CHAPTER ONE

1.1

INTRODUCTION

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is an out-of-class training

programme, designed to expose and prepare students in tertiary institutions for demands
of the society, employers of labour and work ethics after graduating.
Opportunity to get familiar as well as get acquainted with proper handling of machineries
in all sections of Engineering and sciences. It is expected that students will obtain
sufficient training in the field of sciences and engineering and under necessary sections in
the industry under the supervision of an industrial training supervisors. A detailed report
of activities and experience gained will be presented as part of their assessment in
awarding them their respective degrees.
1.2

OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

Generally, the scheme is aimed at achieving the following;

1. To expose students to practical knowledge of processes and work methods not
taught in classes well as to get acquainted with various production equipment
normally available in their respective institutions.
2. To make the transition from school to the labour market easier and to enhance
student contact for future job placement.
3. To enhance the satisfactions of industries with the certificate being awarded
by the tertiary institutions.
4. To avail student the opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real
work situations thereby bridging the gap between university work and actual
work practice.

1.3

BRIEF HISTORY OF ADVAD LIMITED

ADVAD limited is a wholly indigenous company founded in the year 2009. They are
positioned to provide services in the industrial sector of Nigeria economy. They draw
their experience from the cream of highly experienced professionals who have engaged in
various multidiscipline and highly challenging projects.
1.3.1

ACTVITIES AND OPERATIONS OF ADVAD LIMITED

Power Project consultancy service

Feasibility Study and Technical Advisory

Engineering, Procurement and Construction

Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Energy Audit & Power Quality Analysis

Mechanical Installation Work

A. POWER PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICE

Advad provides consultancy services for various types of power projects for clients that
want to make investments in the power sector or build their own power plants. A proper
project management consultancy services is mainly important for efficiency and time
tested cost saving mechanism.
B. FEASIBILITY STUDY AND TECHNICAL ADVISORY
Advad feasibility study and technical advisory is aimed at evaluating the technical
feasibility of proposed power project thereby provide a working document in terms of
project methodology and cost outlay which will provide the needed information for
determining the projects commercial viability. Activities covered within the feasibility
studies and technical advisory includes the following:
2

i.

Collection of relevant data

ii.

Energy audit of intending off-takers to access consumption pattern

iii.

Selection of the perfect site for the power plant

iv.

Plant sizing and configuration

v.

Project economics, Cost estimation, and tariff calculation

vi.

Identification of project risks and mitigations.

C. ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION (EPC)

Advad are positioned to carry out detailed designed engineering, procurement and
construction by engineering the project, procure all the equipment and materials required
for the project and then construct to deliver a functioning facility to the respective client.
The primary focus is to ensure that all facets of the construction is done to international
standards minimal lag time and cost effectiveness to meet the client requirement and to
produce a functional viable asset.
D. OPERATION & MAINTENANCE (O & M)
The secret of all successful & reliable power plants is its operation and maintenance as it
is the key driver to ensure that a plant delivers on its projected revenue. Maintenance
includes preventive maintenance, scheduled maintenance and major overhaul.
They provide O & M services in conjunction with the OEM to ensure plants longevity
and reliability while delivering its objective of uninterrupted power generation and
supply.
E. ENERGY AUDIT &POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS

Total power quality assessment /energy audit of a facility using the Fluke quality analyser
equipment. The equipment can be used to access the load requirement or consumption
pattern of a facility. While the power quality evaluation helps in ensuring clean power in a
facility, the load assessment helps to minimize redundancy and power waste within the
facility system.
F. MECHANICAL SERVICES
The Mechanical Services includes:
i.

Installations and commissioning of power plant oil and gas facilities

ii.

Operation and maintenance

iii.

Call out services

iv.

Pipe fabrications and installations for both high pressure and low pressure
vessel.

