voids filled with air.
As a result, an interface contains
numerous air gaps of varying sizes
that act as insulation because of the
low thermal conductivity of air.
Thus, an interface offers some
resistance to heat transfer, which
is termed the thermal contact
resistance, Rc.
62
Multilayer Plane Walls

In practice we often encounter plane walls that consist of
several layers of different materials.
The rate of steady heat transfer through this two-layer
composite wall can be expressed through where the total
thermal resistance is
Rtotal Rconv ,1 Rwall ,1 Rwall ,2 Rconv ,2

L1 L2
1
1
h1 A k1 A k2 A h2 A
63
Example
Example
Generalized Thermal Resistance Network

The thermal resistance concept can be used to solve
steady heat transfer problems that involve parallel layers
or combined series-parallel arrangements.
The total heat transfer of two parallel layers
1
T1 T2 T1 T2
1
Q Q1 Q2
T1 T2
R1
R2
R1 R2
1
Rtotal
1
RR
1
1
Rtotal = 1 2
Rtotal R1 R2
R1 R2
66
Combined Series-Parallel Arrangement

The total rate of heat transfer through
the composite system
T1 T
Q
Rtotal
where
Rtotal R12 R3 Rconv
R1R2
R3 Rconv
R1 R2
L3
L1
L2
1
R1
; R2
; R3
; Rconv
k1 A1
k2 A2
k3 A3
hA3
67
Example
Heat conduction in cylinders and

spheres
Let consider a long cylinder
pipe(or spherical shell) which
is steady and 1-dimensional
For cylindrical, A=DL=2rL

For sphere, A=D2=4r2
Now consider steady onedimensional heat flow

through a cylindrical or
spherical layer that is
exposed to convection on
both sides to fluids
temperatures T1 and T2
with heat trasfer coefficient h1
and h2
Multilayer cylinders and spheres
Once we have the Q , we can determine any

temperature across the cylinders or
spheres
Ti T j
Rtotal,i j
Example
Critical Thickness of Insulation

Consider a tube, cable, or wire dissipating heat from the
outer surface into the surrounding air by convection.
It is covered by a layer of insulation to minimize heat
loss. In many cases, the thermal resistance offered by a
metal tube or wire is negligibly small in comparison to
the insulation.
74

The tube wall temperature (To) is nearly the same as the
fluid.
T,h
o
insulation
ri
insulation
ri
Ti
75
ro
(a) Rod or Wire
Ti
ro
(b) Pipe

ro ,crit
if
ro ro ,crit
ro ro ,crit
76
ho
Critical radius
of insulation
Will decrease the rate of heat loss

expected. Good !
Will increase the heat loss

continuously. Maximum at the critical
thickness. Avoid !
KJM 442
1-D Steady State Heat Conduction (CC)

General equations:
1 T 1 T 1 T T q
r
2 2 2
t r r r r q
z
k
2
1 T q
r
0
r r r k
d dT
q
r
r
dr dr
k
78
KJM 442
Re-assign the heat generation:
q g 0
Integrate twice the general equation:
g0
dT
C1
r
dr
2k
r
g0 2
T r C1 ln r C2
4k
79
KJM 442
Apply boundary conditions:
T (r ) T2
dT
0
dr
T (0) T0
at r r2
at r 0
at r 0
Finally:
2
r
q r
1 T2
T (r )
4k r2
2
2
80
KJM 442
The heat flux is thus:
dT
q r
q r
q k
k
dr
2
2k
81
KJM 442
1-D Steady State Heat Conduction (SC)

General equations:
1 T 1 2 T
1

T
1
T q
2 r
2 2 sin q
2 2 2
t r r r r sin q q
q r sin q
k
2
0, steady
state
0, 1D
0, 1D
0, no heat
generation
2 T
r 0
r r
82
KJM 442
Integrate twice the general equation:
2 T
r r r 0
T
r
0 dr C1
r
2
C1
dT r 2 dr
C1
T C2
r
83
KJM 442
Apply boundary conditions:
- at r = r1
- at r = r2
at r r1 :
T = T1
T = T2
C1
T1 C2
r1
C1 r1 C2 T1
at r r2 :
C1
T1 C2 r1 C2 r2
T2 C2
r2
r2
r2T2 r1T1
r1 r2
T2 T1
C2
; C1
r2 r1
r2 r1
84
KJM 442
C1
T C2
r
r2 r1
r2T2 r1T1
T1 T2
r r2 r1
r2 r1
T1r2 r
T2 r2 r
r2T2 r1T1
r r2 r1 r r2 r1
r2 r1
T1 r1 r2 r r1 T2 r r2 r1 r2
r r2 r1
r r2 r1
r1 r2 r
r2 r r1
T1
T2
r r2 r1
r r2 r1
85
KJM 442
The heat flux is thus:
dT
C1
q k
k 2
dr
r
86
KJM 442
87
KJM 442
Multi-Dimensional Heat Conduction