1.3.2

ORGANOGRAM OF THE COMPANY

MANAGING DIRECTOR

DIRECTOR
OPERATION

FINANCE
ADMIN MANAGER

SENIOR MANAGER
PROJECT
PROJECT
MANAGERS

FINANCE/ADMIN
OFFICER

MANAGER
SERVICES
SERVICE
ENGINEERS

FIELD
ENGINEERS
DRIVERS

OFFICE
ASSISTANCE

FRONT DESK
OFFICER

HSE
MANAGER

HSE
OFFICER

ASSISTANT
HSE-

Manager Service: The service manager is the head of the plant, he ensures that every
operation on the plant works out effectively to satisfy the purpose of the plant and to
generate uninterrupted power supply.
Service Engineer: The service engineer is an interdisciplinary field of engineers that
focuses on the stability of power supplies to consumer and they also prevent faults like
black out situations, short circuit etc. It also ensures continuous operations of the plant to
ensure the generator works under the normal condition as required by the manufacturer.
Manager Projects: The project manager oversee the work of the field engineers and he is
in charge of some vital decision making on a project.
Field Engineers: The field engineers works under the scopes of mechanical and electrical
engineers that coordinates and supervises the works of technicians and they ensure that
that the engineering standards are no compromised.
HSE Manager: The HSE manager is to ensure the HSE personnel ensures proper Health
Safety and environment rules are being adhered to.
Field Office Staff: The field office staff mostly stays in the office, they are particularly
known as the administration unit of the company.

CHAPTER TWO
WORK DONE
2.1

FEASIBILITY STUDIES

Before electrical power can be distributed to an area or community there is always a need
for feasibility studies. This helps the team to generate adequate information of the rate of
power required by the area, and also to note perfect places for TEE-OFFs where RMU
and junction buses will be placed for continuous distributions to take place. Also taking
the

distances from a proposed RMU to another RMU or RMU to junction box and

junction

bus to junction box. This is done to know the length of cable required for the

transmission and distribution of power to various consumers. A feasibility study is also to

know the
buried under
2.2

distances of route to be thrust bored and excavated as the cables are being
ground.

SCOPE OF FEASIBILITY STUDY

Identification of the potential off takers

Investigation of the existing distribution networks to the identified off-takers

Site survey for information on the existing networks and the best and most
economical route to deploy the new IEDN (Independent Electricity Distribution
Network) networks.

Interface involved in the project implementation

Investigation/study of Prospective off-takers existing facility and how best to hook

with the client plant.

Evaluation of available distribution options along with associated advantages that

7

will aid in recommending the most economical method of supplying the off-takers

Power audit of the targeted off-taker facilities to determine their load profile in
terms of peak and base load.

Report submission and recommendation that will guide the detailed engineering
design of the proposed distribution network and plant configuration.

2.2.1

LOAD STUDY AND POWER AUDIT

An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy
conservation, in a building process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into
the system without negatively affecting the output in commercial and industrial estate.
2.2.2

REASONS WHY YOU NEED TO AUDIT THE QUALITY OF POWER

A power Audit is a step in the right direction in order to achieve the following:
Know the power consumption of your entire facility
Reduce utility bills by improving consumption power factors
Ensure maximum utilization of your electrical infrastructure i.e. [no wastage]
Prevent gradual wear and tear of equipment and machines
Prevent abrupt shutdown in facility production and manufacturing line
Ensure a balanced and well distributed loads
Discovery and reduction of system harmonics
Reduce fuel consumption
Power system harmonics that periodically occur in a facilitys electrical system can cause
equipments malfunctions, data distortion, transformer and motor insulation failure, overheating of neutral buses, nuisance tripping of circuit breakers and solid-state component
breakdown. The cost of power quality problems can be enormous. Equipment

replacement can cost ten thousands of naira. Downtime and fuel wastage can run into
millions of naira.
A thorough technical analysis of the data collected from the equipments on the under
listed are always being carried out.
These are:
1. Load profile [Kvar, KVa, KW, PF, HZ etc]
2. Harmonics
3. Flickers dips and swells
4. Phase balance and unbalance loading
5. Inrush current.
2.3 MAIN STEPS IN ENERGY AUDIT

Data collection

Field work

Analysis of energy consumption and performance of energy accounting

Analysis and development of energy saving measures

Energy Audit report

Technical scopes.

DATA COLLECTION: The auditor starts collecting some preliminary information on

the energy consumption and some technical details such as process diagram, drawing and
equipments invention usually provided by the organization.
FIELD WORK: the field work entails the essential part of which the audit exercise is
carried out. Before the field work can be carried out, it is required that at least one

technical personnel visit the site with the aim of gathering all the information needed for
the study depending on the defined scope. This information includes collecting details of
the energy consumption equipments such as brand, model, power and hours of operation.
ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION: all the operations of the organization
must be analysed, as well the equipment consuming higher energy. All information
collected is used to evaluate the different uses of energy within the process.
ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SAVING MEASURES: once all
the data collected has been analysed, energy saving measures can be identified. This
enables the auditor to detect energy saving measures to reduce energy consumption.
ENERGY AUDIT REPORT: following the energy audit, an energy audit report must be
issued.
TECHNCAL SCOPES: The technical scopes include facilities, services, included areas
and level of depth in the analysis and detail required.
2.4 DESCRIPTION AND PROCEDURES OF POWER AUDITING WITH THE
USE OF A FLUKE
Equipment usually needed on field are extension box, personal protective measures, Audit
analyser (fluke).The personal protective measures include eye goggles, safety shoes,
helmet, hard hat etc. All these are used while working on field to protect the body against
accident.

10

Figure 2.1 A 415 Audit analyzer

11

The audit analyzer comprises of four C.T cables which are the red phase, yellow phase,
blue phase and the neutral phase respectively and 5 V.T cables which includes the earth
connection. The power analyzer can be used by connecting it to the low voltage panel or
to the low voltage side of a transformer.
Precautions: the team should ensure proper feasibility studies base on the connection
system so as to avoid mistakes in differentiating the high voltage panel from the low
voltage panel.
After the power fluke has been connected to the LV panel, the connection is being kept
for a for certain time duration to the operator discretion to get the accurate Peak load and
Base load respectively.
The major parameter that is required from power Audit analyzer is the peak power load
unit, the base load unit and the total average load. The peak load is the maximum unit
of all the entire facilities the company consumes while the base load is the least load
consumed by the company.

12

Figure 2.2 A Power analyser connected to a low voltage panel

13

2.5 POWER LOG SOFTWARE

Power Log (the Software) is the PC software for Fluke 431. The fluke 431 can be of use
when the logger function is installed. The power software is the major instrument for
analysing the data after the reading has been recorded by the fluke.
The software accepts data downloaded from the instrument. The software is designed for
Microsoft Windows XP. After transferring logged data to a PC for graphical and tabular
evaluation, data may be exported to a spreadsheet for generating and printing reports.
With Power Log:

Download recorded logged data to a PC

Generate data tables

View, print and export time plots of all channels

Perform harmonic studies

Print tables, graphs and comprehensive formatted reports

Export data for manipulation in other programs (e.g. Excel)

2.6 ANALYZING DATA

Data can be viewed and printed or exported for use in other softwares such as Microsoft
Excel and database programs. Whether downloaded from a connected instrument or
opened from files, the same tabs and window options are visible. Tabs displayed will be
dependent on the instrument (fluke) and the saved data. Some of the parameters that is
required

from

the

fluke

analyzer

are

Spreadsheet,

Voltage

&

Amps,

Frequency/Unbalance, Power, Energy, Harmonics etc.

2.7 HOW TO DETERMINE THE PEAK POWER CONSUMPTION OF A PLACE

14

The Parameters needed are:

i.

Current cost per hour in kw/h

ii.

Peak power consumption: sum of power draw of devices when the power
device is plugged

iii.

Hourly cost at peak usage or hourly rate

Therefore,
Total peak power consumption = total no of power consumption * hourly power rate.
2.8 HARMONICS AND DISTORTIONS
In an ideal power system, the voltage supplied to consumer facility, and the resulting
loadcurrent are perfect sine waves. However, in practice, these conditions are never ideal,
in

which these waveforms are often quite distorted. This deviation from perfect

sinusoids is usually expressed in terms of harmonic distortion of the voltage and current
waveforms.
Power system harmonic distortion is not a new phenomenon as efforts to limit it to
acceptable proportions have been a concern of power engineers from the early days of
utility systems. At that time, the distortion was typically caused by the magnetic saturation
of transformers or by certain industrial loads, such as arc furnaces or arc welders.
The major concern were the effects of harmonics on synchronous and induction machine,
telephone interference and power capacitor failures. In the past, harmonic problems
couldoften be tolerated because equipment was of conservative design and grounded
wye-delta transformer connections were used. Distortions of the fundamental sinusoid
generally

occur in multiples of the fundamental frequency. Thus on a 60 Hz power

system, a

harmonic wave is a sinusoid having a frequency expressed by the

15

following formula,

where n is an integer:

F (harmonics) = N * 60Hz
Harmonics are often characterized by a harmonic distortion factor (DF) defined as:

DF =

OF SQUARES OF HARMONIC AMPLTUDE

2.8.1 AMPLITUDE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL

The distortion factor can be used to characterize distortion in both current and voltage
waves Total harmonic distortion factors can be specified for a range of harmonics such as
the second through the eleventh harmonic. A distortion factor can also be given for a
single harmonic or small range of harmonics. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is the
distortion factor including all relevant harmonics (typically taken as the second through
the fiftieth harmonic).
2.8.2 IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING HARMONICS IN TODAY'S
SYSTEMS.
As mentioned earlier, harmonic distortion problems are not new to utility and industrial
power systems. In fact, such distortion was observed by utility operating personnel as
early

as the first decade of this century. Typically, the distortion was caused by non-

linear loads connected to utility distribution systems. Today, additional methods for
dealing with harmonics are necessary for four main reasons:

The use of static power converters has recently proliferated.