In many practical problems, the temperature and heat flow
are functions of two and three coordinates (2D, 3D). Such
cases occur when the boundary is non-uniform.
The solution to 2-D and 3-D problems can be solved by:

- analytical
- graphical
- analogical
- numerical methods (finite difference)
88
KJM 442
Numerical Methods (Finite Difference)

m x increment
n y increment
Node
y
b
y
x
89
KJM 442
m,n+1
Qm,n+1
m-1,n
m+1,n
m, n
Qm+1,n
Qm-1,n
Qm,n-1
m,n-1
90
KJM 442
dT
dx
dT
dx
1
2
1
2
Tm Tm 1
x
Tm 1 Tm
m-1/2
Tm
Tm-1
m+1/2
Tm
Tm+1
91
KJM 442
d T
2
dx
dT
dx m 1
2
dT
dx
m 12
x
Tm1 Tm
Tm Tm1
x
x
x
Tm 1 2Tm Tm 1
2
x
d T Tn1 2Tn Tn1
2
2
dy
y
2
92
KJM 442
Tm1 2Tm Tm1 qm
0
2
x
k
d 2T q
0
2
dx
k
d T d T q
2 0
2
dx
dy
k
2
Tm1,n 2Tm,n Tm1,n

x
Tm,n1 2Tm,n Tm,n1

y
qm ,n
k
0
93
KJM 442
Tm1,n Tm1,n Tm,n1 Tm,n1 4 Tm,n

Q cond,left Q m 1,n
T
k y
Q cond,right Q m 1,n k y
Q cond,up Q m ,n 1 k x
Q cond,down Q m ,n 1 k x
m 1, n
qm ,n x 2
Tm ,n
x
Tm1,n Tm,n
x
Tm,n1 Tm,n
y
Tm,n1 Tm,n
y
94
KJM 442
insulation
Example
1
Given:
k = constant
x = y
Steady state
No heat generation
95
KJM 442
Tm 1,n Tm ,n
Qcond,left Qm 1,n k y
x
Tm 1,n Tm ,n
Qcond,right Qm 1,n k y
x
T
m
,
n
1
m
,
n
Q cond,up Q m ,n 1 k x
y
Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n
Qcond,down Qm ,n 1 k x
y
96
KJM 442
T4 T3
x b T1 T3
x b T5 T3
0 k y b
k
2
y
2
y
1A
1A
2 x
2 x
Ay
Q m1,n
Q m ,n1
Q m ,n1
1
x / 2
y
y / 2
2T4 T1 T5 4T3 0
*T
m 1, n
Tm1,n Tm,n1 Tm,n1 4 Tm,n
qm ,n x 2
k
97
EXAMPLE
KJM 442
Example
Given: k = 15 W/(mC), h= 80 W/(m2C), T= 25C, and

q= gn= 2 x 106 W/m3
insulation
2
x
Convection
h, T= 25C
x = y=1.2 cm
9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10
11
12
13
14
15
T= 90 C
99
KJM 442
insulation
Convection
h, T= 25C
9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10
11
12
13
14
15
T= 90 C
100
KJM 442
insulation
Convection
h, T= 25C
y/2
x/2
x
y T2 T1
x T4 T1
x y
h T T1 k
k
g1
0
2
2
x
2 y
2 2
12 0.48T1 7.5T2 7.5T1 7.5T4 7.5T1 72 0
2.064 T1 T2 T4 0 11.2
101
KJM 442
Convection
h, T= 25C
y T3 T2
h x T T2 k
2
x
T5 T2
y T1 T2
y
k x
k
g 2 x
0
y
2
x
2
168 7.5T1 30.96T2 7.5T3 15T5 0

T1 4.128 T2 T3 2 T5 22.4
102
KJM 442
Convection
h, T= 25C
x T6 T3
x y
h
T T3 k
2
2
y
2
y T2 T3
x y
k
g 3
0
2
x
2 2
T2 2.128 T3 T6 12.8
103
KJM 442
insulation
10
11
T= 90 C
g 4 (x) 2
T5 T1 T5 T10 4T4
0
k
T1 4T4 2T5 109.2