Network resonances have increased.

Power system equipment and loads are more sensitive to harmonics.

Electricity costs are becoming more effected by increases populations of non-

16

linear equipment.
2.8.3 SOURCES OF HARMONICS
Harmonics are caused by non-linear loads attached to the power system. Non-linear loads
draw non-sinusoidal current. Resistors, inductors, and capacitors are linear devices. When
a resistive load is applied to an AC power system, it draws sinusoidal current. When an
inductive or capacitive load is applied, it draws sinusoidal current although it is phase
shifted compared to the resistive load.

17

CHAPTER 3
3.1 ILUPEJU INDEPENDENT POWER PLANT PROJECT
With the amendment of Nigeria constitution to accommodate independent investors to
generate and distribute power, this has sprung up many independent projects, one of such is
Ilupeju Independent Power Plant (IIPP). Ilupeju Independent power plant is a 3.8MW
by VIATHAN Engineering in which ADVAD Limited provides consultancy services for in
order to facilitate the proper implementation of design requirements. The Ilupeju
Independent Power Plant is a 3.8MW power plant located at 31, Town Planning Way,
Ilupeju, Lagos. The Power requirement is generated through 3 nos of MWM gas fired
generators, the generators ratings are 1.5MW, 1.3MW, 1.02MW. The generators take its
fuel supply from Oando gas pipeline that runs close to the plant location. The power plant
is provisioned to supply 24hrs power service for Spar Mall, Cascade factory and Cascade
staffs residential estate located

close to the plant proximity. The power plant design is

divided into two categories which are the generating unit and control unit.
3.2 GENERATING UNIT
Electric power has become increasingly important as a way of transmitting and transforming
energy in industrial, military and transportation uses. Power shall be generated at 415 V using
Compressed Natural Gas pipeline through Gas Fired Engine generator sets of 1. 5MW,
1.3MW and 1MW. The 3 Sets of engines are to operate on a parallel operation. The
synchronized power output of the 3 Generator sets was stepped up to 11kV through a
18

transformer of 3000 KVA capacity. The Power at 11kV shall be brought into 11kV switch
board in Power plant for further distribution to the primary consumers, located in different
places around the plant vicinity.

Figure 3.1 The Single Line Diagram for generating unit

19

3 Nos of 500KVA each standby Diesel Genset of approx. 1.5MW capacity is planned along
with these gas Gensets. It is proposed to transmit the Power through 11kV underground
Cable Network from PIPP to different water works & other prospective consumers. The
network shall have 11kV Ring main units for Isolation or protection of cable sections or
customers for maintenance of the network. This cable network was thrust bored across the
road to take the power to the door step of the consumers.
3.3 HOW ELECTRICAL POWER IS BEING GENERATED BY A GAS
GENERATOR
A gas power generator converts chemical energy i.e. natural gas into electrical energy that
are being used by consumers in homes or business places. Compressed natural gas (CNG)
is methane stored under high pressure in a gaseous form, making it lighter than air. It is
safer than gasoline and diesel engines because of its low Nox rating and its longer lifespan
compared to diesel engine. There are various sources of gas for gas generating engines for
the gas generator at IIPP (Ilupeju Independent Power Project) a compressed natural gas
directed from a 250 bar gas pipe was used. The energy needed by the engine is 0.5mbar.
Therefore, for combustion to take place in the engine, 0.05 bar of gas is required.
3.4 METHOD OF OPERATION OF THE ENGINE OF A 3.8MW POWER AT
PIPP VIA A GAS GENERATOR AT PIPP
A 3.8MW power is being generated at IIPP (Ilupeju Independent Power Project). The
generator was fuelled with a compressed natural gas directed from a cylinder of 250 bar.

20

Due to the high pressure of the natural gas a device known as PRMS (pressure reduction
and metering station) was used to reduce the pressure of the gas coming from the gas
cylinder. A gas heater which has been connected to the pressure reduction and metering
station was used to melt the gas to liquid state from solid state to ease the passage of the
gas before proceeding to the three available generators.
The pressure reduction and metering station compresses the gas from 250 bars to 3.8mb4.0mb, this passes on through the yellow pipe indicating gas passage to the engine for
combustion to take place. Once the compressed natural gas gets to the safety shut down
valve and

the volume of the gas passing is greater than or less 3.8mb-4.0mb, the

generator will shut down automatically.

PRMS is usually installed alongside gas pipelines. Gas pressure reduction and metering
station are used to have fiscal measure and pressure prior to commercial use.
EXPANSION VALVE: The expansion valve removes pressure from the liquid
refrigerator to allow expansion of state from a liquid to a vapour in the evaporation or
change of state from a liquid to a vapour in the evaporation.
PRIMARY PRESSURE REGULATOR/REGULATOR VALVE: The function of the
regulator is to match the flow of gas through the regulator to the demand for gas placed
upon the system. The same time the regulator must maintain one system pressure with
certain acceptable limits.
STORAGE TANKS
DIESEL STORAGE TANK: A diesel storage tank of capacity 35,000 litres was used as a
reservoir for diesel generators at PIPP. It is a vertical steel plate diesel storage tank with
flats ends and saddle supports. It serves the purpose of diesel storage preservation in case
the compressed gas finishes or if the gas generator is faulty and also as a backup for the
21

power plant, in order not to create disruption of the generator.

A COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS OF 250 -BAR

Figure 3.2 Compressional natural gas (CNG)

22

Figure 3.3 Pressure Reduction and Metering Station

23

Figure 3.4 Expansion Valve

24

Figure 3.5 Storage Tank

25

3.5 POWER HYDRANT LINE AND ITS MODE OF OPERATION

Fire hydrant pump system also known as fire water pump are high pressure water pumps
designed to increase the fire quenching capacity of the plant facility by increasing the
pressure in the hydrant services when mains is not enough, they can also be used in water
transfer and irrigation processes. It comprises of a backup pumps in case the main pump
fails. The main pump and backup pumps are being powered by the power generated from
the gas engines while a second backup pump that is diesel powered should the gas engines
fails or get affected by the fire outbreak, each of these pumps is capable of delivering the
required amount of water individually as they are identical in capacity.
There is also a device known as the jokey pump it is a small pump attached to the systems
that continually switches on to maintain the correct pressure in the system. When the
pressure of one of the engine has reached its optimum and more pressure is required the
next engine will pick up automatically to enhance the capacity. When the fire operator
opens the hydrant verve, water will gush out and the sensors will detect a drop in pressure
in the system. This drop in pressure will trigger the fire pumps to turn on and start pumping
water at a tremendous flow rate. Fire pumps are usually housed in a pump room very close
to the water tanks.
3.6 GENERATORS
Generators are useful machine which serves as another means of generating power to aid
continuous daily activity and avoid disruption of business operations.
3.6.1 How does a generator work?
An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained from an external
26

source into electrical energy as the output. A generator does not actually create electrical

Figure 3.6 Power Hydrant Line

energy but instead uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force the movement of
27

electric charges present in the wire of its windings through an external electric circuit. This
flow of electric charges constitutes the output electric current supplied by the generator.
The modern day generator works on principle of electromagnetic induction .It explains that
the flow of electric charges could be induced by moving an electrical conductor, such as
wire that contains electric charges in a magnetic field .This movement creates a voltage
difference between the two ends of the wire or electrical conductor, which in turn causes
the electric charges to flow hereby generating electric current.
3.6.2

Main Components of a generator

The main components of an electric generator can be broadly classified below:

(1) Engine
(2) Alternator
(3) Fuel System
(4) Voltage Regulator
(5) Cooling and Exhaust Systems
(6) Lubricating System
(7) Battery Charger
(8) Control Panel
(9) Main Assembly
(10) Gas Regulating System (PRMS)
A description of the main components of the generator is given below:
Engine: The engine is the source of the input mechanical energy to the generator. The size
of the engine is directly proportional to the maximum power output the generator can
supply. The engine components includes cylinder, cylinder head, piston, crank shaft, valve,

28

fly wheel and turbo charger.

Alternator: The alternator, also known as the Genhead, is the part of the generator that
produces the electrical output from the mechanical input supplied by the engine. It contains
an assembly of stationary and moving parts encased. The components work together to
cause relative movement between the magnetic and electric fields, which in turn generates
electricity. An alternator comprises of two parts:
i.