104
KJM 442
insulation
10
11
12
T= 90 C
g 5 (x) 2
T4 T2 T6 T11 4 T5
0
k
T4 T2 T6 4 T5 109.2
105
KJM 442
T12 T6
y T7 T6
x y

h
k x
T T6 k
2
2 x
2
y
x T3 T6
3
T5 T6
k y
g 6 x y 0
k
2
y
4
x
2
Convection
h, T= 25C
T3 2 T5 6.128 T6 T7 212.0
5
7
y
11
13
12
T= 90 C
106
KJM 442
Convection
h, T= 25C
12
13
14
T= 90 C
y T8 T7
h x T T7 k
2
x
T13 T7
y T6 T7
y
k x
k
g 7 x
0
y
2
x
2
T6 4.128 T7 T8 202.4
107
KJM 442
Convection
h, T= 25C
Convection
h, T= 25C
13
14
12
13
T= 90 C
14
15
T= 90 C
T7 4.128 T8 T9 202.4
108
KJM 442
x
y
x T15 T9

h T T9 q R k
2
2
2 y
y T8 T9
x y
k
0
g 9
2 x
2 2
T8 2.064 T9 105.2
Convection
h, T= 25C
14
15
qr= 5000
W/m2
T= 90 C
109
KJM 442
Node 1:
2.064 T1 T2 T4 11.2
Node 2: T 4.128 T T 2 T 22.4

1
2
3
5
Node 3:
T2 2.128 T3 T6 12.8
Node 4:
T1 4T4 2T5 109.2
Node 5:
Node 6:
Node 7:
Node 8:
Node 9:
T4 T2 T6 4 T5 109.2
T3 2 T5 6.128 T6 T7 212.0
T6 4.128 T7 T8 202.4
T7 4.128 T8 T9 202.4
T8 2.064 T9 105.2
T1 =
112.1 C
T2 =
110.8 C
T3 =
106.6 C
T4 =
109.4 C
T5 =
108.1 C
T6 =
103.2 C
T7 =
97.3 C
T8 =
96.3 C
T9 =
97.6 C
110
EXAMPLE
KJM 442
Homework: Determine T1, T5, T6, T8

Given: k = 60 W/mC, h= 70 W/m2C, T= 30C, T3 = 200C
g = 6 x 106 W/m3, T4 = 140C, T2 = 250C, T7 = 150C
2
x
qL= 5000 W/m2
x = y = 1cm
10
11
12
13
insulation
Convection
h, T= 30C
T = 150 C
112
KJM 442
113
KJM 442
Diagonal Surface and Cutting Tool Problems
(a) Diagonal surface
(b) Cutting tool.
114
KJM 442
(a) For diagonal surface
Tm,n 1 Tm,n
T Tm,n k x
h x y
y
Tm 1,n Tm,n
0
k y
x
2 1/ 2
(b) For cutting tool
x
y Tm 1,n Tm,n
q 0 .
k
2
2
x
''
x 2 y 2
h T Tm,n 0
2 2
115
KJM 442
116

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MEC 551

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b) cylindrical coordinate c) spherical coordinate

spherical (T(r, , q, t))

Steady versus transient heat transfer

Multidimensional Heat Transfer

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction

Where n= the normal of isothermal surface at point P

One-dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

Large plane wall

Heat conduction rate in X-direction

We use Taylors Series expansion to derive the equation;

The net rate of flow in the x-direction becomes;

In addition to the heat flow into and out of the element,

q' dV q' Adx

From energy balance;

Lastly, constant conductivity will be;

Some conditions need to be considered;

2) Transient, no heat generation

3) Steady-state and no heat generation

1) Transient, no heat generation

3) Steady-state and no heat generation

Fouriers Law of Conduction

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Global Aspiration A World Class University

The net rate of flow in the x-direction becomes:

The same applies to the y- and z-direction:

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Global Aspiration A World Class University

2. Heat being stored within the element, as in the

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Thermal diffusivity (i.e. the ratio of

Substituting in, this equation becomes the general

Net Rate of Heat into element

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Fouriers Law of Conduction

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Heat conduction rate in r-direction (out of element):

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Total heat conduction rate in r-direction:

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Heat conduction rate in q -direction (into element):

Heat conduction rate in q -direction (out of element):

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Total heat conduction rate in q -direction:

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Heat conduction rate in -direction (into element):

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Heat conduction rate in -direction (out of element):

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Total heat conduction rate in -direction:

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Rate of heat generation:

Rate of heat storage:

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Divide by r2, sin(q), and k:

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Global Aspiration A World Class University

Global Aspiration A World Class University