Stator: This is the stationary component. It contains a set of electrical

conductors wound in coils over an iron core.

ii.

Rotor: This is the moving component that produces a rotating magnetic field
through induction. The rotor generates a moving magnetic field around the
stator which induces a voltage difference between the windings of the stator
therefore producing the output of a generator.

Fuel System: Generator engines operate on a variety of fuels such as diesel, gasoline,
propane (in liquefied or gaseous form) or natural gas. Smaller engines usually operate on
gasoline while larger engines run on diesel, liquid propane, propane gas or natural gas.
Certain engines can also operate on a dual feed of both diesel and gas in a bi-fuel operation
mode.
Voltage Regulator: As the name implies, this component regulates the output voltage of
the generator. The mechanism is described below against each component that plays a part
in the cyclical process of voltage regulation.
i.

Voltage Regulator: Conversion of AC Voltage to DC Current The voltage

regulator takes up a small portion of the generators output of AC voltage and
converts it into DC current. The voltage regulator then feeds this DC current to a
set of secondary windings in the stator known as exciter windings.
29

Figure 3.7 Generator set engine

30

ii. Exciter Windings: Conversion of DC Current to AC Current The exciter windings

now function similar to the primary stator windings and generate a small AC
current. The exciter windings are connected to units known as rotating rectifiers.
iii. Rotating Rectifiers: Conversion of AC Current to DC Current These rectify the

AC current generated by the exciter windings and convert it to DC current. This DC

current is fed to the rotor / armature to create an electromagnetic field in addition to
the rotating magnetic field of the rotor/ armature.
iv.

Rotor or Armature: Conversion of DC Current to AC Voltage The rotor /

armature now induces a larger AC voltage across the windings of the stator, which
the generator now produces as a larger output AC voltage.

This cycle continues till the generator begins to produce output voltage equivalent to its
full operating capacity. As the output of the generator increases, the voltage regulator
produces less DC current. Once the generator reaches full operating capacity, the voltage
regulator attains a state of equilibrium and produces just enough DC current to maintain
the generators output at full operating level.
Cooling &Exhaust Systems
(a) Cooling System
1.

Radiator: During the working process of a generator, the machine tends to generate
a lot of heat, as a result of this, the machine needs a cooling system for effective
operation without interruption. A closed cycle cooling process is involved whereby
a low temperature de-mineralized water pipe is connected to the generator input
(LT line) to circulate low temperature water through the component of the generator

31

and a high temperature water pipe(HT line) is connected to the output end of the
generator to pass out the high temperature water as a result of the cooling process
to a secondary cooling system called the Radiator (Table cooler) which cools the
high temperature water back to a low temperature water.
2.

Air Handling Unit: The air handling unit (AHU) is a device used to regulate and
circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system for the
generator shelter room.

(b) Exhaust System

Exhaust fumes emitted by gas generators are just like exhaust from any diesel engine just
that it contains less toxic material as it is a clean fuel. Hence it is essential to install an
adequate exhaust system to dispose of the exhaust the generator comprises moving parts in
its engine, it requires lubrication to ensure durability and smooth operations for a long
period of time. The generators engine is lubricated by oil stored in a container. The
lubricating oil also serves as a coolant for some components of the generator.
Battery Charge: The start function of a generator is battery-operated. The battery charger
keeps the generator battery charged by supplying it with a precise float voltage. If the
float voltage is very low, the battery will remain undercharged. If the float voltage is very
high, it will shorten the life of the battery. Battery chargers are usually made of stainless
steel to prevent corrosion. The battery charger has an isolated DC voltage output that does
interfere with the normal functioning of the generator and they are also fully automatic.

32

Figure 3.8 Radiator (Table Cooler)

33

Figure 3.9 The Air Handling Unit

34

Figure 3.10 Exhausted pipe lubricating system

35

Figure 3.11 Sets of Battery for the Generator

3.7 THE CONTROL SECTION

36

The control section in the plant is a place mainly designed for the output of voltage and
current from the generator. Devices found inside the control room are:
1. The Motor control panel
2. Synchronizing panel
3. Natural grounding resistor
4. Switch gear
The 3.8MW generator produces an output voltage of 415V. The high voltage transformers
helps to step up the voltage from 415V to 11KV. After the voltage has been stepped up to
11kv by the transformer. The power enters into the switch gear or HV panel which happens
to be an important stage where distribution can be made i.e. 11kv power can be supplied
out of the power plant to customers from the switch gear. And also, the auxiliary
transformer available within the power plant of which it is a step down transformer also
receive it power from the switch gear and passes over to the motor control panel. The 11kv
voltage stepped down to 415v and the power is being used to run other devices in the
power plant itself.
The Control Panel: The motor control serves as a centralized place where the bus bar for
every devices within the power plant is available. This is the user interface of the generator
and contains provisions for electrical outlets and controls. Different manufacturers have
varied features to offer in the control panels of their units. Some of these are mentioned
below:
(a) Electric start and shut-down: Auto start control panels automatically starts your
generator during a power outage, monitor the generator while in operation, and
automatically shut down the generator when the power is restored.

37

(b) Engine gauges: Different gauges indicate important parameters such as oil pressure,
temperature of coolant, battery voltage, engine rotation speed, and duration of operation.
Constant measurement and monitoring of these parameters enables built-in shut down of
the

generator

when

any

of

these

cross

their

respective

threshold

levels.

(c) Generator gauges: The control panel also has meters for the measurement of output
current

and

voltage,

and

operating

frequency.

(d) Other controls: Phase selector switch, frequency switch, and engine control switch
(manual mode, auto mode) among others.
The Synchronizing Panel: This panel matches the speed and frequency of the 3
generators to a running network. It contains a load share units which continuously monitor
the load and during low demand periods, one or two generators will be shut down to
minimize gas
second generator

consumption and keep the engines running. As demand rises again, the
and third generator will be restarted, synchronized and reconnected to

the load.
3.8 NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR GENERATOR SYNCHRONIZATION
For each of the generators to get synchronized the following condition must be met:
1. Speed: The generators must be of the same speed before they can be merge
together or synchronized.
2. Voltage: The Generators must have the same voltage before synchronization can
occur.
3. Frequency: The generators must be of the same frequency before synchronization
can occur.
If the following requirements are not followed, it can be detrimental to the power system

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Neutral grounding resistor: is mainly designed for grounding and earthling of the panels
in the control room.
Switch gear: it is a device in the control room that carries out the final voltage of power
the plant sell out to consumers. After the 11kv voltage comes out of the switch gear it
proceeds to a device known as RMU (Ring main unit). The RMU in the plant is the
centralized device that passes over power to communities. It passes out via underground
cable to another community and forms a sub-station for the entire community.
The sub-stations consist of a step down transformer which steps down the 11kv voltage to
consumers voltage 415v, a junction box is also placed in the substation for easier extension
to other consumers.

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Figure 3.12 The Control Panel

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CHAPTER 4
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
4.1 TRANSMISSION STATION
Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy from generating
power plants to electrical substations located near demand centres. This is distinct from
the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically
referred to

as electric power distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with

each

other become transmission networks. The combined transmission and

distribution network is known as the power grid. A power transmission station consist of
transformers to
4.2

convert between two transmission voltages.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

a. Overhead head transmission
b. Underground transmission

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION: For an overhead transmission, the cable is always

passed over the poles. It consists of three phase high voltage lines and two phase high
voltage lines. High voltage overhead conductors are not covered by insulation.
The conductor material is nearly an aluminium alloy. Copper is sometimes used for
overhead transmission,

but aluminium is lighter and cost much less. A key limitation of

electric power is that, with minor exceptions electrical energy cannot be stored and
therefore must be generated as required
UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSION: Electrical power can also be transmitted by

41

underground power cables instead of over-head power lines. Under-ground cables takes
up less right-of-way than overhead lines, they have lower visibility and are less affected
by bad weather.
However cost of insulated cables and excavation are higher than overhead construction.
Faults in buried transmission lines takes longer to locate and repair.
4.3

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

An electric power distribution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it
carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution
substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to
medium voltage ranging between 33kV and 11kV with the use of transformers. Primary
distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located
near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the
utilization voltage of household appliances and typically feed several customers through
secondary distribution lines at this voltage. Commercial and residential customers are
connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops. Customers
demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected directly to the primary
distribution

level or the sub transmission level where the power is being stepped

down by another

3000KVA rated transformer to 415V for their use. Distribution

networks consists of the

following main parts:

1. Distribution substation
2. Primary distribution feeder
3.

Distribution Transformer

4. Distributors

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5. Service mains.
The transmitted electric power is stepped down in substations for primary distribution
purpose. Now these stepped down electric power is fed to the distribution transformer
throug h primary distribution feeders. The conductors are strand aluminium conductors
buried underground for transmission to various consumer. Distribution transformers are
mainly 3 phase pole mounted type.
The secondary of the transformer is connected to distributors. Different consumers are fed
electric power by means of the service main. Service main of the consumers may be
either connected to distributors or sub distributors depending upon the position and
agreement of consumers. Both feeder and distributor carry the electrical load, but they
have one basic
tapped from any

difference. Feeder feeds power from one point to another without being
intermediate point, hence the current at sending end is equal to that of

receiving end of the conductor. The distributors are tapped at different points for feeding
different consumers and hence the current varies along their entire length.
The number of feeders connected to the ring main electrical power distribution system
depends upon the following factors:
1. Maximum demand of the system: If it is more, then more numbers of feeders
feed the ring.
2. Total length of the ring main distributors: It length is more, to compensate the
voltage drop in the line, more feeders to be connected to the ring system.
3. Required voltage regulation: The number of feeders connected to the ring also
depends upon the permissible allowable, voltage drop of the line.
The sub distributors and service mains are taken off may be via distribution transformer at

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different suitable points on the ring depending upon the location of the consumers.
Sometimes, instead of connecting service main directly to the ring, sub distributors are
also used to feed a group of service mains where direct access of ring distributor is not
possible.

44

45

Figure 4.1 An Overhead Transmission Cable

Figure 4.2 An underground cable

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4.4

RING MAIN UNIT

The main function of the ring main distribution is that it gives the user a greater security
of supply. All distribution bus bars on the ring are supplied at both end on the ring.
Therefore if a fault develops on any part of the ring, this device can be isolated. The
electricity will continue to be fed to the bus bars from one end only. The supply to the
user is maintained with the fault isolated, it can be repaired before the ring is being
switched back on.
4.4.1

RING MIN UNIT (RMU)

JUNCTION BUS: An electrical junction box is a container for electrical connections,

usually intended to conceal them from sight and deter tampering, it is used for large items
like street light from a transformer to the consumers. Generally it is a way of getting
power

from an existing source and taking it somewhere else.

CIRCUIT BREAKER: A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch

designed to protect an electrical circuit from damaged caused by overload or short circuit.
It basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow.
4.5

TRANSFORMERS

A Transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to another
without changing frequency.
4.5.1

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

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1.

Step up and step down transformer: A step up and step down transformer is
generally used for stepping up and down the voltages level of power in
transmission and distribution power network.

2.

Three phase transformer and single phase: When size matters, it is preferable to
use a three phase transformer for heavy load and power consumption.

3.

Electrical

power

transformer,

Distribution

transformer

and

Instrument

transformer; Transformer is generally used in transmission network which is

normally known as power transformer. Distribution transformer is used in
distribution networks.

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Figure 4.3 Ring main unit

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

49

This chapter entails some of the problems faced by SIWES and ADVAD limited and
possible recommendations on the improvement of the standard of the company and
SIWES.
5.1

CONCLUSION

To a great extent the experience has helped me in the area of knowledge acquisition and
integration of classroom work into practical exercise. I have learnt work ethics such as
punctuality, patience, respect for constituted authority, strive for perfection by following
procedural details on field are added skills this training has afforded me.
The exposure has increased my knowledge of the organization, management structure and
product variety. It has also improved my entrepreneurial attributes, coping and working
with stress, ability to use intuitive reasoning with minimum supervision and most pertinent,
I have been able to work as a team player towards actualization of the common progressive
goal of the company.
5.2

RECOMMENDATIONS

My recommendations are in three spheres and they are as follows:

TO THE SCHOOL
i.

They should assist students that cannot secure a training placement on time to get
one so that they can participate fully in the period allotted for the training.

ii.

They should keep the company informed and oriented on the necessary
information that should be hidden for students.

iii.

Industrial excursion should be organized for students.

TO THE COMPANY

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i.

The company should improve on their equipment technologies and improve in

their procurement services so as to improve their standards and be consistent
with current technological advances.

ii.

The company should instil the discipline of using personal protective measures
while working on field so as to prevent unforeseen accidents.

TO THE STUDENTS
i.

The student should make best use of the opportunity and not tarnish the image
of the school by leaking the company secret to their competitors thereby
blocking the way for other students.

ii.

They should cooperate with the organization and ensure that they comply with
rules and regulations by the company.

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